GİRİŞİMCİLİK YÖNELİMİNİN İŞE BAĞLANMA ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİNDE ALGILANAN ÖRGÜTSEL DESTEĞİN ROLÜ

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 2, 1 - 27, 04.01.2018

Ali Rıza İnce , Mustafa Kemal Topcu

Öz

Bireyin işine duygusal-motivasyonel yaklaşımını ifade eden işe bağlanmanın, performans farklılıkları oluşturmak suretiyle beşeri sermayeyi geliştirerek ve yenilikçiliğe zemin hazırlayarak sürdürülebilir rekabet avantajı sağladığı bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada işe bağlanmayı doğrudan ve dolaylı olarak etkileyen çok sayıda değişkenden ikisi; girişimcilik yönelimi ve algılanan örgütsel destek ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada, bir örgütün risk almasının, yenilikçi ve proaktif davranmasının bir ölçütü olan girişimcilik yöneliminin, işe bağlanma üzerindeki etkisinde; örgütlerin çalışanların katkılarına değer vermesi ve onların iyilik halini önemsemesi olarak ifade edilen örgütsel desteğin algılanan rolünün ne olduğu araştırılmıştır. 246 çalışanı ile mobilya sektöründe üretim yapan bir firmada anket çalışması yapılmış; 134 adet anket değerlendirmeye alınmış ve veriler üzerinde faktör analizleri ile korelasyon ve hiyerarşik regresyon analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda girişimcilik yöneliminin, işe bağlanmanın alt boyutlarından adanma üzerindeki etkisinde algılanan örgütsel desteğin tam aracılık, enerjik hissetme ve özümseme alt boyutları üzerinde ise kısmi aracılık rolü bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İşe Bağlanma, Girişimcilik Yönelimi

Kaynakça

• Aktar, A. ve Pangil, F. (2017). The Relationship between Employee Engagement, HRM Practices and Perceived Organizational Support: Evidence from Banking Employees. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 7(3), 1-22. Altındağ, E. (2011). Aile Şirketlerinde Stratejik Yönelim Düzeylerinin Tespiti ve Firma Performansı Üzerindeki Etkisi. (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Gebze Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü, Kocaeli. Antoncic, B. ve Hisrich, R. D. (2004). Corporate Entrepreneurship Contingencies and Organizational Wealth Creation. Journal of Management Development, 23(6), 518-550. Bakker, A.B. (2009). Building Engagement in the Workplace. İçinde C. Cooper & R. Burke (Eds.).The Peak Performing Organization. London: Routledge. Bakker, A.B. ve Demerouti, E. (2007). The Job Demands-Resources Model: State of the Art. Journal of Management Psychology, 22(3), 309-328. Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W., Leiter, M. ve Taris, T. (2008). Work Engagement: An Emerging Concept in Occupational Health Psychology. Work Stress, 22(3): 187-200. Baron, R. M. ve Kenny, D. A. (1986). The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182. Chang, H. T., Hsu, H. M., Liou, J. W. ve Tsai, C. T. (2013). Psychological Contracts and Innovative Behavior: A Moderated Path Analysis of Work Engagement and Job Resources. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(10), 2120-2135. Chen, J., Zhu, Z. ve Anquan, W. (2005). A System Model for Corporate Entrepreneurship. International Journal of Manpower, 26(6), 529-543. Covin, J.G. ve Covin, T. (1990). Competitive Aggressiveness, Environmental Context, and Small Firm Performance. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 14(4), 35–50. Covin, J. G. ve Slevin, D. P. (1989). Strategic Management of Small Firms in Hostile and Benign Environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10, 75-87. Demerouti, E. ve Cropanzano, R. (2010). Work Engagement and Performance. İçinde A. B. Bakker ve M.P. Leiter (Eds.).Work engagement: Recent Developments in Theory and Research. New York: Psychology Press.
• Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S. ve Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived Organizational Support. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 71. No. 3, 500-507. Eisenberger, R., Cummings, J., Armeli, S. ve Lynch, P. (1997). Perceived Organizational Support, Discretionary Treatment, and Job Satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 812–820. Eisenberger, R., Armeli, S., Rexwinkel, B., Lynch, P. D. ve Rhoades, L. (2001). Reciprocation of Perceived Organizational Support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 42-51. Eryılmaz, A. ve Doğan, T. (2012). İş Yaşamında Öznel İyi Oluş: Utrecht İşe Bağlılık Ölçeğinin Psikometrik Niteliklerinin İncelenmesi. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 15, 49-55. Fiş, A. M. ve Wasti, S. A. (2009) Örgüt Kültürü ve Girişimcilik Yönelimi İlişkisi. ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, 35 (Özel Sayı), 127-164. Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The Role of Positive Emotions in Positive Psychology: The Broaden-and-build Theory of Positive Emotions. American Psychologist, Vol. 56 No. 3, 218-226. George, J. M. ve Brief, A. P. (1992). Feeling Good-Doing Good: A Conceptual Analysis of the Mood at Work-organizational Spontaneity Relationship. Psychological Bulletin, 112(2), 310-329. George, J. M., Reed, T. F., Ballard, K. A., Colin, J. ve Fielding, J. (1993). Contact with AIDS Patients as a Source of Work-related Distress: Effects of Organizational and Social Support. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 157-171. Gillet, N., Huart, I., Colombat, P. ve Fouquereau, E. (2013). Perceived Organizational Support, Motivation, and Engagement among Police Officers. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 44(1), 46-55. González-Romá, V., Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B. ve Lloret, S. (2006). Burnout and Work Engagement: Independent Factors or Opposite Poles? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(1), 165-174. Goodman, L. A. (1960). On the Exact Variance of Products. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 55, 708-713. Hakanen J. J., Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B. (2006). Burnout and Work Engagement among Teachers. Journal of School Psychology,43:495-513. Hakanen, J. J., Schaufeli, W. B. ve Ahola, K. (2008a). The Job Demands-Resources Model: A Three-year Cross-lagged Study of Burnout, Depression, Commitment, and Work Engagement. Work & Stress, 22(3), 224-241. 20 | İnce ve Topçu Hakanen, J. J., Perhoniemi, R. ve Toppinen-Tanner, S. (2008b). Positive Gain Spirals at Work: From Job Resources to Work Engagement, Personal Initiative and Work-unit Innovativeness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 73 No. 1, 78-91. Hornsby, J. S., Kuratko, D. F. ve Zahra, S. A. (2009). Managers’ Corporate Entrepreneurial Actions: Examining Perception and Position. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(3), 236–247. Huhtala, H. ve Parzefall, M. R. (2007). A Review of Employee Well-being and Innovativeness: An Opportunity for a Mutual Benefit. Creativity and Innovation Management, 16, 299-306. Isen, A. M. (2001). An Influence of Positive Affect on Decision Making in Complex Situations: Theoretical Issues with Practical Implications. Journal of Consumer Psychology, Vol. 11 No. 2, 75-85. İnce, A. R. (2016). Algılanan Örgütsel Desteğin İşe Adanmışlık Üzerindeki Etkisinde Yönetici Desteğinin Aracılık Rolü. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(57), 649-660. Janssen, O. ve Van Yperen, N. W. (2004). Employees’ Goal Orientations, the Quality of Leader–member Exchange, and the Outcomes of Job Performance and Job Satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 368-384. Kahn, W. (1992). To be Fully There: Psychological Presence at Work. Human Relations, 45:321-349. Kamil, N. L. M. ve Nasurdin, A. M. (2016). Entrepreneurial Behaviour in Malaysian Commercial Banks: The Role of Emotional Intelligence, Job Autonomy, Perceived Organizational Support and Organizational Commitment. Australian Journal of Business and Economic Studies, 2(1), 35-44. Koçoğlu, M. (2012). Çalışanların Örgütlerine Yönelik Girişimcilik Yönelimi Algıları, Örgüt Desteği, Kariyer Tatminleri ve İşten Ayrılma Niyetleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi: Otomotiv Sektöründe Bir Araştırma. (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul. Köse, A. (2015). İşe Angaje Olma ile Örgütsel Destek Algısı ve Örgüt İklimi Arasındaki İlişki (Kahramanmaraş İli Örneği). (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Zirve Üniversitesi Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, Gaziantep. Kuratko, D. F. ve Audretsch, D. B. (2009). Strategic Entrepreneurship: Exploring Different Perspectives On An Emerging Concept. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33: 1-17.
• Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S. ve Bishop, J. W. (2005). Managers’ Corporate Entrepreneurial Actions and Job Satisfaction. The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(3), 275-291. Küsbeci, P. (2013). İşletmelerde İnovasyon Yönetimi ve İstanbul İlinde Sektörler Arası Ampirik Bir Çalışma. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Beykent Üniversitesi, İstanbul. Lee, R. T. ve Ashforth, B. E. (1996). A Meta-analytic Examination of the Correlates of the Three Dimensions of Job Burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. SI. No. 2, 123-133. Li, Y, Liu, Y. ve Zhao, Y. (2006) The Role of Market and Entrepreneurship Orientation and Internal Control in the New Product Development Activities of Chinese Firms. Industrial Marketing Management. 35, 336-347. Lin, H. F. (2006). Impact of Organizational Support on Organizational Intention to Facilitate Knowledge Sharing. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 4(1), 26-35. Lumpkin, G. T. ve Dess, G. G. (1996) Clarifying the Entrepreneurial Orientation Construct and Linking it to Performance. Academy of Management Review, 21, 135-172. Lumpkin, G. T. ve Dess, G. G. (2001). Linking Two Dimensions of Entrepreneurial Orientation to Firm Performance: The Moderating Role of Environment and Industry Life Cycle. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(5), 429-451. Macey, W. H. ve Schneider, B. (2008). The Meaning of Employee Engagement. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1, 3–30. Mahon, E. G., Taylor, S. N. ve Boyatzis, R. E. (2014). Antecedents of Organizational Engagement: Exploring Vision, Mood and Perceived Organizational Support with Emotional Intelligence as a Moderator. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1-15. Mäkikangas, A., Bakker, A. B., Aunola, K. ve Demerouti, E. (2010). Job Resources and Flow at Work: Modelling the Relationship via Latent Growth Curve and Mixture Model Methodology. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(3), 795-814. Maslach, C. ve Leiter, M.P. (1997). The Truth about Burnout: How Organizations Cause Personal Stress and what to do about it. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Mauno, S., Kinnunen, U. ve Ruokolainen, M. (2007). Job Demands and Resources as Antecedents of Work Engagement: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70, 149-171.
• MacKinnon, D. P., Warsi, G. ve Dwyer, J. H. (1995). A Simulation Study of Mediated Effect Measures. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 30, 41-62. Miller, D. (1983). The Correlates of Entrepreneurship in Three Types of Firms. Management Science, 29, 770-791. Morris, M. H. ve Kuratko, D. F. (2002). Corporate Entrepreneurship. Mason, OH: South-Western College Publishers. Morris, M. H. ve Paul, G. W. (1987) The Relationship between Entrepreneurship and Marketing in Established Firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 2, 247-259. Murthy, R. K. (2017). Perceived Organizational Support and Work Engagement. International Journal of Applied Research, 3(5), 738-740. Nakamura, J. ve Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2005). Engagement in a Profession: The Case of Undergraduate Teaching. Daedalus, 134(3), 60-67. Özyurt, E. D. (2010). The Effect of Working Place on The Relation Between Perception of Organizational Justice, Organizational Support and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Marmara Üniversitesi, İstanbul. Rauch, A., Wiklund, J., Lumpkin, G. T. ve Frese, M. (2009). Entrepreneurial Orientation and Business Performance: An Assessment of Past Research and Suggestions for the Future. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 761-787. Rhoades, L. ve Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived Organizational Support: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 87, No. 4, 698-714. Rothbard, N. (2001). Enriching or Depleting? The Dynamics of Engagement in Work and Family Roles. Administration Science Quarterly, 46:655-684. Rousseau, D. M. (1990). New Hire Perceptions of Their Own and Their Employer's Obligations: A Study of Psychological Contracts. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 11(5), 389-400. Rutherford, M. W. ve Holt, D. T. (2007). Corporate Entrepreneurship: An Empirical Look at the Innovativeness Dimension and its Antecedents. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 20(3), 429–446. Saks A. (2006). Antecedents and Consequences of Employee Engagement. Journal of Management Psychology, 21, 600-619. Salanova, M., Agut, S. ve Peiró, J. M. (2005). Linking Organizational Resources and Work Engagement to Employee Performance and Customer Loyalty: The Mediation of Service Climate. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1217-1227.
