ENERJİ HEGEMONYASI VE POLİTİK ETKİ: GAZPROM-GUAM İLİŞKİLERİNİN PLÜTOKRATİK YETKİ TEORİSİ BAĞLAMINDA ANALİZİ

Öz

Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde yeniden şekillenen Avrasya jeopolitiğinde, Rusya Federasyonu’nun bölgesel liderlik iddiası hem askeri hem ekonomik araçlarla yeniden inşa edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu süreçte, Rus dış politikasının en etkili araçlarından biri enerji sektörü olmuştur. Özellikle Vladimir Putin’in iktidara gelmesiyle birlikte Rusya’nın doğrudan denetimine alınan enerji "stratejik sektör" ilan edilerek enerji alanında hegemonik ve yönlendirici bir aktör olarak Gazprom ön plana çıkmıştır. Gazprom, yalnızca ekonomik bir işletme değil, aynı zamanda Kremlin’in dış politika hedeflerini destekleyen yarı-devlet niteliğinde bir güç merkezi olarak işlev görmeye başlamıştır. Gazprom'un ticari bir varlık ve politik bir araç olarak ikili rolüne odaklanan bu çalışmada örnek vaka olarak şirketin faaliyet alanındaki GUAM ülkeleri analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın temel amacı Gazprom’un GUAM ülkeleri üzerindeki ekonomik araçlarla kurduğu nüfuzu, Plütokratik Yetki Teorisi bağlamında incelemektir. Araştırmada Gazprom’un GUAM ülkeleriyle enerji ilişkilerinin, nasıl bir plütokratik yetki biçimi inşa ettiği ve bu yapının bölgesel siyasi dengeyi nasıl etkilediği, sorularına cevap aranmıştır. Nitel araştırma yönteminin benimsendiği çalışmada eleştirel içerik analizi tekniği kullanılarak; Gazprom’un etkisi plütokratik bir güç olarak yeniden kavramsallaştırmış ve GUAM ülkeleri bağlamında enerji-politika etkileşimi teorik bir çerçevede açıklanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgularda enerji politikalarının yalnızca devlet merkezli analizlerle açıklanamayacağı ve enerji şirketlerinin, plütokratik yetki temelinde hareket ederek uluslararası sistemde etkili aktörlere dönüştükleri sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Çalışma, mevcut enerji güvenliği literatürünü ekonomik gücün siyasal etkisi bağlamında genişleterek özgün bir nitelik kazanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Enerji Güvenliği
• GUAM
• Gazprom
• Plütokratik Yetki Teorisi
• Rusya

ENERGY HEGEMONY AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE: AN ANALYSIS OF GAZPROM-GUAM RELATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF PLUTOCRATIC AUTHORITY THEORY

Öz

In the post-Cold War era, as the geopolitical landscape of Eurasia was being reshaped, the Russian Federation sought to re-establish its claim to regional leadership through both military and economic means. In this context, one of the most effective tools of Russian foreign policy has been the energy sector. Especially following the rise of Vladimir Putin, energy was declared a "strategic sector" and brought under the direct control of the Russian state, with Gazprom emerging as a hegemonic and directive actor. Far from being a purely economic enterprise, Gazprom began to function as a semi-state power centre supporting the Kremlin’s foreign policy objectives. Focusing on Gazprom’s dual role as both a commercial entity and a political instrument, this paper analyses the GUAM countries as a case example within the company’s sphere of operation. The main aim of the study is to examine the influence Gazprom exercises over GUAM countries through economic instruments, within the framework of Plutocratic Authority Theory. The paper seeks to answer the questions of how Gazprom’s energy relations with the GUAM countries have constructed a form of plutocratic authority, and how this structure has influenced the regional political balance. Adopting a qualitative research approach and employing critical content analysis, the study reconceptualises Gazprom’s influence as a form of plutocratic power and provides a theoretical explanation of the interaction between energy and politics in the GUAM context. The findings suggest that energy policy cannot be understood solely through state-centric analyses, and that energy companies, by operating within a plutocratic framework, have become influential actors in the international system. By broadening the existing literature on energy security to include the political influence of economic power, this paper offers an original contribution to the field.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Energy Security
• GUAM
• Gazprom
• Plutocratic Authority Theory
• Russia

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