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TÜRKIYE VE BALKAN ÜLKELERI ARASINDAKI DIŞ TICARETIN ÇEKIM MODELI ILE ANALIZI

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 10, 382 - 407, 01.08.2017

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye ve 10 Balkan ülkesi arasındaki ticaret ilişkisini 2006-2016 yılları arası verileri kullanarak çekim modeli yardımıyla analiz etmektir. Bu kapsamda Türkiye ile sözkonusu Balkan ülkeleri arasındaki ihracat ve ithalat değerleri bağımlı değişken olarak analize dahil edilmiştir. Çalışmamızın bağımsız değişkenleri kişi başına düşen Gayri Safi Yurtiçi Hasıla GSYH cari US$ ve Türkiye ile Balkan ülkelerinin başkentleri arasındaki uzaklıklardır. 2006-2016 yılları arası yapılan analiz sonuçlarına bakıldığında Türkiye ile Balkan ülkeleri arasındaki ticaretin açıklanmasında çekim modelinin anlamlı sonuçlar verdiği ifade edilebilir. Bunun anlamı, Türkiye ile Balkan ülkelerinin GSYH’ları ile ifade edilen kütleleri, arttığında aralarındaki ticaret de artmaktadır. Temel çekim modeline ek olarak, Türkiye ile Balkanlar arasındaki ticareti etkileyen diğer faktörleri kukla değişkenler kullanarak incelenmiştir. Bulgulara göre Balkan ülkelerinin AB üyeliği, ortak dile ve kolonyal geçmişe sahip olma, Türkiye ile Balkanlar arasındaki ticarette etkili faktörlerdir. Çalışma ayrıca Bulgaristan, Slovenya, Bosna-Hersek ile Türkiye arasında kullanılmayan bir ticaret potansiyelinin olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Bu potansiyelin değerlendirilmesi durumunda Türkiye ve Balkan ülkeleri karşılıklı olarak menfaat elde edebilecektir.

