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BATILI KAYNAKLAR IŞIĞINDA AMERİKA-JAPON İLİŞKİLERİ 1853-1858 AMERİCAN-JAPANESE RELATIONS IN THE LIGHT OF WESTERN SOURCES 1853-1858

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 9, 189 - 202, 01.06.2017

Öz

Tokugawa Şogunluğu, Japon limanlarını yaklaşık 230 sene boyunca yabancı ülkelere kapatarak sadece Çin ve Hollanda ile sınırlı ticari ilişkiler sürdürdü. 19. yüzyılın ilk yarısından itibaren İngiltere, Rusya ve Amerika gibi ülkeler bu ticarete dahil olmak amacıyla bazı girişimlerde bulundular. 1853’de Amerika Başkanı Millard Fillmore dört savaş gemisi eşliğinde Mattew C. Perry adındaki elçisini Japonya’ya gönderdi. Perry, bu sefer sırasında başkan tarafından yazılmış olan mektubu Tokugawa yönetimine teslim ederek, bir sene sonra tekrar gelmek üzere Japonya’dan ayrıldı. Amerikan başkanı, göndermiş olduğu mektupta Japon limanlarının ticaret, ikmal ve zorunlu haller için kendilerine açılmasını talep ediyordu. Bu mektuba verilecek cevap konusunda Japonya içerisinde farklı görüşler ortaya çıktı. Ancak Şogun Amerikalılara askeri olarak karşı koymanın mümkün olmadığını düşündüğü için bu mektuba olumlu cevap vermek zorunda kaldı. Bu cevap Kanagawa antlaşması ile resmi hale sokuldu. Fakat bu antlaşma ile yetinmeyen Amerikan Hükümeti, başkonsolos olarak görevlendirdiği Towsend Harris’in gayretleriyle, 1858 yılında Tokugawa Şogunluğu ile yeni bir antlaşma yaptı. Bu antlaşmayla Amerikalılar tek taraflı geniş imtiyazlar kazandılar. Tokugawa Şogunluğu, kısa bir süre sonra, Amerika’nın tesiriyle pek çok batılı ülkeye de aynı imtiyazları tanımak zorunda kaldı.

