Kamu Yönetiminde Elektronik Vatandaş Katılımını Etkileyen Faktörler Ekseninde Türk Kamu Yönetimi için Bir Ortak Yapım Portal Önerisi: Milletinkarari.gov.tr

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 81 - 101, 15.07.2021

Ayşegül Saylam

Öz

Kamu yönetiminde vatandaş katılımı kamu politikalarına ilişkin süreçlerde ve/veya kamu hizmetlerinin sunulmasında, iyileştirilmesinde ve geliştirilmesinde, vatandaş ve devlete katkılar sağlayan demokratik bir yönetimin yansımasıdır. Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojileri (BİT)’nin sağladığı faydalarla kamu yönetiminde vatandaş katılımı farklı bir boyut kazanarak kamu yönetiminin işlevselliği artmıştır. Yeni nesil teknolojiler sayesinde Devlet ve onun kurumları farklı katılım mekanizmalarını sistemlerine dahil etmiştir. Türk kamu yönetiminde de BİT destekli katılım mekanizmaları hayata geçirilmiş ancak bu araçlarda katılım daha çok arza dayanmış, yönetimin inisiyatifinde olmuş ve düşük düzeyde izlenmiştir. Bu durumu ve dolayısıyla e-katılımı etkileyen birtakım faktörler bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı da kamu yönetiminde elektronik vatandaş katılımını etkileyen faktörler ekseninde Türk kamu yönetiminde üst düzeyde katılım sağlayacak bir ortak yapım portalı önerisi sunmak ve gelecekteki bu tarz portalların etkinliği, sürdürülebilirliği ve gelişimi için bazı tavsiye ve önerilerde bulunmaktır.
Anahtar kelimeler: Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojileri, Vatandaş Katılımı, Türk Kamu Yönetimi

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojileri, Vatandaş Katılımı, Türk Kamu Yönetimi

