ULUSLARARSI TİCARETTE DEĞİŞİM: KÜRESELLEŞME VE ÜRETİMİN PARÇALARA AYRILMASI

Yıl 2016, Sayı: 5, 51 - 62, 01.09.2016

Sadettin Gültekin

Öz

Son yirmi yılda küresel ticarette hızlı bir büyümeye tanık olduk. Teknoloji ve özellikle yeni gelişen ülkelerde yeni oyuncular uluslararası ticaretin kalıplarını değiştirdiler. Üretim süreçleri işletmeler ve ülkeler arasında gittikça daha fazla parçalara ayrıldı ve ticaret artan şekilde “sorumluluklar ticareti” olarak nitelendirilmeye başlandı. Bugün, şirketler işlemlerini, ürünün tasarımından parçaların üretimine, montajından pazarlanmasına kadar, uluslararası üretim zinciri oluşturacak şekilde, tüm dünyaya bölmüşlerdir. Gittikçe daha fazla ürün, İngiliz malı, Fransız malı olmaktan çok “Dünya Malı”dır. Ara mallar ticaret hacmi parçalar ve tamamlanmamış ürünün alt parçaları son yıllarda hızla arttı ve ülke dışı mal ve hizmet üretimi hızlandı. Bu, üretimin parçalara ayrılması ya da üretimde dikey uzmanlaşma olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu aşamada ülke dışı üretim küresel üretim zincirlerini ayrıca güçlendirmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; küresel üretim zincirleri ve “Dünya Üretimi” fikri içerisinde üretimin parçalara ayrılması olgusunun daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi için teorik çerçeve oluşturmaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Küresel arz zinciri, üretimin parçalara ayrılması, aramallar ticareti, katma değer ticareti.

CHANGE IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE: GLOBALIZATION AND FRAGMENTATION OF PRODUCTION

Öz

The last two decades we have witnessed a rapid growth in global trade. Technology and new players, in particular emerging countries, have changed the pattern of international trade. Production processes are more and more fragmented across firms and countries, and commerce is increasingly characterized by trade in tasks. Thanks to global value chains, production has turned truly international. Today, companies divide their operations across the world, from the design of the product and manufacturing of components to assembly and marketing, creating international production chains. More and more products are “Made in the World” rather than “Made in the UK” or “Made in France”. The volume of trade in intermediate goods components and subparts of unfinished products has risen sharply in recent decades, and the off shoring of goods and even services has accelerated - this is referred to as production fragmentation, or vertical specialization of production. The off shoring of these stages gives extra strength to truly global production chains. The purpose of this study is to generate a theoretical framework for better understanding about the global value chains and fragmentation of production especially “Made in the World” notion.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Global supply chain, product fragmentation, trade in intermediate products, trade in value added

Kaynakça

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