Pilot Yorgunluğuna ve Uçuş Emniyetine Etki Eden Göstergeler Açısından Gece Görüş Gözlüklerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2022, , 89 - 118, 02.11.2022

İsmail Gevrek , Metin Gürü , Furkan Başer

https://doi.org/10.17134/khosbd.1029929

Öz

Helikopter uçuşlarında baskın ve gizliliğin ön planda tutulduğu planlamalarda geceden faydalanma önem kazanmakta ve geceyi avantaja çevirme konusunda gece görüş sistemleri önemli rol oynamaktadır. Gece uçuşlarının icra edildiği zaman aralığı ve ilave takılan teçhizat, yorgunluğa; yorgunlukta havacılık anlamında, dikkat azalmasına, konsantrasyon güçlüğüne ve hatalı karar verme gibi sorunlara yol açmaktadır. Bu çalışmayla, gece icra edilen uçuşlarda, fazladan takılan uçuş teçhizatının yarattığı bazı kısıtların iyileştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Literatürden faydalanmak suretiyle gece görüş gözlüklerine ait özelliklerin değerlendirilmesi amacıyla anket oluşturulmuştur. İlgili firmalardan temin edilen farklı fosfor tiplerinde (beyaz ve yeşil) gece görüş gözlükleri ile uçuş icra edilmiştir. Pilotlardan, anket yöntemiyle, her tip gece görüş gözlüğüne ait, derinlik algısı, kontrast hassasiyeti, mesafe tahmini hassasiyeti, hale etkisi, beden yorgunluğu, boyun ağrısı şiddeti ve göz yorgunluğunu şiddetinin belirtilmesi istenmiştir. Yapılan çalışmada, pilotların farklı tipte gece görüş gözlüğü kullanılarak icra ettiği uçuşlarda bilişsel yorgunluğun tespiti ve bu durumun sonuçlarının ortaya çıkarılması amaçlanmıştır. Mesafe tahmini, derinlik algısı gibi hususlarda, beyaz fosforlu gece görüş gözlüğünün, yeşil fosforlu gece görüş gözlüğüne göre daha iyi sonuçlar vermiş olsa da, farklı ay durumu, farklı çevresel uçuş ortamları (karla örtülü arazi, sık orman gibi) ve farklı görev tiplerinde, daha uzun süre uçularak denenmesinin uygun olacağı değerlendirilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