Kaynakça

• Açık Kapı Projesi. https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/acik-kapi-projesi-19-01-2018#:~:text=Açık%20Kapı%20Birimlerine%20yüz%20yüze,ile%20anında%20mesajla%20dönüş%20yapılmaktadır. Erişim Tarihi: 21.04.2021.
• Alathur, S., Ilavarasan, V. P. & Gupta, M. P. (2016) “Determinants of e-participation in the citizens and the government initiatives: Insights from India”, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 55, pp. 25-35.
• Basto, D., Flavin, T. & Patino, C. (2010) Crowdsourcing Public Policy Innovation, Working Paper, Heinz College, Carnegie Mellon University.
• Besaleva, L.I., Weaver, A. C (2013) “Crowdhelp: Application for Improved Emergency Response Through Crowdsourced Information”, in Proceedings of the 2013 ACM Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing Adjunct, publication UbiComp ‘13 Adjunct, 1437– 1446.
• Bott, M., Gigler, B. S, Young, G. (2012) The Role of Crowdsourcing for Better Governance in Fragile State Contexts, Word Bank Publications.
• Bovaird, T (2007) “Beyond Engagement and Participation: User and Community Coproduction of Public Services”, Public Administration Review, 67 (5), pp. 846-860.
• Brabham, D.C. (2009) “Crowdsourcing the Public Participation Process for Planning Projects”, Planning Theory, 8(3), 242–262.
• Brabham, D.C. (2013), Crowdsourcing, Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: The MIT Press.
• Brandsen, T. & Honingh, M. (2015) “Distinguishing Different Types of Coproduction: A Conceptual Analysis Based on the Classical Definitions”. Public Administration Review, 76(3), pp. 427– 35.
• Colombo, C. (2010) “E-Participation Experiences and Local Government in Catalonia: An Explanatory Analysis”, in. IFIP (International Federation for Information ePart 2010, LNCS 6229, (Ed.) Tambouris, A. Macintosh, & O. Glassey, pp. 82–94.
• De Jong, M. D., Neulen, S. & Jansma, S. R. (2019) "Citizens' Intentions to Participate in Governmental Co-Creation Initiatives: Comparing Three Co-Creation Configurations," Government Information Quarterly, 36(3), pp. 490-500.
• De Vries, H., Bekkers, V. & Tummers, L. (2015) "Innovation in the Public Sector: A Systematic Review and Future Research Agenda", Public Administration, 94(1):146–66.
• Diamantopoulou, V., Androutsopoulou, A., Gritzalis, S. & Charalabidis, Y. (2018) “An Assessment of Privacy Preservation in Crowdsourcing Approaches: Towards GDPR Compliance", 12th International Conference on Research Challenges in Information Science (RCIS).
• Ekonomik Kalkınma ve İşbirliği Örgütü (OECD) (2001). Citizens as Partners: OECD Handbook on Information, Consultation and Public Participation in Policy Making, Gramberger, Marc, http://www.internationalbudget.org/wp-content/uploads/Citizens-as-Partners- OECD-Handbook.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 25.04.2021).
• Feller, J., Finnegan, P., & Nilsson, O. (2011) “Open Innovation and Public Administration: Transformational Typologies and Business Model Impacts”, European Journal of Information Systems, 20(3), pp. 358–374.
• Granier, B. & Kudo, H. (2016). “How are Citizens Involved in Smart Cities? Analysing Citizen Participation in Japanese: Smart Communities’’. Information Polity, 21(1), pp. 61– 76.
• Haklay, M., Antoniou, V., Basiouka, S., Soden, Mooney, P. (2015) Crowdsourced Geographic Information Use in Government‖, Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery and World Bank, https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/gfdrr/files/publication/Crowdsourced%20Geographic%20In formation%20Use%20in%20Government.pdf,
• Halder, B. (2014) “Measuring Security, Privacy and Data Protection in Crowdsourcing”, https://ssrn.com/abstract=2568818 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.25 68818, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.06.2020).
• Hansen, H. S., & Prosperi, D. C. (2005) “Citizen participation and Internet GIS: Some recent advances”, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 29(6), pp. 617-629.
• Haworth, B. (2016) “Emergency Management Perspectives on Volunteered Geographic Information: Opportunities, Challenges and Change”, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 57, pp. 189–198.
• Heeks, R. (2002) “I-Development Not e-Development: Special Issue on ICTs and Development”, Journal of International Development, 14, pp. 1-11.
• Holgersson, J. & Karlsson, F. (2014) “Public E-Service Development: Understanding Citizens' Conditions For Participation”, Government Information Quarterly, 31(3), pp. 396-410.
• Hu, G., Yan, j., Pan, W, Chohan, S. R. & Liu, L. (2019) ‘‘The Influence of Public Engaging Intention on Value Co-creation of E-government Services’’ IEEE Access, 7, pp. 111145–111159
• Huang, Y. T. (2015) “Participatory Design To Enhance ICT Learning And Community Attachment: A Case Study İn Rural Taiwan”, Future Internet, 7(1), pp. 50–66.
