Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

AFET YÖNETİMİNDE YAPAY ZEKA DESTEĞİ

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 13 - 36, 30.01.2025
https://doi.org/10.58307/kaytek.1580460

Öz

Dijital teknolojilerin artan oranlı gelişimi yapay zekâ uygulamalarının ilerlemesine ve birçok farklı alanda kullanılmasına yol açmıştır. Bu alanlardan biri de afet yönetimidir. Toplumu afete karşı dayanıklı kılmak ve korumak için yapay zekâ uygulamaları kullanılmaktadır. Ancak bazı yapay zekâ projeleri uygulamada beklentileri karşılayamamakta hatta var olan karmaşıklığı ile daha fazla maliyete, zamana, iş gücüne yol açabilmektedir. Bu nedenle çalışma ikincil veri kaynakları ile afet sürecinde yapay zekâ kullanımını inceleyen bir model geliştirmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı afetlerin önlenmesine, can ve mal kayıplarının en aza indirilmesine, daha acil ve etkin müdahaleye olanak sağlayan afet yönetim modeline ve literatüre katkı sunmaktır. Bu noktada çalışma, ilgili alanda araştırma yapacak araştırmacılara ek bir kaynak olmanın yanı sıra karar vericiler ve uygulayıcılar için de özet kaynak niteliği taşımaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Abid, S., Kamran, N. S., Chan, S. W., Nazir, U., Abid, M., Han, H., Ariza-Montes, A., & Vega-Muñoz, A. (2021) ‘‘Toward An Integrated Disaster Management Approach: How Artificial Intelligence Can Boost Disaster Management’’. Sustainability, 13(22), 12560. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212560
  • AFAD (2024a). AYDES Uzaktan Algılama (UZAL). https://www.afad.gov.tr/aydes-uzaktan-algilama-uzal55 (20.08.2024)
  • AFAD. (2024b). Afet Türleri. https://www.afad.gov.tr/afet-turleri (20.08.2024)
  • Agurbash, E. (2023) ‘‘Autonomous Robots for Disaster Management’’. https://aiforgood.itu.int/autonomous-robots-for-disaster-management/
  • Alsamhi, S. H., Shvetsov, A. V., Kumar, S., Shvetsova, S. V., Alhartomi, M. A., Hawbani, A., Rajput, N. S., Srivastava, S., Saif, A., & Nyangaresi, V. O. (2022) ‘‘UAV Computing-Assisted Search and Rescue Mission Framework for Disaster and Harsh Environment Mitigation’’. Drones, 6(7), 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones6070154
  • Anadolu Ajansı. (2023). Refakatsiz Depremzede Çocuklar İçin Yüz Tanıma Yapan ‘Deringörü’ Yazılımı Devrede. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/asrin-felaketi/refakatsiz-depremzede-cocuklar-icin-yuz-tanima-yapan-deringoru-yazilimi-devrede/2818155 (29.09.2024)
  • Balbay, E. (2024) ‘‘Türkiye’de Meydana Gelen Kahramanmaraş Depremlerinde Yapay Zekâ ve Dijital Teknolojilerin Kullanımının Incelenmesi’’. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ufuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Cheng, C.-S., Behzadan, A. H., & Noshadravan, A. (2022) ‘‘Uncertainty-Aware Convolutional Neural Network for Explainable Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Disaster Damage Assessment’’. Structural Control and Health Monitoring, 29(10), e3019. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.3019
  • CSIRO (2024). Spark: Predicting Bushfire Spread. https://www.csiro.au/en/research/technology-space/ai/Spark (07.09.2024)
  • Doma, O. O., & Şener, S. M. (2024) ‘‘Doğal Afet ve Yapay Zekâ: Deprem Yönetimini Dönüştüren Bilişim Teknolojileri’’. İTÜ Vakfı Yayınları. https://www.ituvakif.org.tr/dogal-afet-ve-yapay-zeka
  • Duman, H. (2024) ‘‘Use of Digital Technologies in Migration and Asylum Management’’. In Media representation of migrants and refugees (pp. 169-188). IGI Global.
