The Effect of Heart Rate and Feature Normalization Methods to Diagnose Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Using 30-Minute Heart Rate Variability Analysis

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 191 - 204, 30.06.2023

Murat Sürücü Yalçın İşler Resul Kara

Öz

Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation (PAF) is the initial stage of the Atrial Fibrillation that is one of the most common arrhythmia types. Although it does not threaten the life directly, it triggers the fatal disorders and it increases the risk of stroke. Therefore, it is essential to diagnose PAF as earlier as possible. For this purpose, there are many routine tests and pattern recognition based studies. In this study, we investigated the heart rate normalization method with its combination to feature normalization methods in the automatic diagnosis of PAF patients. First, Atrial Fibrillation Prediction Database, consisting of 30-minute ECG recordings and having open-access, was used to determine heart rate variability (HRV) data. Next, time-domain, frequency-domain, wavelet transform, and nonlinear features were extracted from both HRV and heart rate normalized HRV (HRN) data. These extracted features were normalized by MinMax and z-score methods. Hence, these six feature combinations of features directly and normalized versions from both HRV and HRN data were applied to the inputs of k-nearest neighbors (kNN) and multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier algorithms. Throughout the classifiers, features were selected using genetic algorithms. This study resulted in 81.00% accuracy with MinMax normalization using kNN algorithm and 91.92% accuracy with z-score normalization using MLP algorithm in HRV data. After applying the heart rate normalization, this study achieved 86.00% accuracy with z-score normalization using kNN algorithm and 95.96% accuracy with z-score normalization using MLP algorithm in HRN data. These results are higher than the other previous studies. The combination of heart rate normalization, Z-Score feature normalization, and multi-layer perceptron classifier outperforms the other studies related to automatic diagnosis of PAF in the literature. As a result of this study, we proved a new potential use of the heart rate normalization method in the diagnosis of PAF.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, Heart rate variability, Normalization, Genetic algorithm, Pattern recognition

Paroksismal Atriyal Fibrilasyonun 30 Dakikalık Kalp Hızı Değişkenliği Analizi Kullanılarak Teşhisinde Kalp Hızı ve Öznitelik Normalizasyon Yöntemlerinin Etkisi

Öz

Paroksismal Atriyal Fibrilasyon (PAF), en yaygın ritim bozukluğu türlerinden olan Atriyal Fibrilasyon’un başlangıç aşamasıdır. Doğrudan hayatı tehdit etmiyor olmasına rağmen, ölümcül rahatsızlıkları tetiklemekte ve inme riskini artırmaktadır. Bu nedenle, PAF’ın mümkün olduğunca erken teşhisi önemlidir. Bu amaçla geliştirilmiş birçok rutin test ve örüntü tanıma tabanlı çalışma mevcuttur. Bu çalışmada, PAF hastalarının kalp hızı değişkenliği (KHD) analizi ile otomatik teşhisinde kalp hızı normalizasyonu ile öznitelik normalizasyonu yöntemlerinin birlikte etkisi incelenmiştir. Öncelikle, 30 dakikalık EKG kayıtlarını içeren açık erişimli Atrial Fibrillation Prediction veritabanı kullanılarak KHD verileri elde edilmiştir. Daha sonra, zaman alanı, frekans alanı, dalgacık dönüşümü ve doğrusal olmayan öznitelikler hem KHD verileri hem de kalp hızı normalize edilmiş KHD (NKHD) veriler kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Bu çıkarılan öznitelikler MinMax ve z-skor yöntemleri kullanılarak normalize edilmiştir. Böylece KHD ve NKHD ile elde edilen öznitelikler ile bunların normalize halleri olan bu altı öznitelik kombinasyonu, k yakın komşu (kNN) ve çok katmanlı algılayıcı (MLP) sınıflandırıcı girişlerine uygulanmıştır. Bu sınıflandırıcılarla birlikte genetik algoritma kullanılarak öznitelik seçimi yapılmıştır. KHD verilerinin kullanılması halinde, kNN algoritması kullanılarak MinMax normalizasyonu ile %81,00 sınıflandırıcı başarımına ve MLP algoritması kullanılarak z-skor normalizasyonu ile %91,92 başarıma ulaşılmıştır. Kalp hızı normalizasyonu uygulandıktan sonra, NKHD verilerinin kullanılması halinde, kNN algoritması kullanılarak z-skor normalizasyonu ile %86,00 sınıflandırıcı başarımına ve MLP algoritması kullanılarak z-skor normalizasyonu ile %95,96 başarıma ulaşılmıştır. Bu sonuçlar önceki benzer çalışmalardan daha başarılı sonuçlardır. Kalp hızı normalizasyonu, z-skor öznitelik normalizasyonu ve MLP sınıflandırıcı kombinasyonu literatürdeki otomatik PAF teşhisi çalışmalarının başarımlarını geçmiştir. Bu çalışmanın sonucunda, PAF teşhisinde kalp hızı normalizasyonu yönteminin potansiyel kullanımı ispatlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Paroksismal atriyal fibrilasyon, Kalp hızı değişkenliği, Normalizasyon, Genetik algoritma, Örüntü tanıma

Kaynakça

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