Kaynakça

  • Armaoğlu, Fahir. (2006). 19. Yüzyıl Siyasî Tarihi 1789-1914. İstanbul: Alkım Yayınevi.
  • Baki, Adam. (2002). Yahudilik ve Hıristiyanlık Açısından Diğer Dinler. İstanbul: Pınar Yayınları.
  • Beasley,W. G. ( 1998). “The Foreign Threat and Opening of Ports”. The Cambridge History of Japan Vol. 5 - The Nineeteenth Centruy. NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Clement, E. Wilson. (1915). A short of History Japan. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Cambon, J., Richard, V. K., Austen, C. ( 1935). The Foreign Policy of the Powers: France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Soviet Russia, the United States. NY: Harper & Brothers for Co- uncil on Foreign Relations.
  • Conte-Helm, Marie. (2012). The Japanese and Europe: Economic and Cultural Encounters. London: Bloomsbury.
  • David, J. Lu. (1997). Japan A documentry History: The late Tokugawa Period to the Present. N.Y: An East Gate Book.
  • David, Murray. (1894). Japan. London: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
  • Dyer, Henry. (1909). Japan in world politics: a study in international Dynamics. London: Blac- kie&Son.
  • Ernset, W. Clement. (1906). Hilderth’s Japan As It Was and Is: A Handbook Old Japan - Vol II. Chica- go: A.C. McCLURG&Co..
  • Finnemore, John. (1911). Peeps At History Japan. London: Adam and Charles Black.
  • Gubbins, J.H. (1911). The Progress of Japan (1853-1871). Oxford: At The Clarendon Press.
  • Hawks, Francis L. (1856). Narrative of the expedition of an American squadron to the China Seas and Japan : performed in the years 1852, 1853, and 1854, under the command of Commodore M.C. Perry, United States Navy, by order of the Government of the United States. Washington: Be- verley Tucker, Senate Printer.
  • Hildreth, Richard. (1861). Japan and Japanese. Boston: Barely, Dayton&Company.
  • Hill, C. Edward. (1924). Leading American Treaties. N.Y: The Macmillan Company.
  • Hishida, S. George. (1905). The International Position of Japan as a Great Power - 24. Cilt. N.Y: The Colombia University Press.
  • Hunter, Janet E. (2002). Modern Japonya’nın Doğuşu (Çev.,Müfti Günay). İstanbul: İmge Kitapevi.
  • John, V. S., Peter, M., Yoneyuki, S. (2007). The A to Z of Historical Dictionary of United States– Japan Relations No.4. UK: The Scarecrow Press.
  • Latourette, K. Scoot. (1918). The Development of Japan. N.Y: The Mcmillan Company.
  • Lensen, G. Alexander. (1971). Russian push toward Japan:Russo-Japanese Relations, 1697-1875. N.Y: Octagon Books.
  • Mullins, M. L. (2003). Handbook of Christianity in Japan. Boston: Brill, Leiden.
  • Murdoch, James. (1926). A History of Japan - Vol. 3. London: Kegan Paul Trench Trubner& Co. Ltd..
  • Notehelfer, F.G. (1985). American Samurai: Captain L.L. Janes and Japan. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Onorato, M. P. (1968). “The opening of Japan, 1849-1854: America Finds the Key”. Asian Studies, 6:3, s. 286-296.
  • Payson, J. Treat. (1928). The Far East: A Political And Diplomatic History. New York- London: Harper& Brothers Publisher.
  • Peery, R.B. (1897). Gist of Japan : The islands Their People and Missions. N.Y: Fleming H. Revell Company.
  • Esenbel, S. (1999). “Japonya ve Türkiye Çağdaşlaşma Tarihinin Karşılaştırması”. Çağdaş Japon- ya’ya Türkiye’den Bakışlar (ed. Selçuk Esenbel, A. Murat Demircioğlu). İstanbul: Simurg Yayınları, s.9-30.
  • Stock, Eugene. (1898). Japan and the Japan Mission of the Church Missionary Society (3rd Edition). London: Church Missionary Society.
  • Stock, Eugene. (1899). The History of the Church Missionary Society: Its Environment, Its Men and Its Work - Vol:2. London: Church Missionary Society.
  • Tanilli, Server. (2002). Yüzyılların Gerçeği ve Mirası - V. Cilt (5.Basım). İstanbul: Adam Yayınları.
  • Tomes, Robert. (1857). The Americans in Japan: An Abridgement of The Government Narrative of The U. S. Expedition to Japan, Under Commodore Perry. N.Y: D. Appleton& Co..
  • Walter, Dickson. (1898). Japan. N.Y: Peter Fenelon Collier.

AMERİCAN-JAPANESE RELATIONS IN THE LIGHT OF WESTERN SOURCES 1853-1858 BATILI KAYNAKLAR IŞIĞINDA AMERİKA-JAPON İLİŞKİLERİ 1853-1858

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 9, 189 - 202, 01.06.2017

Öz

Tokugawa Shogunate closed Japanese ports for about 230 years to the foreign countries, maintaining only commercial relations with China and the Netherlands. From the first half of the nineteenth century, countries such as England, Russia and the United States had some initiatives to have been involved in this business. In the year of 1853, the USA President Millard Fillmore sent an ambassador named Mattew C. Perry to Japan for four battleships. Perry had handed over the letter which was written by the president during that time to the Tokugawa administration and left Japan to come back a year later. The American president demanded that Japanese ports being opened to the trade, replenishment and mandatory status in the letter to which they had been sent. There were different opinions within Japan regarding the answer to this letter. However, this letter had to give a positive answer, since it was not possible to counter the military against the Shogun American. This answer was formalized by the Kanagawa agreement. However, the American government, not satisfied with this agreement, made a new deal with Tokugawa Shogun in the year of 1858 with the efforts of Towsend Harris, who was appointed Consul General. By this agreement, Americans gain unilateral broad privileges. Tokugawa Shogunate soon has to recognize the same privileges for many western countries under American influence.