: Gece Görüş Gözlüğü, Yorgunluk, Helikopter

Kaynakça

• Ang B, Harms-Ringdahl K. (2006). Neck pain and related disability in helicopter pilots; a survey of prevalence and risk factors. Aviation space environment medicine ; 77(7); 713-719.
• Belland M. K., (2003). Aircrew Performance Cutting Edge. Air university, 35, 5-6.
• Beshany, P., R., (2009). Analysis Of Navy Flight Scheduling Methods Using Flyawake, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Naval Postgraduate School, California.
• Button, K. (2017). Collision Aviodance. Aerospace, 22-29.
• Bridger, R.S., Groom, M.R., Jones, H. Pethybridge, R.J., PuUinger, N., (2005). Task and postural factors are related to back pain in helicopter pilots. Aviation space environment medicine; 73(8), 805-811.
• Caldwell, J. A., ve Gilreath, S. R. (2002). Survey of aircrew fatigue in a sample of U.S. army aviation personnel. Aviation space environmental medicine, 73, 472–480.
• Caldwell, A. J., (2008). Sleep and psychomotor performance during commercial ultra- long range flights. Presented at FAA Fatigue Management Symposium Vienne,VA.
• Caldwell, J., A., Mallis, M., Paul, M.,A., Miller, J.,C., ve Neri D.,F.,(2009) Fatigue Countermeasure in Aviation. Aviation, Space and environmental medicine, 68(10), 932-938.
• Chris, J., (2004). The role of night vision equipment in military incidents and accidents. Department of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Scothland.
• Crowley, J. S. (1991). Human factors of night vision devices: Anecdotes from the field concerning visual illusions and other effect (Tech. Rep. No. USAARL 91-15). Fort Rucker, AL: U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory.
• Cutting, J. E., ve Vishton, P. M., (1995). Perceiving layout and knowing distances: The integration, relative potency, and contextual use of different information about depth. (Second edition) In W. Epstein ve S. Rogers (Eds.), Handbook of perception and cognition: Perception of space and motion (pp. 69–117). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
• Dawson, D., Searle, A.K., ve Paterson, J.L., (2013). Look before you sleep: evaluating the use of fatigue detection technologies within a fatigue risk management system for the road transport industry. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 18(2), 141–152.Ceballos, Miguel and Gerard Martin. (2001). Between Terror and Reform. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 2(2), 87-95.
• Forde, K. A., Albert, W.J., Harrison, M.F., Neary, J.P., Croll, J., Callaghan, J. P., (2011). Neck loads and posture exposure of helicopter pilots during simulated day and night flights. International journal of industrial ergonomics 41 (2), 128–135.
• Fourie, C., Holmes, A., Bourgeois-Bougrine, S., Hilditch, C., Jackson, P. (2010). Road safety research report, fatigue risk management systems: a review of literature. Road Safety Research Report no. 110, London, 22-23.
• Foyle, D. Ve Kaiser, M. (2015). Pilot Distance Estimation with Unaided Vision, Night Vision Goggle and Infrared Imagery. SID Symposium digest of technical papers, 312- 317.
• Friedburg, C, Serey, L., Sharpe, L. T, Trauzettel-Klosinski, S., & Zrenner, E. (1999). evaluation of the night vision spectacles on patients with impaired night vision. Graefe's archive of clinical and experimental ophthalmology, 237(2), 125-136.
• Harding, H., T., Rash, E., C., ve Lang, G., T. (2010). Perceptual and Cognitive Effects on the Use of Helmet-Mounted Displays Due to External Operational Factors. Procedings of SPIE, 7688, 1-5.
• Hawley J. R., ve Anoll K. R. (1991). Rotorcraft Night Vision Goggle Evaluation. Federal Aviation Administrion Report July 1991-11. Heinecke, J. K., (2006) "An Evaluation of the AH-64 Night Vision Systems for use in 21st Century Urban Combat. " Master Tezi, University of Tennessee. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1578
• Manton, A. G. (2000). Night vision goggles, human factor aspects: A questionnaire survey of helicopter aircrew. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, 146(1), 22– 27.
• Mendoza, T. R., Wang, X. S., Cleeland, C. S., Morrissey, H., Johnson, B. A., Wendt J. K., Huber, S. L.,(1999). The rapid assessment of fatigue severity in cancer patients— use of the brief fatigue inventory. Cancer; 85(5), 1186–1196.
• Nix, S., Gossett, K., ve Shepherd, D., A., (2013). An investigation of pilot fatigue in helicopter emergency medical services, Air medical journal, 32 (5), 1-5.
• Parush, A., Gauthier, M. S., Arseneau, L., ve Tang, D.,(2011). The Human Factors of Night Vision Goggles: Perceptual, Cognitive, and Physical Factors. Reviews of human factors and ergonomics , 7 (1) 238 – 279.