  • EM-DAT. (2023). Earthquakes in Türkiye: A Review from 1900 to Today. https://files.emdat.be/2023/09/CredCrunch72.pdf (08.07.2024)
  • Erdelj, M., Król, M., & Natalizio, E. (2017) ‘‘Wireless Sensor Networks and Multi-UAV Systems For Natural Disaster Management’’. Computer Networks, 124, 72-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2017.06.019
  • Eren, V. (2022) ‘‘Kriz Yönetimi Kavramı ve Kriz Yaratan Durumlar’’. In Kamu Sektöründe Kriz Yönetimi: Kavram, Kuram ve Uygulamalar (pp. 1-29). Nobel Yayınları.
  • Erkal, T., & Değerliyurt, M. (2009) ‘‘Türkiye’de Afet Yönetimi’’. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 14(22), 147-164.
  • Fan, C., Zhang, C., Yahja, A., & Mostafavi, A. (2021) ‘‘Disaster City Digital Twin: A Vision for Integrating Artificial and Human Intelligence for Disaster Management’’. International Journal of Information Management, 56, 102049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102049
  • Farsath, R., Jitha, K., Marwan, V. K. M., Ali Jouhar, A. M., & Musrifa, K. A. (2024). ‘‘AI-Enhanced Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Search and Rescue Operations’’. In 2024 5th International Conference on Innovative Trends in Information Technology (ICITIIT) (pp. 1-10). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICITIIT50450.2024.00010
  • Gesk, T. S., & Leyer, M. (2022). ‘‘Artificial Intelligence in Public Services: When and Why Citizens Accept Its Usage’’. Government Information Quarterly, 39(3), 101704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2022.101704
  • Google Research. (2024). Flood Forecasting. https://sites.research.google/floodforecasting/#:~:text=Flood%20Hub%20for%20Governments%20and%20Organizations&text=It%20is%20a%20visual%2C%20easy,models%20and%20global%20data%20sources
  • Huang, J. P., Wang, X. A., Zhao, Y., Xin, C., & Xiang, H. (2018) ‘‘Large Earthquake Magnitude Prediction in Taiwan Based on Deep Learning Neural Network’’. Neural Network World, (2).
  • Kulal, A., Ur Rahiman, H., Suvarna, H., Abhishek, N., & Dinesh, S. (2024) ‘‘Enhancing Public Service Delivery Efficiency: Exploring the Impact of AI’’. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 10, 329. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc10030029
  • Lamsal, R., & Kumar, T. V. (2020) ‘‘Artificial Intelligence and Early Warning Systems’’. In AI and Robotics in Disaster Studies (pp. 13-32).
  • Li, F., Hou, S., Bu, C., & Qu, B. (2023) ‘‘Rescue Robots for the Urban Earthquake Environment’’. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 17, e181. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2022.159
  • Margetts, H., & Dorobantu, C. (2019) ‘‘Rethink Government With AI’’, Nature, 568(7751), 163-165. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-01372-8
  • Mehr, H. (2017) ‘‘Artificial Intelligence for Citizen Services and Government’’, Harvard Ash Center Technology & Democracy Fellow, August 1, 12.
  • Mishra, D., Kumar, S., & Hassini, E. (2019) ‘‘Current Trends in Disaster Management Simulation Modeling Research’’, Annals of Operations Research, 283(1), 1387-1411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-018-2987-2
  • Nunavath, V., & Goodwin, M. (2019) ‘‘The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Disaster Management: A Systematic Literature Review’’, In 2019 International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Disaster Management (ICT-DM) (pp. 1-8). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICT-DM.2019.00012