Kaynakça

  • Ağca, F. (2010). Batı Balkanların Geleceğinde Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’nin Rolü, Gi- rişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 5(1), 45-65.
  • Akan, H. M., & Balin, B. E. (2016). The European Union-Turkey Trade Relations under the Influence of Customs Union. Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 4 (2), 155-160. American Heritage, Accessed 19 March 2016. http://www.dictionary.com/browse/balkan-peninsula.
  • Anderson J.E. & Wincoop E.V. (2003), Gravity with gravitas: a solution to the border puzzle. American Economic Review,93 (1), 170-192.
  • Antonucci, D. & Manzocchi, S. (2006). Does Turkey have a special trade relation with the EU?: A gravity model approach. Economic Systems, 30(2), 157-169.
  • Asllani, A. (2013). Trade Gravity, Diversification and Correlation Relationship Between Albania and Balkans’ Countries. Risk and its assessment in regional economy. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference for Risk. Ohrid: Albanian Centre for Risk.
  • Babecká-Kucharčuková, O., Babecký, J., & Raiser, M. (2010). A Gravity Approach to Modelling International Trade in South-Eastern Europe and the Common- wealth of Independent States: The Role of Geography. Policy and Institutions. Czech National Bank, Research Department.
  • Batra, A. (2004). India’s trade potential: The gravity model approach. Working Paper No.151, Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations.
  • Begović, S. (2011). The effect of free trade agreements on bilateral trade flows: the case of CEFTA. Zagreb International Review of Economics and Business, 14(2), 51-69.
  • Beck, N. & Katz, J. N. (1995). What to do (and not to do) with time-series cross-section data. The American Political Science Review, 89 (3), 634-647.
  • Bilici, O., Erdil, E., & Yetkiner, H. (2011). Determinants of Turkey's trade flows: gravity model approach. Actual Problems of Economics, (118), 265-279.
  • Bussière, M., Fidrmuc, J., & Schnatz, B. (2005). Trade integration of Central and Eastern European countries: Lessons from a gravity model. ECB Working Paper No. 545, SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=836424
  • Bjelić, P., & Dragutinović Mitrović, R. (2012). The effects of competing trade regimes on bilateral trade flows: case of Serbia, Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Rijeci, časopis za ekonomsku teoriju i praksu - Proceedings of Rijeka Faculty of Economics, Journal of Economics and Business, 30 (2), 267-294.
  • Chionis, D., Liargovas P., & Zanias G., (2002), Greece's Trade With The Balkan Coun- tries: Is It Too Little?, Journal of Economic Integration, 17 (3), 608-622
  • Christie, E. (2001). Potential trade in South-East Europe: a gravity model ap- proach. SEER: Journal for Labour and Social Affairs in Eastern Europe, 5(4), 81-101.
  • Chudik, A. & Pesaran M. H. (2003). Large panel data models with cross-sectional depend- ence: a survey. Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Globalization and Monetary Poli- cy Institute, Working Paper No. 153, Accessed 21 November 2016. http://www.dallasfed.org/assets/documents /institute/wpapers/2013/0153.pdf.
  • Chudik, A., Pesaran M. H. & Tosetti E. (2009). Weak and strong cross section dependence and estimation of large panels. European Central Bank Working Paper Series No. 1100. Germany.
  • United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database, UN COMTRADE, https://comtrade.un.org/data/, 14.06.2017.
  • Driscoll, J.C. & Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spa- tially dependent panel data. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 80 (4): 549- 560. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Accessed 19 March 2016. https://global.britannica.com/place/Balkans
  • Fetahu, E. (2014). Trade Integration Between Albania And European Union A Gravity Model Based Analysis. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 10(7).
  • Gencer, A. H., (2012). Gravity modeling of Turkey’s international trade under globali- zation. In “International Trade, SESSION 2A: International Trade, Almaty KA- ZAKHSTAN: International Conference on Eurasian Economies, 31–34.
  • Genç, M. C., Artan, S., & Berber, M. (2011). Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Bölgesinde Ticaret Akımlarının Belirleyicileri: Çekim Modeli Yaklaşımı. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 25(2), 207-224.
  • Göral, E. (2013), Değişen Uluslararası Sistemde Türkiye'nin Balkan Politikasının Türki- ye-AB İlişkilerine Etkisi. Marmara Journal of European Studies. 21, 99-118.
  • Gümüşcan, I., & Kahveci, M. (2013). An evaluation of bilateral trade between Turkey and Balkans: based on gravity trade model and linder hypothesis., The Balkans at a Crossroads: Evaluating the Past, Reading the Present, Imagining the Future, Ar- navutluk, 10-12 Ekim 2012, pp.361-371
  • Herderschee, J., & Qiao, Z. (2007). Impact on Intra-European Trade Agreements, 1990-2005: Policy Implications for the Western Balkans and Ukraine. IMF Working Paper 07/126, 1-43.
  • Hoechle, D., (2007). Robust standart errors for panel regressions with cross-sectional dependence. The Stata Journal, 7(3), 281-312.
  • Ilic, S. (2012), Is there potential for trade growth? A gravity approach in the case of Ser- bia. Central European University, Department of Economics, Budapest, Hungary.
  • İnalcık, H., (2005). BAL-TAM Türklük Bilgisi 3, Balkan Türkoloji Araştırmaları Merkezi, Prizren.
  • Josheski, D., & Apostolov, M. (2013). Macedonia‘s export and the Gravity model. Munich Personel RePEc Archive MPRA, Paper No. 48180.
