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Yüksek Eğitim Seviyesine Sahip İşgücü Ekonomiye Katkı Yapar Mı? Gelişmiş Ülkeler Üzerine Bir Analiz

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 28, 433 - 450, 25.09.2021

Öz

Ekonomik büyümenin önemli unsurlarından biri olan beşeri sermayenin geliştirilmesi bireylerin eğitim seviyelerinin arttırılması ile sağlanabil-mektedir. Dolayısıyla, eğitim seviyesi artan emeğin ekonomik büyüme üzerinde olumlu etki yapması beklenmektedir. Ancak, hükümetlerin (özellikle gelişmiş ülkelerde) günü kurtarmak amacıyla, yükseköğretimi işsizlik rakamlarını düşürmek için kullanması, beklenilen etkinin tersi yönde bir etki ortaya çıkartmaktadır. Dolayısıyla, ekonomik büyümeye katkı sağlaması beklenen yüksek eğitim seviyesine sahip işgücü, ekonomiye katkı sağlamamakta hatta olumsuz etki etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, gelişmiş ülkelerin (Almanya, İrlanda, İsviçre, Norveç ve Hong Kong) 2000-2019 dönemine ait panel veri seti kullanılarak, eğitim seviyesinin ekonomik büyümeye etkisi panel ARDL yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, temel ve orta düzeyde eğitim seviyesine sahip işgücü ekonomiye olumlu katkıda bulunurken, yüksek düzeyde eğitim seviyesine sahip işgücü ekonomik büyümeye olumsuz yönde etki etmektedir. Bunun bir sonucu olarak, eğitim yatırımları da ülke ekonomisine olumsuz yönde etki ettiği görülmüştür.

Kaynakça

  • Adu, D. T., and Denkyirah, E. K. (2017). Education and economic growth: a co-integration approach. International Journal of Education Economics and Development, 8(4), 228-249.
  • Affandi, Y., Anugrah, D. F., and Bary, P. (2019). Human capital and economic growth across regions: a case study in Indonesia. Eurasian Economic Review, 9(3), 331-347.
  • Afzal, M., Malik, M. E., Begum, I., Sarwar, K., and Fatima, H. (2012). Relationship among education, poverty and economic growth in Pakistan: An econometric analysis. Journal of Elementary Education, 22(1), 23-45.
  • Asteriou, D., Pilbeam, K., and Pratiwi, C. E. (2020). Public debt and economic growth: panel data evidence for Asian countries. Journal of Economics and Finance, 1-18.
  • Azizah, S. N., Fauziyyah, N. E., and Qoyum, A. (2019). Short-run and Long-run Relationship between Economic Growth, Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Liberalization and Education on Income Inequality: Evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Finance, 8, 047-055.
  • Babatunde, M. A., and Adefabi, R. A. (2005, November). Long run relationship between education and economic growth in Nigeria: Evidence from the Johansen’s cointegration approach. In regional conference on education in west Africa: Constraints and Opportunities Dakar, Senegal, November 1st - 2nd, 2005. Cornell University / CREA / Ministèrede l’Education du Sénégal.
  • Baltagi, B. H., Feng, Q., and Kao, C. (2012). A Lagrange Multiplier test for cross-sectional dependence in a fixed effects panel data model. Journal of Econometrics, 170(1), 164-177.
  • Barro, R. J. (1991). Economic growth in a cross section of countries. The quarterly journal of economics, 106(2), 407-443.
  • Barro, R. J. (2000). Education and economic growth. Mimeo, Harvard University.
  • Barro, R. J. and X. Sala-i-Martin (1995), Economic Growth. McGraw-Hill.
  • Becker, G. S. (1962). Investment in human capital: A theoretical analysis. Journal of political economy, 70(5, Part 2), 9-49.
  • Becker, G. S. (1964). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education, First Edition. NBER.
  • Benhabib, J. and M. M. Spiegel (1994). The role of human capital in economic development: Evidence from aggregate cross-country data. Journal of Monetary Economics, 34(2), pp. 143-174.
  • Brian, K. (2007). OECD Insights human capital how what you know shapes your life: How what you know shapes your life. OECD publishing.
