YÜKSEK İRTİFA FİZYOLOJİSİ VE ADAPTASYONUN ASKERÎ FİZİKSEL HAZIR BULUNURLUK SEVİYESİNE ETKİLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Öz

Fiziksel hazır bulunurluk ve askerî fiziksel hazır bulunurluk kavramları muharip personelin meslek yaşamında önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Askerî personel görev alanı itibariyle zaman zaman yüksek irtifa olarak kabul edilen 1500 metre üzerinde konuşlanmakta ya da bu yüksekliklerden daha fazla olan rakımlar da geçici görev icra etmektedir. Bu görevler esnasında gerek hücresel gerekse fiziksel düzeyde ortaya çıkan değişiklikler personelin fiziksel efor düzeyini etkilemektedir. Yüksek irtifa operasyonlarının etkili bir şekilde yürütülebilmesi için, yüksek irtifa bölgelerinde uygulanması gereken hareket tarzı ve fiziksel yüklenme eşiklerinin göz önüne alınması faaliyetlerin etkili bir şekilde gerçekleştirilmesi açısından oldukça önemlidir.

Yüksek irtifa efor seviyesi (yüksekte yaşam, düşük şiddette fiziksel efor) deniz seviyesinde yapılan fiziksel eforla birleştirildiğinde kaslara transfer edilen oksijen miktarını artırarak dayanıklılık (endurans) performansını geliştirmektedir. Performans sporcularının yüksek irtifada 2100–2500 metrede kaldıkları optimal günlük süre 20 saatten fazladır. Bireyler arasında yüksek irtifada yüklenme etkileri farklılık göstermektedir. Beslenme problemleri sonucu kaybedilen kas kütlesinin yetersiz enerji alımından kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir. Demir eksikliği de yüksek irtifada elde edilen kazanımları azaltabilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Eritropoetin (EPO),hipoksi,yüksek irtifa antrenmanı

Evaluation of the Effects of High Altitude Physiology and Adaptation on Military Physical Readiness Level

Öz

Physical readiness and military physical readiness have an important place in the professional life of military personnel. As of the military personnel’s duty field; personnel are sometimes deployed over 1500 meters, which is considered as high altitude, or carry out temporary tasks at altitudes higher than these heights. During these tasks, changes at the cellular level or the physical level affect the physical exertion level of the staff. For high-altitude operations to be carried out effectively, taking into account the course of action and physical loading thresholds that should be implemented in high-altitude regions is very important considering any operation activities.

High altitude exposure level (living high, low intensity training) enhances endurance performance when it is combined with training at sea level by increasing oxygen transport to muscles. The optimal time for athletes to be exposed to altitudes of 2100 to 2500 meters is more than 20 hours per day. The effects of high-altitude loading vary between individuals. Loss of muscle mass caused by nutritional problems is thought to be resulting from insufficient energy intake. Iron deficiency can also reduce the benefit of altitude exposure.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Erythropoietin (EPO),hypoxia,high altitude training

Kaynakça

1. Anholm J. D., Bonjour, S., Brayley, K., Blackburn, R., Conde, J., Eichman, W., Sanders, K., Hughes, W., &Pettis, J. L. (1996). Heart rate profile during prolonged high intensity cycling at low and moderate altitudes. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 413
2. Astrand P-O, Rodahl K., (1986).Textbook of work physiology. McGrawHill, Singapore.pp.683-706.
3. Berglund B., Ekblom B.,(1991).Effect of erythropoietin administration on maximal aerobicpower. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 1, 88-93.
4. Cerit M., (2018). Hypothetical approach to the location of genotypes (ACE & ACTN3) associated with energy system for the athletic performance. Journal of Sport Science Researches, 3(1), 97-105. ISSN: 2548-0723.
5. Gerlinger T, Peoples GE, Craig R, Burlingame B., (2005). The 274th Forward Surgical Team experience during Operation Enduring Freedom. Mil Med. 170(6):451–9.)
6. Honigman B., Theis MK, Koziol-McLain J, Roach R, Yip R, Houston C, (1993). Acute mountain sickness in a general tourist population at moderate altitudes. AnnIntern Med.;118(8): 587–92.
7. Kraemer, W.J., Fleck, S.J., & Deschenes, M.R. (2012). Exercise physiology (1st ed). Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 75-78
8. McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL, (2000). Essentials of Exercise Physiology. 2th ed. Johnson E, Gulliver K, eds. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins;170-205.

9. McLaughlin CW, Andrew JS, Amaya DG, (2017).,Impact of High Altitude on Military Operations JuneVolume 6,Issue2,pp 146–154.
10. Norris JN, Viirre E, Aralis H, Sracic MK, Thomas D, Gertsch JH.(2012). High altitude headache and acute mountain sickness at moderate elevations in a military population during battalion-level training exercises. Mil Med. 177(8):917–23.
11. Pfitzinger P., (2000). Highlights of the Third Annual International Altitude-Training Symposium Sportscience.orgSportscience 4(1), sportsci.org/jour/0001/pp.html.
12. Plowman, S.A., & Smith, D.L. (2011). Exercise physiology for health, fitness and performance (3rd ed). Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp.70-71.
13. Rusko, H.R., (1996). New aspects of altitude training. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 24(6), S48-S52.
14. Saltin, B., Bousel R., Secher N.,Mitchell J.(2000). Exercise and Circulation in Health and Disease., Human Kinetics; 1 edition.
15. Sucec, A., (1996). The effect of moderate altitude on endurance running events in the Mexico Olympics. A paperpresented at The 1996 International Pre-Olympic
16. ScientificCongress, Dallas, TX.
17. Telford, R.D., Graham, K.S., Sutton, J.R., et al. (1996). Medium altitude trainin gandsea-level performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 28, S124.
18. Technical Bulletin Head quarters Medical 505*(2010). Department Of The Army Washington, DC, 30 September
19. Wolski, L.A., McKenzie, D.C., &Wenger, H.A. (1996). Altitude training for improvements in sea level performance: is there scientific evidence of benefit? Sports Medicine, 22, 251-263.
20. https://www.sportsci.org/traintech/altitude/wgh.htm.22.10.2018.
21. https://www.harita.gov.tr.26.11.2018.