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KARAR HEURİSTİKLERİ BAĞLAMINDA OPTİMAL TERAPİ

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 16, 83 - 98, 01.08.2018

Öz

Problemleri tanımlama ve çözme aslında bir karar verme heuristiğidir. Eğitsel, sosyal ve politik yönden hızlı bir değişimin yaşandığı günümüzde, insanların değerleri, düşünme biçimleri, öncelikleri de etkilenip değişmektedir. Bu değişim etkisini tüm örgütlerde göstermekte olup, onları yapı, strateji, süreç yönünden etkilemektedir. Bu değişim ortamı içinde, bireyleri, önceden saptanmış amaçlarına ulaşmada, birçok değişik sorunla karşı karşıya kalmaktadırlar. İşte bu sorunların varlığı, onları, bu sorunlara çözüm bulmaya, bir başka manada karar vermeye zorlamaktadır. Bir yandan bireyin içinde bulunduğu değişimin niteliği ve hızı, öte yandan önceden belirlenmiş amaçlar gerçekleştirme isteği ve zorunluluğu, karar verme davranışının ortaya çıkmasına sebep olur. Bireyler, karar verme eylemi sırasında, daha önceden geliştirdikleri, birçok iç-dış faktörden etkilenebilen deneyimler edinirler. Bu deneyimler ise bireyin karar verme heuristiklerini oluşturmaktadır. Heuristik, özgül sorunların çözümü için kullanılan bir bilişsel süreçtir. Terim, eğitim alanında bir öğrenciye, öğretilmek istenen şeyi onun bulmasını sağlama yöntemini veya bilimler sisteminde, olayların keşfini konu alan bilim dalını ifade etmek için kullanılmaktadır. Karar heuristikleri, Psikoloji alanında da kullanılmaktadır. Özellikle belirsizlik durumlarında karar verme söz konusu olduğunda, bireylerin özellikli problemleri çözmek üzere kullandıkları bilişsel süreçlerdir.

Kaynakça

  • Astebro T, Elhedhli S. (2006). The Effectiveness Of Simple Decision Heuristics: Forecasting Commercial Success For Early-Stage Ventures. Manage. Sci. 52:395–409
  • Backlund LG, Bring J, Skaner Y, Strender L-E, Montgomery H. (2009). Improving Fast And Fru- gal İn Relation To Regression Analysis: Test Of 3 Models For Medical Decision Making. Med. Decis. Making 29:140–48
  • Baucells M, Carrasco JA, Hogarth RM. 2008. Cumulative Dominance And Heuristic Performan- ce İn Binary Multiattribute Choice. Oper. Res. 56:1289–1304
  • Bergert FB, Nosofsky RM. 2007. A Response-Time Approach To Comparing Generalized Ratio- nal And Take-The- Best Models Of Decision Making. J. Exp. Psychol.: Learn. Mem. Cogn. 331:107–29
  • Brighton H, Gigerenzer G. 2011. How Heuristics Exploit Uncertainty. In Ecological Rationality: Intelligence İn The World, Ed. PM Todd, G Gigerenzer, ABC Res. Group. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. In Press
  • Dawes RM. 1979. The Robust Beauty Of İmproper Linear Models İn Decision Making. Am. Psychol. 34:571–82
  • Dhami MK. 2003. Psychological Models Of Professional Decision Making. Psychol. Sci. 14:175– 80
  • Dougherty MR, Franco-Watkins AM, Thomas R. 2008. Psychological Plausibility Of The Theory Of Probabilistic Mental Models And The Fast And Frugal Heuristics. Psychol. Rev. 115:199–213
  • Driver, M. J., K. R. Brousseau, P. L. Hunsaker. (1990): The Dynamic Decisionmaker Five Deci- sion Styles for Executive and Business Success. Harper & Row: New York.
