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Olumsuz Çocukluk Deneyimlerini (ACE) ve Sonraki Yetişkin Psikopatolojilerini Bağlanma Teorisi Merceğinden Anlamak: Bir Görüş Makalesi

Yıl 2023, , 309 - 333, 29.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.54557/karataysad.1348004

Öz

Olumsuz Çocukluk Yaşantıları (ÇOY), çocukluk döneminde travma potansiyeli taşıyan ve muhtemelen hem zihinsel hem de fiziksel refah üzerinde olumsuz, kalıcı etkilere yol açan tekrarlayan olaylardır. Boylamsal, klinik ve gözleme dayanan amprik araştırmalar, ihmal ve istismar benzeri çocukluk çağı olumsuz yaşantıları (ÇOY) ve hem çocukluk hem yetişkinlikte gözlemlenen psikopatolojiler arasındaki ilişkiyi desteklemektedir. ÇOY hem klinik hem de genel popülasyonda yaygın olarak rapor edildiğinden, etki mekanizmasını ve olası önleme yöntemlerini anlamak hayati önem taşımaktadır. Çoğunlukla üzerinde durulan biyolojik temelli açıklamalar, öğrenme teorileri ve bilişsel aracılara dayanan mekanizmaların yanı sıra, bulgular sosyal çevre ve kişilerarası ilişkilerin de ÇOY ve ilerleyen zamanlarda ortaya çıkan psikopatolojiler arasındaki ilişkiyi açıklayabileceğini önermektedir. Bu çeşitli modeller bize ÇOY’un daha sonraki psikolojik bozukluklar üzerindeki etkilerinin karmaşık olduğu ve eş zamanlı olarak ortaya çıktıkları konusunda fikir vermektedir. Bu çalışma bağlanma teorisinin ÇOY’lara sahip bireylerde ilerleyen zamanlarda ortaya çıkan psikopatolojileri açıklayan mekanizmalarla ilişkisi üzerine var olan alanyazına dair kapsamlı bir görüş sunmaktadır. Bağlanmanın ÇOY ve psikopatolojiler arasındaki ilişkide oynadığı rolü anlamak, ÇOY deneyimi olan bireyler için geliştirilecek önleme ve müdahale çalışmalarında potansiyel tedavi hedeflerinin belirlenmesinde faydalı olacaktır.

Proje Numarası

n/a

Kaynakça

  • Aafjes-van Doorn, K., Kamsteeg, C., & Silberschatz, G. (2020). Cognitive mediators of the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and adult psychopathology: A systematic review. Development and Psychopathology, 32(3), 1017-1029. doi:10.1017/s0954579419001317
  • Ainsworth, M. D. (1978). The Bowlby-Ainsworth attachment theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(3), 436-438. doi:10.1017/s0140525x00075828
  • Anda, R., Tietjen, G., Schulman, E., Felitti, V., & Croft, J. (2010). Adverse childhood experiences and frequent headaches in adults. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 50(9), 1473-1481. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01756.x
  • Barazzone, N., Santos, I., McGowan, J., & Donaghay-Spire, E. (2018). The links between adult attachment and post-traumatic stress: A systematic review. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 92(1), 131-147. doi:10.1111/papt.12181
  • Barnett, J. E., & Howe, T. R. (2020). Multiple maltreatment and adverse childhood experiences: Exploring cumulative threats to attachment quality. Violence and Victims, 36(2), 214-232. doi:10.1891/vv-d-19-00158
  • Bartholomew, K. (1990). Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7(2), 147-178. doi:10.1177/0265407590072001
  • Bifulco, A., Kwon, J., Jacobs, C., Moran, P. M., Bunn, A., & Beer, N. (2006). Adult attachment style as mediator between childhood neglect/abuse and adult depression and anxiety. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41(10), 796-805. doi:10.1007/s00127-006-0101-z
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  • Bowlby, E. J. (2008). Loss - Sadness and depression: Attachment and loss volume 3. Random House.
  • Brewerton, T. D. (2007). Eating disorders, trauma, and comorbidity: Focus on PTSD. Eating Disorders, 15(4), 285-304. doi:10.1080/10640260701454311
  • Brewin, C. R., Dalgleish, T., & Joseph, S. (1996). A dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Review, 103(4), 670-686. doi:10.1037/0033-295x.103.4.670
  • Brown, S. M., & Shillington, A. M. (2017). Childhood adversity and the risk of substance use and delinquency: The role of protective adult relationships. Child Abuse & Neglect, 63(4), 211-221. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.11.006
  • Bryant, R. A. (2023). Attachment processes in posttraumatic stress disorder: A review of mechanisms to advance theories and treatments. Clinical Psychology Review, 99, 102-228. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102228
  • Campbell, J. A., Walker, R. J., & Egede, L. E. (2016). Associations between adverse childhood experiences, high-risk behaviors, and morbidity in adulthood. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 50(3), 344-352. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.07.022
  • Cecil, C. A., Viding, E., Fearon, P., Glaser, D., & McCrory, E. J. (2017). Disentangling the mental health impact of childhood abuse and neglect. Child Abuse & Neglect, 63, 106-119. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.11.024
  • Corcoran, M., & McNulty, M. (2018). Examining the role of attachment in the relationship between childhood adversity, psychological distress and subjective well-being. Child Abuse & Neglect, 76, 297-309. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.11.012
  • Dagan, O., Asok, A., Steele, H., Steele, M., & Bernard, K. (2017). Attachment security moderates the link between adverse childhood experiences and cellular aging. Development and Psychopathology, 30(4), 1211-1223. doi:10.1017/s0954579417001705
  • Daníelsdóttir, H. B., Aspelund, T., Thordardottir, E. B., Fall, K., Fang, F., Tómasson, G., & Valdimarsdóttir, U. A. (2022). Adverse childhood experiences and resilience among adult women: a population-based study. elife, 11, e71770.
  • DeLisi, M., Drury, A. J., & Elbert, M. J. (2019). The etiology of antisocial personality disorder: The differential roles of adverse childhood experiences and childhood psychopathology. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 92, 1-6. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.04.001
  • Dong, M., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Dube, S. R., Williamson, D. F., Thompson, T. J., Giles, W. H. (2004). The interrelatedness of multiple forms of childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28(7), 771-784. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.01.008
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UNDERSTANDING ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES (ACES) AND SUBSEQUENT ADULT PSYCHOPATHOLOGIES THROUGH THE LENS OF ATTACHMENT THEORY: A POSITION PAPER