Kaynakça

  • Armaoğlu, Fahir. (2006). 19. Yüzyıl Siyasî Tarihi 1789-1914. İstanbul: Alkım Yayınevi.
  • Baki, Adam. (2002). Yahudilik ve Hıristiyanlık Açısından Diğer Dinler. İstanbul: Pınar Yayınları.
  • Beasley,W. G. ( 1998). “The Foreign Threat and Opening of Ports”. The Cambridge History of Japan Vol. 5 - The Nineeteenth Centruy. NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Clement, E. Wilson. (1915). A short of History Japan. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Cambon, J., Richard, V. K., Austen, C. ( 1935). The Foreign Policy of the Powers: France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Soviet Russia, the United States. NY: Harper & Brothers for Co- uncil on Foreign Relations.
  • Conte-Helm, Marie. (2012). The Japanese and Europe: Economic and Cultural Encounters. London: Bloomsbury.
  • David, J. Lu. (1997). Japan A documentry History: The late Tokugawa Period to the Present. N.Y: An East Gate Book.
  • David, Murray. (1894). Japan. London: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
  • Dyer, Henry. (1909). Japan in world politics: a study in international Dynamics. London: Blac- kie&Son.
  • Ernset, W. Clement. (1906). Hilderth’s Japan As It Was and Is: A Handbook Old Japan - Vol II. Chica- go: A.C. McCLURG&Co..
  • Finnemore, John. (1911). Peeps At History Japan. London: Adam and Charles Black.
  • Gubbins, J.H. (1911). The Progress of Japan (1853-1871). Oxford: At The Clarendon Press.
  • Hawks, Francis L. (1856). Narrative of the expedition of an American squadron to the China Seas and Japan : performed in the years 1852, 1853, and 1854, under the command of Commodore M.C. Perry, United States Navy, by order of the Government of the United States. Washington: Be- verley Tucker, Senate Printer.
  • Hildreth, Richard. (1861). Japan and Japanese. Boston: Barely, Dayton&Company.
  • Hill, C. Edward. (1924). Leading American Treaties. N.Y: The Macmillan Company.
  • Hishida, S. George. (1905). The International Position of Japan as a Great Power - 24. Cilt. N.Y: The Colombia University Press.
  • Hunter, Janet E. (2002). Modern Japonya’nın Doğuşu (Çev.,Müfti Günay). İstanbul: İmge Kitapevi.
  • John, V. S., Peter, M., Yoneyuki, S. (2007). The A to Z of Historical Dictionary of United States– Japan Relations No.4. UK: The Scarecrow Press.
  • Latourette, K. Scoot. (1918). The Development of Japan. N.Y: The Mcmillan Company.
  • Lensen, G. Alexander. (1971). Russian push toward Japan:Russo-Japanese Relations, 1697-1875. N.Y: Octagon Books.
  • Mullins, M. L. (2003). Handbook of Christianity in Japan. Boston: Brill, Leiden.
  • Murdoch, James. (1926). A History of Japan - Vol. 3. London: Kegan Paul Trench Trubner& Co. Ltd..
  • Notehelfer, F.G. (1985). American Samurai: Captain L.L. Janes and Japan. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Onorato, M. P. (1968). “The opening of Japan, 1849-1854: America Finds the Key”. Asian Studies, 6:3, s. 286-296.
  • Payson, J. Treat. (1928). The Far East: A Political And Diplomatic History. New York- London: Harper& Brothers Publisher.
  • Peery, R.B. (1897). Gist of Japan : The islands Their People and Missions. N.Y: Fleming H. Revell Company.
  • Esenbel, S. (1999). “Japonya ve Türkiye Çağdaşlaşma Tarihinin Karşılaştırması”. Çağdaş Japon- ya’ya Türkiye’den Bakışlar (ed. Selçuk Esenbel, A. Murat Demircioğlu). İstanbul: Simurg Yayınları, s.9-30.
  • Stock, Eugene. (1898). Japan and the Japan Mission of the Church Missionary Society (3rd Edition). London: Church Missionary Society.
  • Stock, Eugene. (1899). The History of the Church Missionary Society: Its Environment, Its Men and Its Work - Vol:2. London: Church Missionary Society.
  • Tanilli, Server. (2002). Yüzyılların Gerçeği ve Mirası - V. Cilt (5.Basım). İstanbul: Adam Yayınları.
  • Tomes, Robert. (1857). The Americans in Japan: An Abridgement of The Government Narrative of The U. S. Expedition to Japan, Under Commodore Perry. N.Y: D. Appleton& Co..
  • Walter, Dickson. (1898). Japan. N.Y: Peter Fenelon Collier.
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Ayhan Kuşculuo Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Sayı: 9

Kaynak Göster

APA Kuşculuo, A. (2017). BATILI KAYNAKLAR IŞIĞINDA AMERİKA-JAPON İLİŞKİLERİ 1853-1858 AMERİCAN-JAPANESE RELATIONS IN THE LIGHT OF WESTERN SOURCES 1853-1858. Kesit Akademi Dergisi(9), 189-202.