  • Breusch, T. S., and Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The review of economic studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Çalışkan, Ş., Karabacak, M., and Meçik, O. (2013). Türkiye’de eğitim-ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: 1923-2011 (Kantitatif bir yaklaşım). Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(21), 29-48.
  • De Hoyos, R. E., and Sarafidis, V. (2006). Testing for cross-sectional dependence in panel-data models. The stata journal, 6(4), 482-496.
  • Digdowiseiso, K. (2009). Education inequality, economic growth, and income inequality: Evidence from Indonesia, 1996-2005. MPRA Paper, (17792).
  • Garza-Rodriguez, J., Almeida-Velasco, N., Gonzalez-Morales, S., and Leal-Ornelas, A. P. (2020). The Impact of Human Capital on Economic Growth: the Case of Mexico. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 11(2), 660-675.
  • Gövdeli, T. (2016). Türkiye’de eğitim-ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: yapısal kırılmalı birim kök ve eşbütünleşme analizi. Niğde Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(3), 223-238.
  • Hefnawi, M. M. E., and Ghoneim, H. (2020). Human capital and economic growth in Egypt. In proceedings of business and management conferences (No. 10112451). International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences.
  • Karadaş, H. A. (2020a). Effect of labor force education level on growth: An analysis on fragile five countries. İçinde A. Umut (Ed.), Contemporary approaches in the field of economy, finance and management (s.43-58). Nobel Bilimsel Eserler.
  • Karadaş, H. A. (2020b). Seçili N-11 ülkelerinde işgücü eğitim seviyesinin ekonomiye etkisi. İçinde N. Balıkçıoğlu (Ed.), Makroekonomik göstergeler çerçevesinde N -11 ülkeleri (107-138). Orion Kitabevi.
  • Koçbulut, Ö., and Barış, S. (2016). Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinde ihracat ve doğrudan yabancı yatırımların kadın istihdamı üzerindeki etkisi: Panel veri analizi. Aydın İktisat Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(2), 22-39.
  • Köprücü, Y., and Sarıtaş, T. (2017). Türkiye’de eğitim ve ekonomik Büyüme: eşbütünleşme yaklaşımı. Optimum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(2), 77-89.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross sectional dependence in panels. Empirical Economics, 1-38.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence. Journal of applied econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., and Smith, R. P. (1999). Pooled mean group estimation of dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of the American statistical Association, 94(446), 621-634.
  • Plümper, T., and Schneider, C. J. (2007). Too much to die, too little to live: unemployment, higher education policies and university budgets in Germany. Journal of European Public Policy, 14(4), 631-653.
  • Reza, F., and Widodo, T. (2013). The Impact of education on economic growth in Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business, 28(1), 23-44.
  • Romer, Paul M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth, The Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), s.1002-1037.
  • Solow, R. M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. The quarterly journal of economics, 70(1), 65-94.
  • Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in human capital. The American economic review, 1-17.
  • Schultz, T. W. (1962). Reflections on investment in man. Journal of political economy, 70 (5, Part 2), 1-8.
  • Swan, T. W. (1956). Economic growth and capital accumulation. Economic record, 32(2), 334-361.
  • Şengönül, A., Karadaş, H. A., and Koşaroğlu, Ş. M. (2018). Turizme Dayalı Büyüme Hipotezinin OECD Üyesi Olan Akdeniz Ülkeleri için Analizi. Journal of International Social Research, 11(60).
  • Telatar, O. M., and Terzi, H. (2010). Nüfus ve eğitimin ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: Türkiye üzerine bir inceleme. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 24(2), 197-214.
  • Yurtkuran, S., and Terzi, H. (2015). Does education affect economic growth in Turkey? A causality analysis. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 30(2): 19- 38.