  • Ersever, Ö. Hakan. (1996). Karar Verme Becerileri Kazandırma Programının ve Etkileşim Grubu Deneyiminin Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Karar Verme Stilleri Üzerindeki Etkileri. Yayın- lanmamış Doktora Tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara/Türkiye ( Decision Making Skills Program Gaining Experience and Interaction Group of the Im- pact on Decision Making Styles of University Students. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Anka- ra University Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara/TURKEY)
  • Ferrari, J. R. ve J. F. Dovidio. (2000): Examining Behavioral Processes in Indecision: Decisional Procrastination and Decision-Making Style. Journal of Research in Personality, 34, 127– 137
  • Gardner, D. C ve Warren, S. A. (1978). Careers and Disabilities: A Career Education Approach. Connecticut: Greylock Publishers
  • Hanselmann M, Tanner C. 2008. Taboos And Conflicts İn Decision Making: Sacred Values, De- cision Difficulty, And Emotions. Judgm. Decis. Mak. 3:51–63
  • Johnson, R. H. (1978). Individual Styles Of Decision Making: A Theoretical Model For Counse- ling. Personal And Guidance Journal, 56, 530-536.
  • Kahneman, D. 2003. Maps Of Bounded Rationality: A Perspective On İntuitive Judgment And Choice. In Les Prix Nobel: The Nobel Prizes 2002, Ed. T Frangsmyr, Pp. 449–89. Stock- holm: Nobel Found.
  • Lee MD, Cummins TDR. 2004. Evidence Accumulation İn Decision Making: Unifying The “Take The Best” And The “Rational” Models. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 11:343–52
  • Lee MD, Loughlin N, Lundberg IB. 2002. Applying One Reason Decision-Making: The Prioriti- zation Of Literature Earches. Aust. J. Psychol. 54:137–43
  • Mann, L., Hormoni, R., ve Rover, C. (1989). Adolescent Decision Making: The Development Of Competence. Journal of Adolescence, 12, 265-278.
  • Özen, Y. (2015). Karar Heuristikleri Ölçeği. Eğitimde Kullanılan Eğitsel ve Deneysel Ölçekler Kitabı. Yason Yayınları. Ankara/Türkiye (Scale their heuristic decision. The educational and experimental scale Books used in education. Yason Publications. Ankara Turkey).
  • Özen, Y; Gülaçtı, F (2011). Development of Internally and Externally Controlled Responsibility Scale: Validity, Reliability and Analysis. World Applied Sciences Journal 12 (2): 139-144
  • Pachur T, Todd PM, Gigerenzer G, Schooler LJ, Goldstein DG. 2011. When İs The Recognition Heuristic An Adaptive Tool? In Ecological Rationality: Intelligence İn The World, ed. PM Todd, G Gigerenzer, ABC Res. Group. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. In press
  • Rollinson, D. (2002): Organizational Behaviour And Analysis An Integrated Approach (Second Edition): Pearson Education Ltd: Essex
  • Smith L, Gilhooly K. 2006. Regression Versus Fast And Frugal Models Of Decision-Making: The Case Of Prescribing For Depression. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 20:265–74
  • Tversky A, Kahneman D. (1973). Availability: A Heuristic For Judging Frequency And Probabi- lity. Cogn. Psychol.5:207–32
  • Tversky A. (1972). Elimination By Aspects: A Theory Of Choice. Psychol. Rev. 79:281–99
  • Tversky A. (1977). Features Of Similarity. Psychol. Rev. 84:327– 52