Yıl 2023, , 309 - 333, 29.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.54557/karataysad.1348004

Öz

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are recurring incidents during childhood that hold the potential for traumatic impact and possibly lead to negative, lasting impacts on both mental and physical well-being. Ample evidence, established by longitudinal, clinical, and observational studies, shows the relationship between ACEs, such as abuse and neglect, and psychopathology in both the early years of life and in adulthood. Since ACEs are commonly reported in both clinical and general populations, it is vital to understand the mechanisms of impact and possible prevention methods. Besides biological explanations, learning theories and cognitive mediators that have been mostly used to understand the mechanisms that led to subsequent psychopathologies, emerging evidence suggests social environment and interpersonal relationships might explain the association between ACEs and subsequent psychopathology. These various models provide us with insights that the effects of ACEs on later psychological disorders are intricate and occur simultaneously. This study aims to provide a comprehensive position on how attachment theory is relevant to understand the mechanism that led to subsequent psychopathologies in individuals with ACEs. It is important to understand the role of attachment in the relationship between ACEs and psychopathology to identify potential treatment targets of prevention and intervention for individuals who experienced ACEs.

Destekleyen Kurum

n/a

Proje Numarası

n/a

Teşekkür

n/a

Kaynakça

  • Aafjes-van Doorn, K., Kamsteeg, C., & Silberschatz, G. (2020). Cognitive mediators of the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and adult psychopathology: A systematic review. Development and Psychopathology, 32(3), 1017-1029. doi:10.1017/s0954579419001317
  • Ainsworth, M. D. (1978). The Bowlby-Ainsworth attachment theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(3), 436-438. doi:10.1017/s0140525x00075828
  • Anda, R., Tietjen, G., Schulman, E., Felitti, V., & Croft, J. (2010). Adverse childhood experiences and frequent headaches in adults. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 50(9), 1473-1481. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01756.x
  • Barazzone, N., Santos, I., McGowan, J., & Donaghay-Spire, E. (2018). The links between adult attachment and post-traumatic stress: A systematic review. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 92(1), 131-147. doi:10.1111/papt.12181
  • Barnett, J. E., & Howe, T. R. (2020). Multiple maltreatment and adverse childhood experiences: Exploring cumulative threats to attachment quality. Violence and Victims, 36(2), 214-232. doi:10.1891/vv-d-19-00158
  • Bartholomew, K. (1990). Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7(2), 147-178. doi:10.1177/0265407590072001
  • Bifulco, A., Kwon, J., Jacobs, C., Moran, P. M., Bunn, A., & Beer, N. (2006). Adult attachment style as mediator between childhood neglect/abuse and adult depression and anxiety. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41(10), 796-805. doi:10.1007/s00127-006-0101-z
  • Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss: Attachment (1st ed.). New York, NY: Basic Books.
  • Bowlby, E. J. (2008). Loss - Sadness and depression: Attachment and loss volume 3. Random House.
  • Brewerton, T. D. (2007). Eating disorders, trauma, and comorbidity: Focus on PTSD. Eating Disorders, 15(4), 285-304. doi:10.1080/10640260701454311
  • Brewin, C. R., Dalgleish, T., & Joseph, S. (1996). A dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Review, 103(4), 670-686. doi:10.1037/0033-295x.103.4.670
  • Brown, S. M., & Shillington, A. M. (2017). Childhood adversity and the risk of substance use and delinquency: The role of protective adult relationships. Child Abuse & Neglect, 63(4), 211-221. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.11.006
  • Bryant, R. A. (2023). Attachment processes in posttraumatic stress disorder: A review of mechanisms to advance theories and treatments. Clinical Psychology Review, 99, 102-228. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102228
  • Campbell, J. A., Walker, R. J., & Egede, L. E. (2016). Associations between adverse childhood experiences, high-risk behaviors, and morbidity in adulthood. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 50(3), 344-352. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.07.022
  • Cecil, C. A., Viding, E., Fearon, P., Glaser, D., & McCrory, E. J. (2017). Disentangling the mental health impact of childhood abuse and neglect. Child Abuse & Neglect, 63, 106-119. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.11.024