  • Karagöz, K., & Karagöz M. (2009), Türkiye’nin Küresel Ticaret Potansiyeli: Çekim Modeli Yaklaşımı. C.Ü. İktisadı ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 10(2), 127-144.
  • Karagöz, K., & Saray, M. O. (2010). Trade potential of Turkey with Asia-Pacific coun- tries: evidence from panel gravity model. International Economic Studies,36(1), 19-26.
  • Kareem, O. F. & Kareem, O. I. (2014). Specification and estimation of gravity models: a re- view of the issues in the literature. Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Research Paper No. RSCAS 2014/74. Accessed 20 December 2016. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2459484.
  • Klimczak, Ł. (2014). The gravity model as a tool for the international trade analysis–a case study of the Western Balkans. In Proceedings of the 8th Professor Aleksander Zelias International Conference on Modelling and Forecasting of Socio-Economic Phe- nomena, Zakopane, 67-76.
  • Kurtovic, S., & Talovic, S. (2015a), Liberalization of Trade With The EU and Its Impact on The Reduction in CEFTA 2006 Trade Balance Deficit. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5(2).
  • Kurtovic, S., & Talovic, S. (2015b). Impact of Trade Agreements with EU on the Reduc- tion in Trade Balance Deficit of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Journal of International and Global Economic Studies, 8(1), 68-92.
  • Lejour, A. M., & Mooij, R. A. (2005). Turkish delight: does Turkey's accession to the EU bring economic benefits?. Kyklos, 58(1), 87-120.
  • Linneman, H. (1966). An econometric study of international trade flows. Ph.D. Dissertation. Amsterdam.
  • McCallum J. (1995). National borders matter: Canada-U.S. regional trade patterns. The American Economic Review, 85(3), 615-623.
  • Miljković, I. B. (2014). Foreign trade between Russia and the Balkans in the context of global geostrategic relations. Journal of Globalization Studies, 5(2), 57–68
  • Mojsoska-Blazevski, N., & Petreski, M. (2010). Western Balkan’s trade with the EU and CEFTA-2006: Evidence from Macedonian data. Munich Personal RePEc Archive, No. 41942, Available from: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/41942/1/.
  • Nuroglu, E., & Kurtagic, H. (2012). Costs and Benefits of the EU Enlargement: The Im- pact on the EU and SEE Countries. Journal of Economic and Social Studies, 2(2), 41.
  • Özkaya, H. (2011). İkili ve çok taraflı anlaşmaların Türkiye’nin ihracatı üzerindeki etki- si. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 12 (2), 279-288.
  • Papazoglou, C. (2007). Greece’s potential trade flows: a gravity model ap- proach. International Advances in Economic Research, 13(4), 403-414.
  • Peci, F., Holzner, M., & Kutllovci, E. (2010). Determinants of Kosovo Trade: A Gravity Model Approach. South East European Journal of Economics and Business, 5(2), 33.
  • Pöyhönen, P. (1963). A tentative model for the volume of trade between countries. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 90: 93-100.
  • Radulescu A. (2012), “The Balkans: Between Economic Crisis and European Integra- tion”, Financial Studies - 2/2012, 129-146.
  • Ram, Y., & Prasad, B. (2007). Assessing Fiji’s Global Trade Potential Using the Gravity Model Approach. Accessed 23 March 2016. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/ download?doi= 10.1.1.505.4723&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  • Research and Expertise on the World Economy. Accessed 06 January 2016. www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/
  • Rivero, A., & Said, R. (2008). Turkish Trade Flow and the EU. A study of a potential mem- bership, Bachelor Thesis in Economics, Jönköping International Business School, Jönköping University, Bachelor Thesis in Economics.
  • Sandalcılar, A. R. (2012). Türkiye’nin BRIC Ülkeleriyle Ticari Potansiyeli: Panel Çekim Modeli Yaklaşimi. Journal Of Yasar University, 25(7), 4164-4175.
  • Saray, O. M., & İnan, Ş. (2015). The Effects Of Changing International Political Econo- my To Macedonian Foreign Trade, International Scientific Conference GEOBAL- CANICA, Socio economic geography; Teaching & Education in Geography, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18509/GBP.2015.51.
  • Shimbov, B., Alguacil, M., & Suarez, C. (2013). Fragmentation & parts trade, in the Western Balkan countries. Past-Communist Economies, 25(3), 371–391. doi:10.1080/14631377.2013.813142
  • Sejdini, A., & Kraja, I. (2014). International Trade of Albania. Gravity model. European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research, 1(3), 219-227.
  • Spaseski, N. (2016). Modelling International Trade Flows: The Case of Macedonia. Asian Research Journal of Business Management, 3 (3).
  • Tatlici, Ö., & Kızıltan, A. (2011). Çekim Modeli: Türkiye’nin İhracati Üzerine Bir Uygu- lama. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 10. Ekonometri ve İstatistik Sempozyumu Özel Sayısı, 25, 287-299.
  • Tinbergen, J. (1962). Shaping the world economy: Suggestions for an international economic policy. Twentieth Century Fund. New York.
  • Trade Statistics for International Business Development. TRADEMAP. Accessed 03 January 2016. http://www.trademap.org/Bilateral.aspx
  • Trivić, J., & Klimczak, Ł. (2015). The determinants of intra-regional trade in the West- ern Balkans. Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Rijeci: časopis za ekonomsku te- oriju i praksu, 33(1), 37-66.
  • Ülengin, F., Çekyay, B., Palut, P. T., Ülengin, B., Kabak, Ö., Özaydın, Ö., & Ekici, Ş. Ö. (2015). Effects of quotas on Turkish foreign trade: A gravity model. Transport Policy, 38, 1-7.

ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN TRADE BETWEEN TURKEY AND THE BALKAN COUNTRIES WITH GRAVITY MODEL

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 10, 382 - 407, 01.08.2017

Öz

The aim of this paper is to analyze trade relationship between Turkey and 10 Balkan countries between 2006-2016 period by using gravity model approach. We used both export and import values between Turkey and Balkan countries as dependent variables. Our independent variables are Gross Domestic Product GDP current US$ and distance between capital cities of Turkey and other Balkan countries. It can be stated that the gravity model of trade between Turkey and Balkan countries holds for 2006 and 2016 period. That means the trade potential between Turkey and Balkan countries increases if the masses, represented by the GDP, of these countries increases. In addition to base gravity model, the other factors effecting trade between Turkey and the Balkansa are examined by using dummy variables. According to the findings EU membership of Balkan countries, having common language and colonial past are influential factors on trade between Turkey and the Balkans. Study also indicates that there are unused trade potential especially between Bulgaria, Slovenia, Bosnia Herzigovina and Turkey. Utilization of this potential can provide mutual benefits for Turkey and Balkan countries.

Kaynakça

  • Ağca, F. (2010). Batı Balkanların Geleceğinde Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’nin Rolü, Gi- rişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 5(1), 45-65.
  • Akan, H. M., & Balin, B. E. (2016). The European Union-Turkey Trade Relations under the Influence of Customs Union. Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 4 (2), 155-160. American Heritage, Accessed 19 March 2016. http://www.dictionary.com/browse/balkan-peninsula.
  • Anderson J.E. & Wincoop E.V. (2003), Gravity with gravitas: a solution to the border puzzle. American Economic Review,93 (1), 170-192.
  • Antonucci, D. & Manzocchi, S. (2006). Does Turkey have a special trade relation with the EU?: A gravity model approach. Economic Systems, 30(2), 157-169.
  • Asllani, A. (2013). Trade Gravity, Diversification and Correlation Relationship Between Albania and Balkans’ Countries. Risk and its assessment in regional economy. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference for Risk. Ohrid: Albanian Centre for Risk.
  • Babecká-Kucharčuková, O., Babecký, J., & Raiser, M. (2010). A Gravity Approach to Modelling International Trade in South-Eastern Europe and the Common- wealth of Independent States: The Role of Geography. Policy and Institutions. Czech National Bank, Research Department.
  • Batra, A. (2004). India’s trade potential: The gravity model approach. Working Paper No.151, Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations.
  • Begović, S. (2011). The effect of free trade agreements on bilateral trade flows: the case of CEFTA. Zagreb International Review of Economics and Business, 14(2), 51-69.
  • Beck, N. & Katz, J. N. (1995). What to do (and not to do) with time-series cross-section data. The American Political Science Review, 89 (3), 634-647.
  • Bilici, O., Erdil, E., & Yetkiner, H. (2011). Determinants of Turkey's trade flows: gravity model approach. Actual Problems of Economics, (118), 265-279.
  • Bussière, M., Fidrmuc, J., & Schnatz, B. (2005). Trade integration of Central and Eastern European countries: Lessons from a gravity model. ECB Working Paper No. 545, SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=836424
  • Bjelić, P., & Dragutinović Mitrović, R. (2012). The effects of competing trade regimes on bilateral trade flows: case of Serbia, Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Rijeci, časopis za ekonomsku teoriju i praksu - Proceedings of Rijeka Faculty of Economics, Journal of Economics and Business, 30 (2), 267-294.
  • Chionis, D., Liargovas P., & Zanias G., (2002), Greece's Trade With The Balkan Coun- tries: Is It Too Little?, Journal of Economic Integration, 17 (3), 608-622
  • Christie, E. (2001). Potential trade in South-East Europe: a gravity model ap- proach. SEER: Journal for Labour and Social Affairs in Eastern Europe, 5(4), 81-101.