• IAP2 (2007) “Spectrum, International Association For Public Participation Spectrum Of Public Participation”, http://bettertogether.sa.gov.au/media/W1siZiIsIjIwMTcvMDUvMTgv OHd0dml2Ynd5aV9JQVAyc19TcGVjd HJ1bV8wNV8yMDE3LnBk ZiJdXQ/IAP2s%20Spectrum%2005_2017.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.04.2021).
• Irvin, L. (2006) “Challenges and Strategies for Democratic Participation”, in Beyond Intractability, (Ed.) G. Burgess & H. Burgess, Boulder: University of Colorado.
• Jain, R. (2010) Investigation of Governance Mechanisms for Crowdsourcing Initiatives, AMCIS 2010 Proceedings , Paper 557.
• James, J. (2003) “Sustainable Internet Access for the Rural Poor? Elements of an Emerging Indian Model”, Futures, 35, 5, pp. 461-472.
• Karahasanović, A., Brandtzæg, P. B., Heim, J., Lüders, M., Vermeir, L., Pierson, J., ... Jans, G. (2009) “Co-Creation and User-Generated Content-Elderly People’s User Requirements”, Computers in Human Behavior, 25(3), 655–678.
• Kim, S., & Lee, J. (2012) “E-Participation, Transparency, and Trust in Local Government”, Public Administration Review, 72(6), pp. 819–828.
• Kolsaker, A., & Lee-Kelley, L. (2007) “Mind the Gap II: E-government and E-governance”, in Electronic government, (Ed.) M. A. Wimmer, H. J. Scholl, & Å. Grönlund, Berlin, Germany: Springer, pp. 35-43.
• Lee, J. & Kim, S. (2018) “Citizens’ E-Participation on Agenda Setting in Local Governance: Do Individual Social Capital and E-Participation Management Matter?”, Public Management Review, 20(6), pp. 873-895.
• Loeffer, E. & Martin, S. (2015) “Citizen Engagement”, in. Public Management and Governance, (Ed.) T. Bovaird ve E. Loeffer, London: Routledge.
• Loeffler, E, & Bovaird, T. (2018) “From Participation to Co-Production: Widening And Deepening the Contributions of Citizens to Public Services and Outcomes”, in. The Palgrave Handbook of Public Administration and Management in Europe, (Ed.) Ongaro, E, Van Thiel, S London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 403–423.
• Loeffler, E. & Bovaird, T (2018) “From Participation to Co-Production: Widening and Deepening the Contributions of Citizens to Public Services and Outcomes”, in. The Palgrave Handbook of Public Administration and Management in Europe, (Ed.) Ongaro, E, van Thiel, S London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 403–423.
• Macintosh, A. (2004) “Characterizing E-Participation in Policy-Making”, in. The Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual Hawaii International Conference On System Sciences (HICSS-37), January 5 – 8.
• Maciulienè, M., & Skarzauskienè (2016) “Evaluation of co-creation perspective in networked collaboration platforms”, Journal of Business Research, 69(11), pp. 4826–4830.
• Magno, F. & Cassia, F. (2015) “Public Administrators' Engagement in Services Co-Creation: Factors That Foster and Hinder Organisational Learning About Citizens”, Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 26:11-12, pp. 1161-1172.
• Medaglia, R. (2012) “E-Participation Research: Moving Characterization Forward (2006–2011)”, Government Information Quarterly, 29(3), pp. 346–360.
• Meijer, A. (2012) “Co-production in an Information Age: Individual and Community Engagement Supported by New Media”, Voluntas, 23(4), pp. 1156–1172.
• Millward, P. (2003) “The “Drey Digital Divide”: Perception, Exclusion and Barriers of Access to the Internet for Older People”, First Monday, 8(7).
• Naranjo-Zolotov, M., Oliveira, T. & Casteleyn, S. (2019) "Citizens’ Intention to Use and Recommend E-Participation: Drawing Upon UTAUT and Citizen Empowerment", Information Technology & People, 32(2), pp. 364-386. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-08-2017-0257.
• Nasi, G., Cucciniello, M., Mele, V., Valotti G., Bazurli, R., de Vries, H., Bekkers, V., Tummers, L., Gascó, M., Ysa, T., Fernández, C., Albareda, A., Matei,A., Savulescu, C., Antonie, E.B. Balaceanu, J. Nemec, M, Svidroňová, B. Mikusova Merickova, M. Oviska, C. Mendes, M. Eymeri-Douzans, and E. Morette Monthubert (2015) Determinants and Barriers of Adoption, Diffusion and Upscaling of ICT-driven Social Innovation in the Public Sector: A Comparative Study Across 6 EU Countries., LIPSE research report.
• Oliveira, Á. & Campolargo, M. (2015) “From Smart Cities to Human Smart Cities”, in 48th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences IEEE, pp. 2336-2344.
• Osborne, S. P. (2006) “The New Public Governance?”, Public Management Review, 8(3), pp. 377-387.
• Osborne, S. P., & Strokosch, K. (2013) “It Takes Two To Tango? Understanding The Coproduction of Public Services by Integrating the Services Management and Public Administration Perspectives”, British Journal of Management, 24.
• Pak B., Chua, A., Vande Moere, A. (2017) “FixMyStreet Brussels: Socio-Demographic Inequality in Crowdsourced Civic Participation”, J. Urban Technol., 24(2), pp. 65–87.
• Pestoff, V. (2012). “Co-Production and Third Sector Social Services in Europe Some Crucial Conceptual Issues”, in. New Public Governance, The Third Sector and Co-Production (Chap. 2), (Ed.) V. Pestoff, T. Brandsen, ve B. Verschuere, London: Routledge.