  • Corcoran, M., & McNulty, M. (2018). Examining the role of attachment in the relationship between childhood adversity, psychological distress and subjective well-being. Child Abuse & Neglect, 76, 297-309. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.11.012
  • Dagan, O., Asok, A., Steele, H., Steele, M., & Bernard, K. (2017). Attachment security moderates the link between adverse childhood experiences and cellular aging. Development and Psychopathology, 30(4), 1211-1223. doi:10.1017/s0954579417001705
  • Daníelsdóttir, H. B., Aspelund, T., Thordardottir, E. B., Fall, K., Fang, F., Tómasson, G., & Valdimarsdóttir, U. A. (2022). Adverse childhood experiences and resilience among adult women: a population-based study. elife, 11, e71770.
  • DeLisi, M., Drury, A. J., & Elbert, M. J. (2019). The etiology of antisocial personality disorder: The differential roles of adverse childhood experiences and childhood psychopathology. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 92, 1-6. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.04.001
  • Dong, M., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Dube, S. R., Williamson, D. F., Thompson, T. J., Giles, W. H. (2004). The interrelatedness of multiple forms of childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28(7), 771-784. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.01.008
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  • Esteves, K. C., Jones, C. W., Wade, M., Callerame, K., Smith, A. K., Theall, K. P., & Drury, S. S. (2020). Adverse childhood experiences: Implications for offspring telomere length and psychopathology. American Journal of Psychiatry, 177(1), 47-57. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18030335
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  • Finkelhor, D., Vanderminden, J., Turner, H., Shattuck, A., & Hamby, S. (2014). Youth exposure to violence prevention programs in a national sample. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(4), 677-686. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.01.010
  • Franz, C. E., Lyons, M. J., Spoon, K. M., Hauger, R. L., Jacobson, K. C., Lohr, J. B., … Kremen, W. S. (2014). Post-traumatic stress symptoms and adult attachment: A 24-year longitudinal study. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22(12), 1603-1612. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2014.02.003
  • Gillath, O., & Karantzas, G. (2019). Attachment security priming: A systematic review. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 86-95. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.03.001
  • Gillath, O., Karantzas, G. C., Romano, D., & Karantzas, K. M. (2022). Attachment security priming: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 26(3), 183-241. doi:10.1177/10888683211054592
  • Godbout, N., Rutz, M., MacIntosh, H., & Briere, J. (2013). Childhood trauma and couple relationships. Integrating Science & Practice, 3(2), 14-17.
  • Goldenson, J., Kitollari, I., & Lehman, F. (2021). The relationship between ACEs, trauma-related psychopathology and resilience in vulnerable youth: Implications for screening and treatment. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 14, 151-160.
  • Guillaume, S., Jaussent, I., Maimoun, L., Ryst, A., Seneque, M., Villain, L., … Courtet, P. (2016). Associations between adverse childhood experiences and clinical characteristics of eating disorders. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 1-7. doi:10.1038/srep35761
  • Hawes, D. J., & Allen, J. L. (2023). A developmental psychopathology perspective on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs): Introduction to the special issue. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 1-9. doi:10.1007/s10802-023-01100-w
  • Hillis, S. D., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., & Marchbanks, P. A. (2001). Adverse childhood experiences and sexual risk behaviors in women: A retrospective cohort study. Family Planning Perspectives, 33(5), 206-211. doi:10.2307/2673783
  • Holden, G. W., Gower, T., & Chmielewski, M. (2020). Methodological considerations in ACEs research. Adverse Childhood Experiences, 161-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-816065-7.00009-4
  • Howard, A. H., Gwenzi, G. D., Taylor, T., & Wilke, N. G. (2023). The relationship between adverse childhood experiences, health and life satisfaction in adults with care experience: The mediating role of attachment. Child & Family Social Work, 28(3), 809-821. doi:10.1111/cfs.13006