• Ruffner, J., D. Piccione and Woodward, K., (1997). Development of a night driving simülatör concept for night vision image intensification device training. In proc of enhanced and synthetic vision conference, SPIE 11th international symposium on aerospace/defense sensing, simulation, and controls, orlando, 3088, 190-197.
• Sabatani, R., Richardson, A., M., Cantiello, M., Toscana, M., Fiorini, P., (2013). A Novel Approach to Night Vision Imaging Systems Development Integration and Verification in Military Aircraft. Aerospace science and technology. 31 (1), 12.
• Shender, B. S., Ostrander, G., & White, D. (2009). Self-reported neck pain incidence in US Navy aircrew from 2004-2008 [Abstract]. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine, 80, 291.
• Spenkelink, G. P. J., ve Besuijen, J., (1996). Chromaticity contrast, luminance contrast, and legibility of text. Journal of Society of Information Display, 4(3), 135- 144.
• Taneja, N., (2007). Fatigue in Aviation: A survey of the Awareness and Attitudes of Indıan Air Force Pilots. The Internaional Journal of avıation psychology, 17(3), 275– 284.
• Thuresson, M., Ang, B., Linder, J., Harms-Ringdahl, K., (2005). Mechanical load and EMG activity in the neck induced by different head-worn equipment and neck postures. International journal of industrial ergonomics.; 35(1), 13–18
• Wolf-Meyer, M., (2011). Nature of sleep. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 53(4), 945-970.
• Verona, W. R., ve Rash, E. C.,(1989). Human factors and safety consederations of night vision systems flight. United States Army Research Laboratory (USAARL), 2.
• Zalevski, A., Meehan, J. W., ve Hughes, P. K., (2001). Size estimation with night vision goggles (DSTO-RR-0201). Victoria, Australia: Defense Science and Technology Organization, Air Operations Division, Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory.
• Çalımfidan, E., (2015). Döner Kanat Pilotları İçin Gece Uçuş Emniyetini Artırmaya Yönelik Bir Çalışma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, 97-100.
• Gevrek, İ., (2020). Pilot yorgunluğu açısından uçuş teçhizatının değerlendirilmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara,39-48.
• Adam, J., (2004). Results of NVG-induced neck strain questionnaire study in CH-146 Griffon aircrew. Technical Report. Defence r&d. 153.
• National Transportation Safety Board. (2009). Bus loss of control and rollover, Washington (HAR-10/01), 42-43.
• National Transportation Safety Board. (2011). Crash following joss ofeEngine power due to fuel exhaustion air methods corporation, Washington (AAR-14/03), 48-55.
• Brickner, M. S., (1989). Helicopter flights with night-vision goggles-human factors aspects; NASA Technical Memorandum 101039. California, 10-11.URL: http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19890012106.pdf, Son Erişim Tarihi: 15.06.2018.
• Capo-Aponte, J. E., Temme, L. A., Task, H. L., Pinkus, A. R., ve Kalich, M. E., Pantle, A. J., Rash, C. E., (2015). Visual Perception And Cognitive Performance, : URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265143425. Son Erişim Tarihi: 26.09.2019.
• Harrıs P-45, GEN 3 White Phosphor Technology. URL: https://www.harris.com/sites/default/files/downloads/solutions/gen3-p45-white- phosphor-harris-night-vision.pdf. Son erişim tarihi 26.09.2019.
• Jonathan Kozlowskı. White or Green – Have You Made a Choice Yet?. URL: http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officer.com%2Fcom mand-hq%2Ftechnology%2Fsecurity-surveillance%2Fnight- vision%2Farticle%2F20985031%2Fgreen-or-white-phosphor-technology-wpt-a- comparison-of-night-vision&date= Son Erişim Tarihi: 30.09.2018.
• Neary, J. P. D. M., Salmon, M. F., Harrison, and W. J. Albert. (2010). Night Vision Goggles-Induced Neck Strain and Muscle Fatigue Characteristics of Griffon Helicopter Personnel. Canadian Surgeon General’s Health Research Program.URL: http://www.cimvhr.ca/ sghrp_reports/. Son Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2018.
• P. Hess, Army Identifies Soldiers Killed in Crash, UPI, December 2002. URL: http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20021213-124412-7962r. Son Erişim Tarihi: 26.09.2019.
• International Civil Aviation Organization. (2009). Opertion of aircraft. Canada, 2-4.
• Jandarma Genel Komutanlığı. ( 2008 ). Gece görüş gözlüğü konsepti. Ankara: J.Gn.K.lığı Basımevi, 2-3,4-5.
• Jandarma Havacılık Okul Komutanlığı. (2016). Gece görüş gözlüğü ders kitabı. Ankara: J.Gn.K.lığı Basımevi, 4-3,4-19.