Pathogenicity of Four Entomopathogenic Nematodes Species to G. mellonella Larvae

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 1 - 6, 01.01.2011

Pavel Hyrsl

Öz

Entomopathogenic nematodes EPNs of the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema are obligate and lethal insect parasites. In last decade they are widely used as biological control agents for pest insects of commercial crops, therefore research in this area is directly linked to agriculture. In this study, the pathogenicity of four nematode species Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema glaseri, Steinernema scarabaei and Steinernema feltiae was tested against Galleria mellonella larvae. Infective stage of EPNs together with their symbiotic bacteria kills insect host within 48 hours. The results show that mortality of insect host correlates with number of invaded infective juveniles IJs . The invasion process is very fast, IJs enters insect host within a few hours. The importance of digestive tract as entering site was clearly demonstrated, larvae with empty gut are much more sensitive to nematode infection. Nemato-bacterial complex is very effective system overcoming insect immune defences. Encapsulation as the only one cellular reaction is activated, but in very low rate and was detected only during infection of H. bacteriophora.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Galleria mellonella, Steinernema, Heterorhabditis, entomopathogenic nematodes, encapsulation

Kaynakça

• Akhurst, RJ. 1982. Antibiotic activity of Xenohabdus spp., bacteria symbiotically associated with insect pathogenic Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae. J. Gen. Microbiol., 128: 3061-3065. of the families
• Boemare, NE., Givaudan A., Brehelin M., Laumond, C. 1997. Symbiosis and pathogenicity of nematode-bacterium complexes. Symbiosys, 22: 21-45.
• Burnell, AM., Stock, SP. 2000. Heterorhabditis, Steinernema and their bacterial symbionts – lethal pathogens of insect. Nematology, 2: 31-42.
• Campbell, LR., Gaugler, R. 1992. Effect of exsheathment on motility and pathogenicity of two entomopathogenic nematode species. J. Nematol., 24: 365–370.
• Cappaert DL., Koppenhöfer, AM. 2003. Steinernema scarabaei, an entomopathogenic nematode for control of the European chafer. Biol. Control, 28: 379-386.
• Dowds, BCA., Peters, A. 2002. Virulence mechanisms, Entomopathogenic International, Oxon, New York, pp. 79-98. nematodology, CAB
• Dunphy, GB., Thurston, GS. 1990. Insect immunity, In: Entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 301- 323. Kaya HK. [eds.]
• Dunphy, GB., Webster, JM. 1987. Partially characterized components of the epicuticle of dauer juvenile Steinernema feltiae and their influence on hemocyte activity in G. mellonella. J. Parasitol., 73: 584-588.
• Dunphy, GB., Webster, JM. 1998. Virulence mechanisms of Heterorhabditis heliothidis and its bacterial associate, Xenorhabdus luminescens, in non-immune larvae of the greater wax month, Galleria mellonella. I. J. Parasitol., 18: 729-737. Ehlers, RU. entomopathogenic protection. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 56: 623-633. for nematodes plant
• Gerritsen, LJM., Wiegers, GL., Smits, PH. 1998. Pathogenicity of new combinations of Heterorhabditis spp. and Photorhabdus luminescens against Galleria mellonella and Tipula oleracea. Biol. Control, 13: 9-15.
• Gupta, AP. 2002. Immunology of invertebrates: Cellular. Encycklopedia of Live Sciences, J. Willey and sons. Ltd., p. 9.
• Gupta, AP. 2001. Immunology of invertebrates: Humoral. Encycklopedia of Live Sciences, J. Willey and sons. Ltd., p. 6.
• Haydak, MH. 1936. A food for rearing laboratory insect. J. Econ. Entomol., 29: 1026.
• Kaya, HK. 1990. Soil ecology, In Gaugler R., Kaya HK. [eds.], Entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 93-115.
• Koppenhöfer, AM., Fuzy, EM. 2003. Steinernema scarabaei for the control of white grubs. Biol. Control, 28: 47-59.
• Li, XY., Cowles, RS., Cowles, EA., Gaugler, R., Cox- Foster, DL. 2007. Relationship between the successful infection by entomopathogenic nematodes and the host immune response. Int. J. Parasitol., 37: 365-374.
• Narayanan, K. 2004. Insect defence: its impact on microbial control of insectpests. Curr. Sci. India, 86: 800-814.
• Peters, A., Gouge, DH., Ehlers, R., Hague, NGM. 1997. Heterorhabditis spp. infecting larvae of Tipula oleracea. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 70: 161-164. by
• Peters, A., Ehlers, RU. 1997. Encapsulation of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae in Tipula oleracea. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 69: 218-222.
• Strauch, O., Ehlers, RU. 1998. Food signal production of Photorhabdus luminescens inducing the recovery of entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis spp. in liquid culture. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 50: 369-374.
• Wang, Y., Gaugler, R. 1998. Host and penetration site location by entomopathogenic nematodes against Japanese beetle larvae. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 72: 313–318.
• Wang, Y., Gaugler, R. 1999. Steinernema glaseri surface coat protein suppresses the immune response of Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) larvae. Biol. Control, 14: 45-50.