Drosophila: A Promising Model for Evaluating the Toxicity of Environmental Pollutants

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 101 - 118, 01.06.2022

Eşref Demir , Fatma Turna Demir

Öz

Environmental contamination has now become a major global issue with adverse effects on our health and food security. Humans and
animals are being exposed to debilitating levels of contamination on a daily basis. Across the globe, air pollution alone causes millions
of premature deaths annually, mainly from lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), stroke, heart failure, and
respiratory infections, and according to World Health Organization (WHO), 99% of humanity breathes air containing contaminants
above recommended levels. The United Nations (UN) has identified “a pollution-free planet” goal among its three pillars, besides
climate change and biodiversity for 2022–2025. In order to mitigate contamination and relieve our burden of pollution-related disease,
we need to devise target-specific strategies. To that end, risk assessment of each chemical and natural contaminants and solid evidence
from toxicity studies appear to be of paramount importance. Meticulous efforts should be made to look into possible mechanisms
of action for each pollutant and detect their toxic potential and safe limits through comprehensive in vivo animal testing. Various
factors such as high operational costs and ethical issues concerning the use of higher vertebrates frustratingly restrict the efficient use
of traditional in vivo testing. Therefore, simpler and more dynamic model organisms like Drosophila melanogaster could be favored
for toxicity studies, as 75% of the genes related with human diseases are known to have homologs in D. melanogaster, which facilitates
research into different anomalies. This review aims to present the picture of studies regarding environmental pollutants that employed
using D. melanogaster, attempting to offer a comprehensive analysis of risks involved in exposure to environmental pollutants.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Drosophila melanogaster, Environmental pollutants, Risk assessment, Ecotoxicity, In vivo model organism, Health

Destekleyen Kurum

Not applicable

Proje Numarası

Not applicable

Teşekkür

Not applicable

Drosophila: Çevresel Kirleticilerin Toksisitesini Değerlendirmek İçin Umut Veren Bir Model

Öz

Çevre kirliliği artık sağlığımız ve gıda güvenliğimiz üzerinde olumsuz etkileri olan önemli bir küresel sorun haline gelmiştir. İnsanlar
ve hayvanlar, günlük olarak kendilerini zayıflatıcı kontaminasyon seviyelerine maruz kalmaktadır. Dünya genelinde tek başına hava
kirliliği başlıca akciğer kanseri, kronik obstrüktif akciğer hastalığı (KOAH), felç, kalp yetmezliği ve solunum yolu enfeksiyonları
sebebiyle her yıl milyonlarca erken ölüme neden olmakta ve Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO)’ne göre, insanlığın %99’u önerilen
seviyelerin üzerinde kirletici içeren havayı solumaktadır. 2022-2025 için iklim değişikliği ve biyolojik çeşitliliğin yanı sıra Birleşmiş
Milletler (BM), üçüncü desteğini “kirlilik içermeyen bir gezegen” hedefi olarak belirlemiştir. Kirliliği azaltmak ve kirlilikle ilgili hastalık
yükümüzü hafifletmek için hedefe özel stratejiler geliştirmemiz gerekmektedir. Bu amaçla, her bir kimyasal ve doğal kirleticinin
risk değerlendirmesi ve toksisite çalışmalarından elde edilen somut kanıtlar çok önemli görünmektedir. Her kirletici için olası etki
mekanizmalarını araştırmak ve kapsamlı in vivo hayvan testleri yoluyla bu kirleticilerin toksik potansiyellerini ve güvenli sınırlarını
saptanmak için titiz çaba gösterilmelidir. Yüksek çalışma maliyetleri ve daha yüksek omurgalıların kullanımına ilişkin etik sorunlar gibi
çeşitli faktörler, geleneksel in vivo testlerin verimli kullanımını engelleyici bir şekilde kısıtlamaktadır. Bu nedenle, toksisite çalışmaları
için D. melanogaster gibi daha basit ve dinamik model organizmalar tercih edilebilir, çünkü insan hastalıklarıyla ilgili genlerin %75’inin
D. melanogaster’de homologları olduğu bilinmektedir, bu da farklı anomalilerin araştırılmasını kolaylaştırmaktadır. Bu derleme, D.
melanogaster kullanılarak çevresel kirleticilerle ilgili çalışmaları belirterek çevresel kirleticilere maruz kalmayla ilgili risklerin kapsamlı
bir analizini sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Drosophila melanogaster, Çevresel kirleticiler, Risk değerlendirmesi, Ekotoksisite, In vivo model organizma, Sağlık

Proje Numarası

Not applicable

Kaynakça

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