  • Ogie, R. I., Castilla Rho, J., & Clarke, R. J. (2018) ‘‘Artificial Intelligence in Disaster Risk Communication: A Systematic Literature Review’’, In 2018 5th International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Disaster Management (ICT-DM) (pp. 1-8). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICT-DM.2018.00007
  • Our World in Data. (2024). The World Has Become More Resilient to Disasters, But Investment is Needed to Save More Lives. https://ourworldindata.org/the-world-has-become-more-resilient-to-disasters-but-investment-is-needed-to-save-more-lives (23.09.2024).
  • Pencheva, I., Esteve, M., & Jankin Mikhaylov, S. (2020) ‘‘Big Data And AI—A Transformational Shift for Government: So, What Next for Research?’’, Public Policy and Administration, 35(1), 24-44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971685820901223
  • Rafiei, M. H., & Adeli, H. (2017) ‘‘NEEWS: A Novel Earthquake Early Warning Model Using Neural Dynamic Classification and Neural Dynamic Optimization’’, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 100, 417-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.06.022
  • Ritchie, H. (2024) ‘‘The World Has Become More Resilient to Disasters, But Investment Is Needed To Save More Lives’’ Published online at OurWorldinData.org. https://ourworldindata.org/the-world-has-become-more-resilient-to-disasters-but-investment-is-needed-to-save-more-lives (22.08.2024).
  • Ryan-Mosley, T. (2023) ‘‘How AI Can Actually be Helpful in Disaster Response’’, https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/02/20/1068824/ai-actually-helpful-disaster-response-turkey-syria-earthquake/ (02.08.2024).
  • Saravi, S., Kalawsky, R., Joannou, D., Rivas Casado, M., Fu, G., & Meng, F. (2019) ‘‘Use of Artificial Intelligence to Improve Resilience and Preparedness Against Adverse Flood Events’’ Water, 11(5), 973. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11050973
  • Sendai. (2024). Sendai Afet Risk Azaltma Çerçevesi 2015-2030. https://uclg-mewa.org/uploads/file/748e86d91ae4409e9188794ddb6c004d/Sendai_TR.pdf (25.09.2024).
  • Sun, W., Bocchini, P., & Davison, B. D. (2020) ‘‘Applications of Artificial Intelligence for Disaster Management’’, Natural Hazards, 103(3), 2631-2689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04263-1
  • Şahin, Ş. (2019) ‘‘Türkiye’de Afet Yönetimi ve 2023 Hedefleri’’, Türk Deprem Araştırma Dergisi, 1(2), 180-196. TDK. (2024). Türk Dil Kurumu Sözlükleri. https://sozluk.gov.tr/ (09.07.2024).
  • Web Japan. (2024). Disaster-Prevention Technology in Japan. https://web-japan.org/trends/11_tech-life/tec202112_disaster-prevention.html (25.09.2024).
  • Wilk-Jakubowski, G., Harabin, R., & Ivanov, S. (2022) ‘‘Robotics in Crisis Management: A Review’’, Technology in Society, 68, 101935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.101935
  • Zhang, S., Yao, J., Wang, R., Liu, Z., Ma, C., Wang, Y., & Zhao, Y. (2022) ‘‘Design of Intelligent Fire-Fighting Robot Based On Multi-Sensor Fusion And Experimental Study On Fire Scene Patrol’’, Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 154, 104122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2022.104122
  • Xu, C., & Xue, Z. (2023) ‘‘Applications and Challenges of Artificial Intelligence in The Field of Disaster Prevention, Reduction, and Relief’’, Natural Hazards Research.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SUPPORT IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 13 - 36, 30.01.2025
https://doi.org/10.58307/kaytek.1580460