• Salanova, M. ve Schaufeli, W. B. (2008). A Cross-national Study of Work Engagement as a Mediator between Job Resources and Proactive Behaviour. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(1), 116-131. Shantz, A., Alfes, K. ve Latham, G. P. (2016). The Buffering Effect of Perceived Organizational Support on the Relationship between Work Engagement and Behavioral Outcomes. Human Resource Management, 55(1), 25-38. Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B. ve Salanova, M. (2006). The Measurement of Work Engagement with a Short Questionnaire: A Cross-national Study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 701-716. Schaufeli, W. B. ve Bakker, A. B. (2010). Defining and Measuring Work Engagement: Bringing Clarity to the Concept. İçindeA.B. Bakker ve M. P. Leiter (Eds). Work Engagement: A Handbook of Essential Theory and Research (ss. 10-24). Psychology Press, New York. Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., Gonzalez-Roma, V. ve Bakker, A. (2002). The Measurement of Engagement and Burnout: A Two Sample Confirmatory Factor Analytic Approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3:71-92. Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., Le Blanc, P., Peeters, M., Bakker, A. B. ve De Jonge, J. (2001). Maakt Arbeid Gezond? Op Zoek Naar de Bevlogen Werknemer [Does work make happy? In search of the engaged worker]. De Psycholoog, 36, 422-428. Seppälä, P., Mauno, S., Feldt, T., Hakanen, J., Kinnunen, U., Tolvanen, A. ve Schaufeli, W. (2009). The Construct Validity of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale: Multisample and Longitudinal Evidence. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10(4), 459-481. Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic Intervals for Indirect Effects in Structural Equations Models. İçinde S. Leinhart (Ed.) Sociological Methodology (ss. 290-312). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Taris, T. W. ve Feji, J.A. (2004). Learning and Strain among Newcomers: A Three-wave Study of the Effects of Job Demands and Job Control. Journal of Psychology, 138, 543-564. Topcu, M. K. (2016). Çalışma Ortamında Psikolojik Sözleşme Yönetimi. Almanya: Türkiye Alim Kitapları. Turner, N., Barling, J. ve Zacharatos, A. (2002). Positive Psychology at Work. İçinde C. Snyder ve S. Lopez (Eds.), The Handbook of Positive Psychology (ss. 715-730). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E. ve Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). The Role of Personal Resources in the Job Demands-Resources Model. International Journal of Stress Management, 14, 121–141.
• Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E. ve Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). Reciprocal Relationships Between Job Resources, Personal Resources, and Work Engagement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74(3), 235-244. Van den Heuvel, M., Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B. ve Schaufeli, W. B. (2010). Personal Resources and Work Engagement in the Face of Change. Contemporary Occupational Health Psychology: Global Perspectives on Research and Practice, 1, 124-150. Watson, D., Clark, L. A. ve Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and Validation of Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect: The PANAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070. Yılmaz, H. ve Görmüş, A. Ş. (2012). Stratejik Girişimciliğin, Algılanan Örgütsel Destek ve Örgütsel Öğrenme Üzerine Etkilerinin Araştırılması: Tekstil Sektöründe Ampirik Bir Çalışma. Journal of Yasar University, 7(26), 4483-4504. Zahra, S. A., Neubaum, D. O. ve Huse, M. (2000). Entrepreneurship in Medium-Size Companies: Exploring the Effects of Ownership and Governance Systems. Journal of Management, 26(5), 947-976. Zampetakis, L. A., Beldekos, P. ve Moustakis, V. S. (2009). Day-to-day Entrepreneurship within Organisations: The Role of Trait Emotional Intelligence and Perceived Organisational Support. European Management Journal, 27(3), pp.165–175 Zhang, X. ve Bartol, K. M. (2010). Linking Empowering Leadership and Employee Creativity: The Influence of Psychological Empowerment, Intrinsic Motivation, and Creative Process Engagement. Academy of Management Journal, 53, 107–128. Zhou, J. ve George, J. M. (2001). When job dissatisfaction leads to creativity: Encouraging the expression of voice. Academy of Management Journal, 44(4), 682-696.