  • Hunt, T. K., Slack, K. S., & Berger, L. M. (2017). Adverse childhood experiences and behavioral problems in middle childhood. Child Abuse & Neglect, 67, 391-402. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.11.005
  • Kendler, K. S., Bulik, C. M., Silberg, J., Hettema, J. M., Myers, J., & Prescott, C. A. (2000). Childhood sexual abuse and adult psychiatric and substance use disorders in women. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(10), 953-959. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.10.953
  • Kim, S., Baek, M., & Park, S. (2021). Association of parent–child experiences with insecure attachment in adulthood: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 13(1), 58-76. doi:10.1111/jftr.12402
  • Lacey, R. E., & Minnis, H. (2019). Practitioner review: Twenty years of research with adverse childhood experience scores – Advantages, disadvantages and applications to practice. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(2), 116-130. doi:10.1111/jcpp.13135
  • Langevin, R., Gagné, M., Brassard, A., & Fernet, M. (2023). Intergenerational continuity of child maltreatment: The role of maternal emotional dysregulation and mother–child attachment. Psychology of Violence, 13(1), 1-12. doi:10.1037/vio0000409
  • Lewis, S. J., Koenen, K. C., Ambler, A., Arseneault, L., Caspi, A., Fisher, H. L., … Danese, A. (2021). Unravelling the contribution of complex trauma to psychopathology and cognitive deficits: A cohort study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 219(2), 448-455. doi:10.1192/bjp.2021.57
  • Marshall, E. M., & Frazier, P. A. (2019). Understanding posttrauma reactions within an attachment theory framework. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 167-171. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.08.001
  • McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & Lambert, H. K. (2014). Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 47, 578-591. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.012
  • Merrick, M. T., Ford, D. C., Ports, K. A., Guinn, A. S., Chen, J., Klevens, J., … Mercy, J. A. (2019). Vital Signs: estimated proportion of adult health problems attributable to adverse childhood experiences and implications for prevention — 25 states, 2015–2017. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 68(44), 999-1005. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6844e1
  • Merrick, M. T., Ports, K. A., Ford, D. C., Afifi, T. O., Gershoff, E. T., & Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2017). Unpacking the impact of adverse childhood experiences on adult mental health. Child Abuse & Neglect, 69, 10-19. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.03.016
  • Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., & Horesh, N. (2006). Attachment bases of emotion regulation and posttraumatic adjustment. Emotion regulation in couples and families: Pathways to dysfunction and health, 77-99. doi:10.1037/11468-004
  • Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). Boosting attachment security to promote mental health, prosocial values, and inter-group tolerance. Psychological Inquiry, 18(3), 139-156. doi:10.1080/10478400701512646
  • Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Zhou, E. S. (2007). If it goes up, must it come down? Chronic stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in humans. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 25-45. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.25
  • Oshri, A., Duprey, E. K., Liu, S., & Gonzalez, A. (2020). ACEs and resilience: Methodological and conceptual issues. In Adverse childhood experiences (pp. 287-306). Academic Press.
  • Pasha-Zaidi, N., Afari, E., Urganci, B., Sevi, B., & Durham, J. (2020). Investigating the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and resilience: A study of undergraduate students in Turkey. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 29(10), 1204-1221. doi:10.1080/10926771.2020.1725212
  • Pearlman, L. A., & Courtois, C. A. (2005). Clinical applications of the attachment framework: Relational treatment of complex trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(5), 449-459. doi:10.1002/jts.20052
  • Petruccelli, K., Davis, J., & Berman, T. (2019). Adverse childhood experiences and associated health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 97, 104-127. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104127
  • Ports, K. A., Holman, D. M., Guinn, A. S., Pampati, S., Dyer, K. E., Merrick, M. T., Metzler, M. (2019). Adverse childhood experiences and the presence of cancer risk factors in adulthood: A scoping review of the literature from 2005 to 2015. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 44, 81-96. doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2018.10.009