Öz

The rapid development of digital technologies has driven significant advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) applications, expanding their use across various fields. One notable area is disaster management, where AI is leveraged to strengthen societal resilience and protect communities from disasters. However, some AI projects may fall short of expectations during implementation, often resulting in increased costs, time, and labor due to their inherent complexity. In response, this study presents a model that explores the application of AI throughout the disaster management process, utilizing secondary data sources. The objective is to contribute to both academic literature and disaster management practices by supporting disaster prevention, reducing loss of life and property, and enabling more efficient and timely interventions. Furthermore, this study aims to serve as a valuable resource not only for researchers in the field but also for decision-makers and practitioners, offering a concise reference for more informed, data-driven actions.

Kaynakça

  • Abid, S., Kamran, N. S., Chan, S. W., Nazir, U., Abid, M., Han, H., Ariza-Montes, A., & Vega-Muñoz, A. (2021) ‘‘Toward An Integrated Disaster Management Approach: How Artificial Intelligence Can Boost Disaster Management’’. Sustainability, 13(22), 12560. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212560
  • AFAD (2024a). AYDES Uzaktan Algılama (UZAL). https://www.afad.gov.tr/aydes-uzaktan-algilama-uzal55 (20.08.2024)
  • AFAD. (2024b). Afet Türleri. https://www.afad.gov.tr/afet-turleri (20.08.2024)
  • Agurbash, E. (2023) ‘‘Autonomous Robots for Disaster Management’’. https://aiforgood.itu.int/autonomous-robots-for-disaster-management/
  • Alsamhi, S. H., Shvetsov, A. V., Kumar, S., Shvetsova, S. V., Alhartomi, M. A., Hawbani, A., Rajput, N. S., Srivastava, S., Saif, A., & Nyangaresi, V. O. (2022) ‘‘UAV Computing-Assisted Search and Rescue Mission Framework for Disaster and Harsh Environment Mitigation’’. Drones, 6(7), 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones6070154
  • Anadolu Ajansı. (2023). Refakatsiz Depremzede Çocuklar İçin Yüz Tanıma Yapan ‘Deringörü’ Yazılımı Devrede. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/asrin-felaketi/refakatsiz-depremzede-cocuklar-icin-yuz-tanima-yapan-deringoru-yazilimi-devrede/2818155 (29.09.2024)
  • Balbay, E. (2024) ‘‘Türkiye’de Meydana Gelen Kahramanmaraş Depremlerinde Yapay Zekâ ve Dijital Teknolojilerin Kullanımının Incelenmesi’’. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ufuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Cheng, C.-S., Behzadan, A. H., & Noshadravan, A. (2022) ‘‘Uncertainty-Aware Convolutional Neural Network for Explainable Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Disaster Damage Assessment’’. Structural Control and Health Monitoring, 29(10), e3019. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.3019
  • CSIRO (2024). Spark: Predicting Bushfire Spread. https://www.csiro.au/en/research/technology-space/ai/Spark (07.09.2024)
  • Doma, O. O., & Şener, S. M. (2024) ‘‘Doğal Afet ve Yapay Zekâ: Deprem Yönetimini Dönüştüren Bilişim Teknolojileri’’. İTÜ Vakfı Yayınları. https://www.ituvakif.org.tr/dogal-afet-ve-yapay-zeka
  • Duman, H. (2024) ‘‘Use of Digital Technologies in Migration and Asylum Management’’. In Media representation of migrants and refugees (pp. 169-188). IGI Global.
  • EM-DAT. (2023). Earthquakes in Türkiye: A Review from 1900 to Today. https://files.emdat.be/2023/09/CredCrunch72.pdf (08.07.2024)
  • Erdelj, M., Król, M., & Natalizio, E. (2017) ‘‘Wireless Sensor Networks and Multi-UAV Systems For Natural Disaster Management’’. Computer Networks, 124, 72-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2017.06.019
  • Eren, V. (2022) ‘‘Kriz Yönetimi Kavramı ve Kriz Yaratan Durumlar’’. In Kamu Sektöründe Kriz Yönetimi: Kavram, Kuram ve Uygulamalar (pp. 1-29). Nobel Yayınları.
  • Erkal, T., & Değerliyurt, M. (2009) ‘‘Türkiye’de Afet Yönetimi’’. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 14(22), 147-164.
  • Fan, C., Zhang, C., Yahja, A., & Mostafavi, A. (2021) ‘‘Disaster City Digital Twin: A Vision for Integrating Artificial and Human Intelligence for Disaster Management’’. International Journal of Information Management, 56, 102049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102049
  • Farsath, R., Jitha, K., Marwan, V. K. M., Ali Jouhar, A. M., & Musrifa, K. A. (2024). ‘‘AI-Enhanced Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Search and Rescue Operations’’. In 2024 5th International Conference on Innovative Trends in Information Technology (ICITIIT) (pp. 1-10). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICITIIT50450.2024.00010
  • Gesk, T. S., & Leyer, M. (2022). ‘‘Artificial Intelligence in Public Services: When and Why Citizens Accept Its Usage’’. Government Information Quarterly, 39(3), 101704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2022.101704
  • Google Research. (2024). Flood Forecasting. https://sites.research.google/floodforecasting/#:~:text=Flood%20Hub%20for%20Governments%20and%20Organizations&text=It%20is%20a%20visual%2C%20easy,models%20and%20global%20data%20sources
  • Huang, J. P., Wang, X. A., Zhao, Y., Xin, C., & Xiang, H. (2018) ‘‘Large Earthquake Magnitude Prediction in Taiwan Based on Deep Learning Neural Network’’. Neural Network World, (2).