IN THE CONTEXT OF DECISION HEURISTICS; OPTIMAL THERAPY

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 16, 83 - 98, 01.08.2018

Öz

Defining and solving the problems is actually a decision-making heuristic. In today's fast-paced change from educational, social and political perspectives, people's values, ways of thinking and priorities are also affected and changed. This change shows the effect in all organizations and affects them in terms of structure, strategy and process. Within this environment of change, individuals face many different challenges in reaching their pre-determined goals. The existence of these problems forces them to find solutions to these problems and make decisions in another way. On the one hand, the nature and speed of change in the individual, on the other hand, the desire and necessity to realize the pre-determined goals, leads to the emergence of decision-making behavior. During decision-making, individuals acquire experiences that have been influenced by many internal and external factors that they have already developed. These experiences constitute the decision-making heuristics of the individual. Heuristics is a cognitive process used to solve specific problems. The term is used to denote a student in the field of education, a method of providing him or her to find out what is taught, or a scientific discipline that deals with the discovery of events in the system of sciences. Decision heuristics are also used in the field of psychology. It is the cognitive processes that individuals use to solve specific problems, especially when it comes to making decisions in uncertainty situations.

Kaynakça

  • Astebro T, Elhedhli S. (2006). The Effectiveness Of Simple Decision Heuristics: Forecasting Commercial Success For Early-Stage Ventures. Manage. Sci. 52:395–409
  • Backlund LG, Bring J, Skaner Y, Strender L-E, Montgomery H. (2009). Improving Fast And Fru- gal İn Relation To Regression Analysis: Test Of 3 Models For Medical Decision Making. Med. Decis. Making 29:140–48
  • Baucells M, Carrasco JA, Hogarth RM. 2008. Cumulative Dominance And Heuristic Performan- ce İn Binary Multiattribute Choice. Oper. Res. 56:1289–1304
  • Bergert FB, Nosofsky RM. 2007. A Response-Time Approach To Comparing Generalized Ratio- nal And Take-The- Best Models Of Decision Making. J. Exp. Psychol.: Learn. Mem. Cogn. 331:107–29
  • Brighton H, Gigerenzer G. 2011. How Heuristics Exploit Uncertainty. In Ecological Rationality: Intelligence İn The World, Ed. PM Todd, G Gigerenzer, ABC Res. Group. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. In Press
  • Dawes RM. 1979. The Robust Beauty Of İmproper Linear Models İn Decision Making. Am. Psychol. 34:571–82
  • Dhami MK. 2003. Psychological Models Of Professional Decision Making. Psychol. Sci. 14:175– 80
  • Dougherty MR, Franco-Watkins AM, Thomas R. 2008. Psychological Plausibility Of The Theory Of Probabilistic Mental Models And The Fast And Frugal Heuristics. Psychol. Rev. 115:199–213
  • Driver, M. J., K. R. Brousseau, P. L. Hunsaker. (1990): The Dynamic Decisionmaker Five Deci- sion Styles for Executive and Business Success. Harper & Row: New York.
  • Ersever, Ö. Hakan. (1996). Karar Verme Becerileri Kazandırma Programının ve Etkileşim Grubu Deneyiminin Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Karar Verme Stilleri Üzerindeki Etkileri. Yayın- lanmamış Doktora Tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara/Türkiye ( Decision Making Skills Program Gaining Experience and Interaction Group of the Im- pact on Decision Making Styles of University Students. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Anka- ra University Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara/TURKEY)
  • Ferrari, J. R. ve J. F. Dovidio. (2000): Examining Behavioral Processes in Indecision: Decisional Procrastination and Decision-Making Style. Journal of Research in Personality, 34, 127– 137
  • Gardner, D. C ve Warren, S. A. (1978). Careers and Disabilities: A Career Education Approach. Connecticut: Greylock Publishers
  • Hanselmann M, Tanner C. 2008. Taboos And Conflicts İn Decision Making: Sacred Values, De- cision Difficulty, And Emotions. Judgm. Decis. Mak. 3:51–63
  • Johnson, R. H. (1978). Individual Styles Of Decision Making: A Theoretical Model For Counse- ling. Personal And Guidance Journal, 56, 530-536.
  • Kahneman, D. 2003. Maps Of Bounded Rationality: A Perspective On İntuitive Judgment And Choice. In Les Prix Nobel: The Nobel Prizes 2002, Ed. T Frangsmyr, Pp. 449–89. Stock- holm: Nobel Found.
  • Lee MD, Cummins TDR. 2004. Evidence Accumulation İn Decision Making: Unifying The “Take The Best” And The “Rational” Models. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 11:343–52
  • Lee MD, Loughlin N, Lundberg IB. 2002. Applying One Reason Decision-Making: The Prioriti- zation Of Literature Earches. Aust. J. Psychol. 54:137–43
  • Mann, L., Hormoni, R., ve Rover, C. (1989). Adolescent Decision Making: The Development Of Competence. Journal of Adolescence, 12, 265-278.
  • Özen, Y. (2015). Karar Heuristikleri Ölçeği. Eğitimde Kullanılan Eğitsel ve Deneysel Ölçekler Kitabı. Yason Yayınları. Ankara/Türkiye (Scale their heuristic decision. The educational and experimental scale Books used in education. Yason Publications. Ankara Turkey).
  • Özen, Y; Gülaçtı, F (2011). Development of Internally and Externally Controlled Responsibility Scale: Validity, Reliability and Analysis. World Applied Sciences Journal 12 (2): 139-144
  • Pachur T, Todd PM, Gigerenzer G, Schooler LJ, Goldstein DG. 2011. When İs The Recognition Heuristic An Adaptive Tool? In Ecological Rationality: Intelligence İn The World, ed. PM Todd, G Gigerenzer, ABC Res. Group. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. In press
  • Rollinson, D. (2002): Organizational Behaviour And Analysis An Integrated Approach (Second Edition): Pearson Education Ltd: Essex
  • Smith L, Gilhooly K. 2006. Regression Versus Fast And Frugal Models Of Decision-Making: The Case Of Prescribing For Depression. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 20:265–74
  • Tversky A, Kahneman D. (1973). Availability: A Heuristic For Judging Frequency And Probabi- lity. Cogn. Psychol.5:207–32
  • Tversky A. (1972). Elimination By Aspects: A Theory Of Choice. Psychol. Rev. 79:281–99
  • Tversky A. (1977). Features Of Similarity. Psychol. Rev. 84:327– 52
Toplam 26 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Yener Özen Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ağustos 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Sayı: 16

Kaynak Göster

APA Özen, Y. (2018). KARAR HEURİSTİKLERİ BAĞLAMINDA OPTİMAL TERAPİ. Kesit Akademi Dergisi(16), 83-98.