  • Raby, K. L., Labella, M. H., Martin, J., Carlson, E. A., & Roisman, G. I. (2017). Childhood abuse and neglect and insecure attachment states of mind in adulthood: Prospective, longitudinal evidence from a high-risk sample. Development and Psychopathology, 29(2), 347-363. doi:10.1017/s0954579417000037
  • Raymond, C., Marin, M. F., Majeur, D., & Lupien, S. (2018). Early child adversity and psychopathology in adulthood: HPA axis and cognitive dysregulations as potential mechanisms. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 85, 152-160.
  • Rienecke, R. D., Johnson, C., Le Grange, D., Manwaring, J., Mehler, P. S., Duffy, A., Blalock, D. V. (2022). Adverse childhood experiences among adults with eating disorders: Comparison to a nationally representative sample and identification of trauma profiles. Journal of Eating Disorders, 10(1), 1-10. doi:10.1186/s40337-022-00594-x
  • Schulze, A., Cloos, L., Zdravkovic, M., Lis, S., & Krause-Utz, A. (2022). On the interplay of borderline personality features, childhood trauma severity, attachment types, and social support. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 9(1), 1-14. doi:10.1186/s40479-022-00206-9
  • Sheridan, M. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2020). Neurodevelopmental mechanisms linking ACEs with psychopathology. In Adverse childhood experiences (pp. 265-285). Academic Press.
  • Sherman, L. J., Rice, K., & Cassidy, J. (2015). Infant capacities related to building internal working models of attachment figures: A theoretical and empirical review. Developmental Review, 37, 109-141. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2015.06.001
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  • Swedo, E. A., Sumner, S. A., De Fijter, S., Werhan, L., Norris, K., Beauregard, J. L., … Massetti, G. M. (2020). Adolescent opioid misuse attributable to adverse childhood experiences. The Journal of Pediatrics, 224, 102-109.e3. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.05.001
  • Tasca, G., Balfour, L., Ritchie, K., & Bissada, H. (2007). Change in attachment anxiety is associated with improved depression among women with binge eating disorder. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 44(4), 423.
  • Taylor, P., Rietzschel, J., Danquah, A., & Berry, K. (2014). Changes in attachment representations during psychological therapy. Psychotherapy Research, 25(2), 222-238. doi:10.1080/10503307.2014.886791
  • Travis, L. A., Bliwise, N. G., Binder, J. L., & Horne-Moyer, H. L. (2001). Changes in clients' attachment styles over the course of time-limited dynamic psychotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38(2), 149.
  • Wang, X., Lu, J., Liu, Q., Yu, Q., Fan, J., Gao, F., Zhu, X. (2022). Childhood experiences of threat and deprivation predict distinct depressive symptoms: A parallel latent growth curve model. Journal of Affective Disorders, 319, 244-251.
  • Wesarg, C., Van Den Akker, A. L., Oei, N. Y., Hoeve, M., & Wiers, R. W. (2020). Identifying pathways from early adversity to psychopathology: A review on dysregulated HPA axis functioning and impaired self-regulation in early childhood. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 17(6), 808-827. doi:10.1080/17405629.2020.1748594
  • Winzeler, K., Voellmin, A., Hug, E., Kirmse, U., Helmig, S., Princip, M., Wilhelm, F. H. (2016). Adverse childhood experiences and autonomic regulation in response to acute stress: The role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 30(2), 145-154. doi:10.1080/10615806.2016.1238076
  • Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner's guide. Guilford Press.
  • Zuroff, D. C., & Blatt, S. J. (2006). The therapeutic relationship in the brief treatment of depression: Contributions to clinical improvement and enhanced adaptive capacities. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(1), 130-140. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.1.130
Toplam 73 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Klinik Psikoloji
Bölüm Görüş Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Şeyda Eruyar 0000-0003-0605-0837

Merve Yılmaz 0000-0001-5682-7136

Panos Vostanis 0000-0001-9217-0805

Proje Numarası n/a
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Ekim 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Eruyar, Ş., Yılmaz, M., & Vostanis, P. (2023). UNDERSTANDING ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES (ACES) AND SUBSEQUENT ADULT PSYCHOPATHOLOGIES THROUGH THE LENS OF ATTACHMENT THEORY: A POSITION PAPER. Karatay Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi(11), 309-333. https://doi.org/10.54557/karataysad.1348004