Does Labor Force with Advanced Level of Education Contribute to the Economy? An Analysis on Developed Countries

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 28, 433 - 450, 25.09.2021

Öz

The development of human capital, which is one of the important elements of economic growth, can be achieved by increasing the education levels of individuals. Therefore, labor with increased education level is expected to have a positive effect on economic growth. However, using higher education as to reduce unemployment rates by governments (especially in developed countries) to save the day has the opposite effect. Therefore, the workforce with a high level of education, which is expected to contribute to economic growth, does not contribute to the economy, and even has a negative effect. In this study, the effect of education level on economic growth was examined by panel ARDL method using the panel data set of developed countries (Germany, Hong Kong, Ireland, Norway, and Switzerland) for the period 2000-2019. According to the results, while labor force with basic and intermediate level of education contribute positively to the economy, labor force with advanced level of education has a negative effect on economic growth. As a result of this, it has been observed that investments in education have a negative impact on the country's economy.

Kaynakça

  • Adu, D. T., and Denkyirah, E. K. (2017). Education and economic growth: a co-integration approach. International Journal of Education Economics and Development, 8(4), 228-249.
  • Affandi, Y., Anugrah, D. F., and Bary, P. (2019). Human capital and economic growth across regions: a case study in Indonesia. Eurasian Economic Review, 9(3), 331-347.
  • Afzal, M., Malik, M. E., Begum, I., Sarwar, K., and Fatima, H. (2012). Relationship among education, poverty and economic growth in Pakistan: An econometric analysis. Journal of Elementary Education, 22(1), 23-45.
  • Asteriou, D., Pilbeam, K., and Pratiwi, C. E. (2020). Public debt and economic growth: panel data evidence for Asian countries. Journal of Economics and Finance, 1-18.
  • Azizah, S. N., Fauziyyah, N. E., and Qoyum, A. (2019). Short-run and Long-run Relationship between Economic Growth, Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Liberalization and Education on Income Inequality: Evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Finance, 8, 047-055.
  • Babatunde, M. A., and Adefabi, R. A. (2005, November). Long run relationship between education and economic growth in Nigeria: Evidence from the Johansen’s cointegration approach. In regional conference on education in west Africa: Constraints and Opportunities Dakar, Senegal, November 1st - 2nd, 2005. Cornell University / CREA / Ministèrede l’Education du Sénégal.
  • Baltagi, B. H., Feng, Q., and Kao, C. (2012). A Lagrange Multiplier test for cross-sectional dependence in a fixed effects panel data model. Journal of Econometrics, 170(1), 164-177.
  • Barro, R. J. (1991). Economic growth in a cross section of countries. The quarterly journal of economics, 106(2), 407-443.
  • Barro, R. J. (2000). Education and economic growth. Mimeo, Harvard University.
  • Barro, R. J. and X. Sala-i-Martin (1995), Economic Growth. McGraw-Hill.
  • Becker, G. S. (1962). Investment in human capital: A theoretical analysis. Journal of political economy, 70(5, Part 2), 9-49.
  • Becker, G. S. (1964). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education, First Edition. NBER.
  • Benhabib, J. and M. M. Spiegel (1994). The role of human capital in economic development: Evidence from aggregate cross-country data. Journal of Monetary Economics, 34(2), pp. 143-174.
  • Brian, K. (2007). OECD Insights human capital how what you know shapes your life: How what you know shapes your life. OECD publishing.
  • Breusch, T. S., and Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The review of economic studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Çalışkan, Ş., Karabacak, M., and Meçik, O. (2013). Türkiye’de eğitim-ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: 1923-2011 (Kantitatif bir yaklaşım). Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(21), 29-48.
  • De Hoyos, R. E., and Sarafidis, V. (2006). Testing for cross-sectional dependence in panel-data models. The stata journal, 6(4), 482-496.
  • Digdowiseiso, K. (2009). Education inequality, economic growth, and income inequality: Evidence from Indonesia, 1996-2005. MPRA Paper, (17792).
  • Garza-Rodriguez, J., Almeida-Velasco, N., Gonzalez-Morales, S., and Leal-Ornelas, A. P. (2020). The Impact of Human Capital on Economic Growth: the Case of Mexico. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 11(2), 660-675.
  • Gövdeli, T. (2016). Türkiye’de eğitim-ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: yapısal kırılmalı birim kök ve eşbütünleşme analizi. Niğde Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(3), 223-238.
  • Hefnawi, M. M. E., and Ghoneim, H. (2020). Human capital and economic growth in Egypt. In proceedings of business and management conferences (No. 10112451). International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences.
  • Karadaş, H. A. (2020a). Effect of labor force education level on growth: An analysis on fragile five countries. İçinde A. Umut (Ed.), Contemporary approaches in the field of economy, finance and management (s.43-58). Nobel Bilimsel Eserler.
  • Karadaş, H. A. (2020b). Seçili N-11 ülkelerinde işgücü eğitim seviyesinin ekonomiye etkisi. İçinde N. Balıkçıoğlu (Ed.), Makroekonomik göstergeler çerçevesinde N -11 ülkeleri (107-138). Orion Kitabevi.
  • Koçbulut, Ö., and Barış, S. (2016). Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinde ihracat ve doğrudan yabancı yatırımların kadın istihdamı üzerindeki etkisi: Panel veri analizi. Aydın İktisat Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(2), 22-39.
  • Köprücü, Y., and Sarıtaş, T. (2017). Türkiye’de eğitim ve ekonomik Büyüme: eşbütünleşme yaklaşımı. Optimum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(2), 77-89.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross sectional dependence in panels. Empirical Economics, 1-38.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence. Journal of applied econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., and Smith, R. P. (1999). Pooled mean group estimation of dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of the American statistical Association, 94(446), 621-634.
  • Plümper, T., and Schneider, C. J. (2007). Too much to die, too little to live: unemployment, higher education policies and university budgets in Germany. Journal of European Public Policy, 14(4), 631-653.
  • Reza, F., and Widodo, T. (2013). The Impact of education on economic growth in Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business, 28(1), 23-44.
  • Romer, Paul M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth, The Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), s.1002-1037.
  • Solow, R. M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. The quarterly journal of economics, 70(1), 65-94.
  • Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in human capital. The American economic review, 1-17.
  • Schultz, T. W. (1962). Reflections on investment in man. Journal of political economy, 70 (5, Part 2), 1-8.
  • Swan, T. W. (1956). Economic growth and capital accumulation. Economic record, 32(2), 334-361.
  • Şengönül, A., Karadaş, H. A., and Koşaroğlu, Ş. M. (2018). Turizme Dayalı Büyüme Hipotezinin OECD Üyesi Olan Akdeniz Ülkeleri için Analizi. Journal of International Social Research, 11(60).
  • Telatar, O. M., and Terzi, H. (2010). Nüfus ve eğitimin ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: Türkiye üzerine bir inceleme. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 24(2), 197-214.
  • Yurtkuran, S., and Terzi, H. (2015). Does education affect economic growth in Turkey? A causality analysis. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 30(2): 19- 38.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Hacı Ahmet Karadaş Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Eylül 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 28

Kaynak Göster

APA Karadaş, H. A. (2021). Yüksek Eğitim Seviyesine Sahip İşgücü Ekonomiye Katkı Yapar Mı? Gelişmiş Ülkeler Üzerine Bir Analiz. Kesit Akademi Dergisi, 7(28), 433-450.