  • Chudik, A. & Pesaran M. H. (2003). Large panel data models with cross-sectional depend- ence: a survey. Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Globalization and Monetary Poli- cy Institute, Working Paper No. 153, Accessed 21 November 2016. http://www.dallasfed.org/assets/documents /institute/wpapers/2013/0153.pdf.
  • Chudik, A., Pesaran M. H. & Tosetti E. (2009). Weak and strong cross section dependence and estimation of large panels. European Central Bank Working Paper Series No. 1100. Germany.
  • United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database, UN COMTRADE, https://comtrade.un.org/data/, 14.06.2017.
  • Driscoll, J.C. & Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spa- tially dependent panel data. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 80 (4): 549- 560. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Accessed 19 March 2016. https://global.britannica.com/place/Balkans
  • Fetahu, E. (2014). Trade Integration Between Albania And European Union A Gravity Model Based Analysis. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 10(7).
  • Gencer, A. H., (2012). Gravity modeling of Turkey’s international trade under globali- zation. In “International Trade, SESSION 2A: International Trade, Almaty KA- ZAKHSTAN: International Conference on Eurasian Economies, 31–34.
  • Genç, M. C., Artan, S., & Berber, M. (2011). Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Bölgesinde Ticaret Akımlarının Belirleyicileri: Çekim Modeli Yaklaşımı. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 25(2), 207-224.
  • Göral, E. (2013), Değişen Uluslararası Sistemde Türkiye'nin Balkan Politikasının Türki- ye-AB İlişkilerine Etkisi. Marmara Journal of European Studies. 21, 99-118.
  • Gümüşcan, I., & Kahveci, M. (2013). An evaluation of bilateral trade between Turkey and Balkans: based on gravity trade model and linder hypothesis., The Balkans at a Crossroads: Evaluating the Past, Reading the Present, Imagining the Future, Ar- navutluk, 10-12 Ekim 2012, pp.361-371
  • Herderschee, J., & Qiao, Z. (2007). Impact on Intra-European Trade Agreements, 1990-2005: Policy Implications for the Western Balkans and Ukraine. IMF Working Paper 07/126, 1-43.
  • Hoechle, D., (2007). Robust standart errors for panel regressions with cross-sectional dependence. The Stata Journal, 7(3), 281-312.
  • Ilic, S. (2012), Is there potential for trade growth? A gravity approach in the case of Ser- bia. Central European University, Department of Economics, Budapest, Hungary.
  • İnalcık, H., (2005). BAL-TAM Türklük Bilgisi 3, Balkan Türkoloji Araştırmaları Merkezi, Prizren.
  • Josheski, D., & Apostolov, M. (2013). Macedonia‘s export and the Gravity model. Munich Personel RePEc Archive MPRA, Paper No. 48180.
  • Karagöz, K., & Karagöz M. (2009), Türkiye’nin Küresel Ticaret Potansiyeli: Çekim Modeli Yaklaşımı. C.Ü. İktisadı ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 10(2), 127-144.
  • Karagöz, K., & Saray, M. O. (2010). Trade potential of Turkey with Asia-Pacific coun- tries: evidence from panel gravity model. International Economic Studies,36(1), 19-26.
  • Kareem, O. F. & Kareem, O. I. (2014). Specification and estimation of gravity models: a re- view of the issues in the literature. Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Research Paper No. RSCAS 2014/74. Accessed 20 December 2016. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2459484.
  • Klimczak, Ł. (2014). The gravity model as a tool for the international trade analysis–a case study of the Western Balkans. In Proceedings of the 8th Professor Aleksander Zelias International Conference on Modelling and Forecasting of Socio-Economic Phe- nomena, Zakopane, 67-76.
  • Kurtovic, S., & Talovic, S. (2015a), Liberalization of Trade With The EU and Its Impact on The Reduction in CEFTA 2006 Trade Balance Deficit. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5(2).
  • Kurtovic, S., & Talovic, S. (2015b). Impact of Trade Agreements with EU on the Reduc- tion in Trade Balance Deficit of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Journal of International and Global Economic Studies, 8(1), 68-92.
  • Lejour, A. M., & Mooij, R. A. (2005). Turkish delight: does Turkey's accession to the EU bring economic benefits?. Kyklos, 58(1), 87-120.
  • Linneman, H. (1966). An econometric study of international trade flows. Ph.D. Dissertation. Amsterdam.