  • Kulal, A., Ur Rahiman, H., Suvarna, H., Abhishek, N., & Dinesh, S. (2024) ‘‘Enhancing Public Service Delivery Efficiency: Exploring the Impact of AI’’. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 10, 329. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc10030029
  • Lamsal, R., & Kumar, T. V. (2020) ‘‘Artificial Intelligence and Early Warning Systems’’. In AI and Robotics in Disaster Studies (pp. 13-32).
  • Li, F., Hou, S., Bu, C., & Qu, B. (2023) ‘‘Rescue Robots for the Urban Earthquake Environment’’. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 17, e181. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2022.159
  • Margetts, H., & Dorobantu, C. (2019) ‘‘Rethink Government With AI’’, Nature, 568(7751), 163-165. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-01372-8
  • Mehr, H. (2017) ‘‘Artificial Intelligence for Citizen Services and Government’’, Harvard Ash Center Technology & Democracy Fellow, August 1, 12.
  • Mishra, D., Kumar, S., & Hassini, E. (2019) ‘‘Current Trends in Disaster Management Simulation Modeling Research’’, Annals of Operations Research, 283(1), 1387-1411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-018-2987-2
  • Nunavath, V., & Goodwin, M. (2019) ‘‘The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Disaster Management: A Systematic Literature Review’’, In 2019 International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Disaster Management (ICT-DM) (pp. 1-8). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICT-DM.2019.00012
  • Ogie, R. I., Castilla Rho, J., & Clarke, R. J. (2018) ‘‘Artificial Intelligence in Disaster Risk Communication: A Systematic Literature Review’’, In 2018 5th International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Disaster Management (ICT-DM) (pp. 1-8). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICT-DM.2018.00007
  • Our World in Data. (2024). The World Has Become More Resilient to Disasters, But Investment is Needed to Save More Lives. https://ourworldindata.org/the-world-has-become-more-resilient-to-disasters-but-investment-is-needed-to-save-more-lives (23.09.2024).
  • Pencheva, I., Esteve, M., & Jankin Mikhaylov, S. (2020) ‘‘Big Data And AI—A Transformational Shift for Government: So, What Next for Research?’’, Public Policy and Administration, 35(1), 24-44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971685820901223
  • Rafiei, M. H., & Adeli, H. (2017) ‘‘NEEWS: A Novel Earthquake Early Warning Model Using Neural Dynamic Classification and Neural Dynamic Optimization’’, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 100, 417-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.06.022
  • Ritchie, H. (2024) ‘‘The World Has Become More Resilient to Disasters, But Investment Is Needed To Save More Lives’’ Published online at OurWorldinData.org. https://ourworldindata.org/the-world-has-become-more-resilient-to-disasters-but-investment-is-needed-to-save-more-lives (22.08.2024).
  • Ryan-Mosley, T. (2023) ‘‘How AI Can Actually be Helpful in Disaster Response’’, https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/02/20/1068824/ai-actually-helpful-disaster-response-turkey-syria-earthquake/ (02.08.2024).
  • Saravi, S., Kalawsky, R., Joannou, D., Rivas Casado, M., Fu, G., & Meng, F. (2019) ‘‘Use of Artificial Intelligence to Improve Resilience and Preparedness Against Adverse Flood Events’’ Water, 11(5), 973. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11050973
  • Sendai. (2024). Sendai Afet Risk Azaltma Çerçevesi 2015-2030. https://uclg-mewa.org/uploads/file/748e86d91ae4409e9188794ddb6c004d/Sendai_TR.pdf (25.09.2024).
  • Sun, W., Bocchini, P., & Davison, B. D. (2020) ‘‘Applications of Artificial Intelligence for Disaster Management’’, Natural Hazards, 103(3), 2631-2689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04263-1
  • Şahin, Ş. (2019) ‘‘Türkiye’de Afet Yönetimi ve 2023 Hedefleri’’, Türk Deprem Araştırma Dergisi, 1(2), 180-196. TDK. (2024). Türk Dil Kurumu Sözlükleri. https://sozluk.gov.tr/ (09.07.2024).
  • Web Japan. (2024). Disaster-Prevention Technology in Japan. https://web-japan.org/trends/11_tech-life/tec202112_disaster-prevention.html (25.09.2024).
  • Wilk-Jakubowski, G., Harabin, R., & Ivanov, S. (2022) ‘‘Robotics in Crisis Management: A Review’’, Technology in Society, 68, 101935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.101935
  • Zhang, S., Yao, J., Wang, R., Liu, Z., Ma, C., Wang, Y., & Zhao, Y. (2022) ‘‘Design of Intelligent Fire-Fighting Robot Based On Multi-Sensor Fusion And Experimental Study On Fire Scene Patrol’’, Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 154, 104122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2022.104122
  • Xu, C., & Xue, Z. (2023) ‘‘Applications and Challenges of Artificial Intelligence in The Field of Disaster Prevention, Reduction, and Relief’’, Natural Hazards Research.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Araştırma, Bilim ve Teknoloji Politikası, Kamu Yönetimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Veysel Eren 0000-0003-3607-1583

Hasret Duman 0000-0002-7187-7729

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ocak 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Kasım 2024
Kabul Tarihi 2 Ocak 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Eren, V., & Duman, H. (2025). ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SUPPORT IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT. Kamu Yönetimi Ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 7(1), 13-36. https://doi.org/10.58307/kaytek.1580460