• Piotrowski, S., & Liao, Y. (2012) “The Usability of Government Informa- tion: The Necessary Link between Transparency and Participation”, in. The State of Citizen Participation in America (Ed.) H. L. Schachter & K. Yang, Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing, pp. 163–194. Pretty, J. N. (1994) “Alternative Systems of Inquiry for Sustainable Agriculture”, IDS Bulletin, 25(2), pp. 37-48.
• Rowe, G. & Lynn, F. J. (2005) “A Typology of Public Engagement Mechanisms”, Science, Technology & Human Values, 30(2), pp. 251-190.
• Saylam, A. (2020a). "Türk Kamu Yönetiminde Merkezi Düzeyde E-Katılım: Bakanlıkların Web Siteleri Üzerinden Bir Araştırma", Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 41, s. 23-37.
• Saylam, A. (2020b). "Kamu Yönetiminde Bir E-Katılım Modeli Olarak Bilgi Ve İletişim Teknolojileri (BİT) Destekli Kitle Kaynak Kullanımı", Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 633-654 <https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/huniibf/article/769258.
• Saylam, A., Karkin, N. Uçarkocaoğlu, B. (2020) “Higher Public Officials on Direct Citizen Participation in Turkey: Institutionalized vs Curious Public Administrators”, in. Civic Engagement Frameworks and Strategic Leadership Practices for Organization Development (Ed.) S. Chhabra ve M. Kumar, US: IGI Global Publication, pp. 142-170.
• Schweitzer, L.A. & Afzalan, N. (2017) “09 F9 11 02 9D 74 E3 5B D8 41 56 C5 63 56 88 C0: Four Reasons Why AICP Needs an Open Data Ethic”, Journal of the American Planning Association, 83(2), pp. 161–167.
• Simonofski, A., Snoeck, M, Vanderose, B. (2019) Co-Creating E-Government Services: An Empirical Analysis of Participation Methods in Belgium, Setting Foundations For The Creation of Public Value in Smart Cities, Springer, pp. 225-245.
• Tambouris, E., Macintosh, A., Coleman, S., Wimmer, M., Vedel, T., Westholm, H., Lippa, B., Dalakiouridou, E., Parisopoulos, K., Rose, J., Aicholzer, G., Winkler, R. (2007), in. Introducing eParticipation, (Ed.) Tambouris, E., DEMO -net The Democracy Network. University of Macedonia.
• Trivellato, B. (2017) “How Can ‘Smart’ also be Socially Sustainable? Insights From the Case of Milan”, European Urban and Regional Studies, 24(4), pp. 337–351.
• Tuurnas, S. (2016) “Looking Beyond the Simplistic Ideals of Participatory Projects: Fostering Effective Co-Production?”, International Journal of Public Administration, 1–1. Türkiye.gov.tr. Erişim Tarihi: 21.04.2021.
• Uçar Kocaoğlu, B. & Saylam, A. (2017) “Türkiye’de Vatandaş Katılımı: Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Örneği”, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19 (2), pp. 123-144. United Nations (2003). World Public Sector Report 2003. E-Government at the Crossroads, United Nations, New York.
• Van den Hazel, P., Keune, H., Randall, S., Yang, A., Ludlow, D., & Bartonova, A. (2012) “The Challenge of Social Networking in The Field of Environment and Health”, Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source, 11(SUPPL.1).
• Vianna, F. R. P. M. & F.K. Meneghetti (2020) “Is it Crowdsourcing or Crowdsensing? An Analysis of Human Participation in Digital Platforms in the Age of Surveillance Capitalism”, Rev. eletrôn. adm., 26(1), pp. 176-209.
• Vicente, M. R. & Novo, A (2014) “An Empirical Analysis of E-Participation. The Role of Social Networks and E-Government Over Citizens' Online Engagement”, Government Information Quarterly, 31(3), pp. 379-387.
• Waheduzzaman, W. & Mphande, C. H.B. (2014) “Gaps in Pursuing Participatory Good”, Administration & Society, 46(1), pp. 37-69.
• Wahid, F. , Sein, M. K. & Furuholt, B. (2011) “Unlikely Actors: Religious Organizations As Intermediaries In Indonesia”, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Social Implications of Computers in Developing Countries, Kathmandu, Nepal, May 2011.
• Warschauer, M. (2003) “Dissecting the “Digital Divide”: A Case Study in Egypt”, The Information Society, 19(4), pp. 297–304.
• Webster, CWR. & Leleux C (2018) “Smart Governance: Opportunities for technologically-Mediated Citizen co-production”, Information Polity, 23(1),pp. 95-110. https://content.iospress.com/articles/information-polity/ip170065; https://doi.org/10.3233/IP-170065.
• Whitaker, G. P. (1980) “Coproduction: Delivery in Service Participation Citizen”, Public Administration Review, 40(3), pp. 240–246
• Wijnhoven, F., Ehrenhard, M. & Kuhn, J. (2015) “Open Government Objectives and Participation Motivations”, Gov. Inf. Quarterly, 32, pp. 30–42.
• Zheng, Y. & Schachter, H. L. (2017) “Explaining Citizens’ E-Participation Use: The Role of Perceived Advantages”, Public Organization Review, pp. 17, 409-428.
• Zheng, Y. & Schachter, H. L. (2018) “The Impact of Administrator Willingness on Website E-Participation: Some Evidence from Municipalities”, Public Performance & Management Review, 41(1), pp. 1-21.