  • McCallum J. (1995). National borders matter: Canada-U.S. regional trade patterns. The American Economic Review, 85(3), 615-623.
  • Miljković, I. B. (2014). Foreign trade between Russia and the Balkans in the context of global geostrategic relations. Journal of Globalization Studies, 5(2), 57–68
  • Mojsoska-Blazevski, N., & Petreski, M. (2010). Western Balkan’s trade with the EU and CEFTA-2006: Evidence from Macedonian data. Munich Personal RePEc Archive, No. 41942, Available from: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/41942/1/.
  • Nuroglu, E., & Kurtagic, H. (2012). Costs and Benefits of the EU Enlargement: The Im- pact on the EU and SEE Countries. Journal of Economic and Social Studies, 2(2), 41.
  • Özkaya, H. (2011). İkili ve çok taraflı anlaşmaların Türkiye’nin ihracatı üzerindeki etki- si. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 12 (2), 279-288.
  • Papazoglou, C. (2007). Greece’s potential trade flows: a gravity model ap- proach. International Advances in Economic Research, 13(4), 403-414.
  • Peci, F., Holzner, M., & Kutllovci, E. (2010). Determinants of Kosovo Trade: A Gravity Model Approach. South East European Journal of Economics and Business, 5(2), 33.
  • Pöyhönen, P. (1963). A tentative model for the volume of trade between countries. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 90: 93-100.
  • Radulescu A. (2012), “The Balkans: Between Economic Crisis and European Integra- tion”, Financial Studies - 2/2012, 129-146.
  • Ram, Y., & Prasad, B. (2007). Assessing Fiji’s Global Trade Potential Using the Gravity Model Approach. Accessed 23 March 2016. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/ download?doi= 10.1.1.505.4723&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  • Research and Expertise on the World Economy. Accessed 06 January 2016. www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/
  • Rivero, A., & Said, R. (2008). Turkish Trade Flow and the EU. A study of a potential mem- bership, Bachelor Thesis in Economics, Jönköping International Business School, Jönköping University, Bachelor Thesis in Economics.
  • Sandalcılar, A. R. (2012). Türkiye’nin BRIC Ülkeleriyle Ticari Potansiyeli: Panel Çekim Modeli Yaklaşimi. Journal Of Yasar University, 25(7), 4164-4175.
  • Saray, O. M., & İnan, Ş. (2015). The Effects Of Changing International Political Econo- my To Macedonian Foreign Trade, International Scientific Conference GEOBAL- CANICA, Socio economic geography; Teaching & Education in Geography, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18509/GBP.2015.51.
  • Shimbov, B., Alguacil, M., & Suarez, C. (2013). Fragmentation & parts trade, in the Western Balkan countries. Past-Communist Economies, 25(3), 371–391. doi:10.1080/14631377.2013.813142
  • Sejdini, A., & Kraja, I. (2014). International Trade of Albania. Gravity model. European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research, 1(3), 219-227.
  • Spaseski, N. (2016). Modelling International Trade Flows: The Case of Macedonia. Asian Research Journal of Business Management, 3 (3).
  • Tatlici, Ö., & Kızıltan, A. (2011). Çekim Modeli: Türkiye’nin İhracati Üzerine Bir Uygu- lama. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 10. Ekonometri ve İstatistik Sempozyumu Özel Sayısı, 25, 287-299.
  • Tinbergen, J. (1962). Shaping the world economy: Suggestions for an international economic policy. Twentieth Century Fund. New York.
  • Trade Statistics for International Business Development. TRADEMAP. Accessed 03 January 2016. http://www.trademap.org/Bilateral.aspx
  • Trivić, J., & Klimczak, Ł. (2015). The determinants of intra-regional trade in the West- ern Balkans. Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Rijeci: časopis za ekonomsku te- oriju i praksu, 33(1), 37-66.
  • Ülengin, F., Çekyay, B., Palut, P. T., Ülengin, B., Kabak, Ö., Özaydın, Ö., & Ekici, Ş. Ö. (2015). Effects of quotas on Turkish foreign trade: A gravity model. Transport Policy, 38, 1-7.
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Ercan Yaşar Bu kişi benim

İlhan Korkmaz Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ağustos 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Sayı: 10

Kaynak Göster

APA Yaşar, E., & Korkmaz, İ. (2017). ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN TRADE BETWEEN TURKEY AND THE BALKAN COUNTRIES WITH GRAVITY MODEL. Kesit Akademi Dergisi(10), 382-407.