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The Impact Of Artificial Intelligence Management Upon International Security

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 19/1 Sayı: 37, 49 - 72, 04.05.2020

Öz

As a rapidly developing field based on technological development, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significant impacts on developments regarding international security and policies. The main reason of this impact lies at the heart of the fact that states regard technological developments arising in the field of AI as an opportunity to enhance their hard powers. In this framework, states make efforts to plan their AI management activities, particularly collection and analysis of intelligence, creation of new logistics opportunities, development and management of cyber space operations in line with their aim to produce more sophisticated military weapons as compared to the past. In terms of their technological opportunities and economic development levels, the United States of America (USA), the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Russian Federation (RF) are pioneers of using AI applications as a new generation security and hard power instrument. In this respect, competition with regards to utilisation of AI sector as a hard power, security and intelligence instrument between USA, RF and PRC directly affects international system. In the light of points indicated, this article will basically evaluate the impact of AI management planning on international security. In this scope, impacts of states’ main approaches about AI management upon international security will be analysed from a realistic perspective in terms of concepts of balance of power, international competition processes and security dilemma. In the final section of this article, a future perspective on this matter will be set forth.

Kaynakça

  • References
  • Books
  • Arı, T. (2010). Uluslararası İlişkiler Teorileri: Çatışma, Hegemonya İşbirliği. Bursa: MKM Yayınları. Kegley J. and Charles W. (1995). Neoliberal Challange to Realist Theories of World Politics: An Introduction. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Waltz, K. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Chicago: Addison-Wesley Publication.
  • Articles
  • Bilgiç, A. (2011). Güvenlik İkilemi’ni Yeniden Düşünmek Güvenlik Çalışmalarında Yeni Bir Perspektif, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 8(29), 123-142. Darıcılı, A. B. and Özdal, B. (2017). Rusya Federasyonu’nun Siber Güvenlik Kapasitesini Oluşturan Enstrümanların Analizi, Ahmet Yesevi Üniversitesi Türk Dünyası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (BİLİG) Avrasya'nın Siyasal İktisadı Özel Sayısı, 121-146. Horowitz, C. M. (2018). Artifcial Intelligence, International Competition, and the balance of Power, Texas National Security Review, 1(3), 11-33. İnce, G. (2017). İnsanlaşan Makinalar ve Yapay Zeka. ITÜ Vakfı Dergisi, (75), 14-17. İTÜ Vakfı Dergisi. (2017). İnsanlaşan Makinalar ve Yapay Zeka. (75), 1-137.
  • Internet Sources
  • AH. (2018). Rusya yapay zeka ile donatılan uçağı tanıttı, https://www.airlinehaber.com/rusya-yapay-zeka-ile-donatilan-ucagi-tanitti/ 02 May 2019. Allen, G. C. (2017). Putin and Musk Are Right: Whoever Masters AI Will Run the World. CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/05/opinions/russia-weaponize-ai-opinion-allen/index.html 26.04.2019. Bendett, S. (2018). Russia Is Poised to Surprise the US in Battlefield Robotics. https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2018/01/russia-poised-surprise-us-battlefield-robotics/145439/ 25.04.2019. Bendett, S. (2017). Should the US Army Fear Russia’s Killer Robots?”, The National Interest. http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/should-the-us-army-fear-russias-killer-robots-23098 02.05.2019. Barton, D. and Woetzel, J. (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Implications for China. McKinsey Global Institute. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/china/artificial-intelligence-implications-for-china 18.04.2019. China State Council. (2018). AI Policy-China. https://futureoflife.org/ai-policy-china/ 24.04.2019. Dortmouth. (1956), Artificial Intelligence (AI) Coined at Dartmouth. https://www.dartmouth.edu/~vox/0607/0724/ai50.html Executive Office of the President. (2016). Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence. National Science and Technology Council Committee on Technology. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/ whitehouse_files/microsites/ostp/NSTC/preparing_for_the_future_of_ai.pdf 20.04.2019. EU Commission. (2018). Communication AI for Europe. https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/communication-artificial-intelligence-europe 01.05.2019. Felten, E. and Lyons, T. (2016). The Administration’s Report on the Future of Artificial Intelligence. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/ 2016/10/12/ administrations-report-future-artificial-intelligence 28.04.2019. Govini. (2017). Department of Defense Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, and Cloud Taxonomy. https://en.calameo.com/books/0000097792ddb787a9198 20.04.2019. GOV.UK. (2018). Artificial Intelligence Sector Deal. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/artificial-intelligence-sector-deal 01.05.2019. He, Y. (2017). How China is Preparing for an AI-Powered Future. The Wilson Center. https://www.scribd.com/document/352605730/How-China-is-Preparing-for-an-AI-Powered-Future#from_em 20.04.2019. Intellfor. (2019). Devletlerin Yapay Zeka Politikaları. https://intellfor.com/2019/analiz/devletlerin-yapay-zeka-politikalari/ 28.04.2019. JAPPC. (2019). Multi-Domain Command and Control. https://www.japcc.org/multi-domain-command-and-control/ 01.05.2019. IARPA. (2019). Research Programs. https://www.iarpa.gov/index.php/research-programs 25.04.2019. Jervis, R. (1978). Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma. World Politics. 30(2), 167-214. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2009958?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_ contents 30.04.2019. Kania, E. B. (2017). Battlefield Singularity: Artificial Intelligence, Military Revolution, and China’s Future Military Power. Center for a New American Security. https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/documents/Battlefield-Singularity-November-2017.pdf?mtime=20171129235804 30.04.2019. Loyal, W. (2018). 2018: The Year U.S. Fighter Pilots Could Get Drone Wingmen. https://warisboring.com/tag/loyal-wingman/ 01.05.2019. Metz, C. (2018). As China Marches Forward on A.I., the White House Is Silent. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/12/technology/china-trump-artificial-intelligence.html 30.04.2019. Press, G. (2017). 6 Reasons Why China Will Lead In AI. https://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2017/11/05/6-reasons-why-china-will-lead-in-ai/#18293c663483/ 25.04.2019. RT. (2017). Whoever leads in AI will rule the world’: Putin to Russian children on Knowledge Day. https://www.rt.com/news/401731-ai-rule-world-putin/ 19.04.2019. Sandıklı, A. and Emeklier, B. (2014). Güvenlik Yaklaşımlarında Değişim ve Dönüşüm. http://www.bilgesam.org/Images/Dokumanlar/0-81-2014040746sandikli_emeklier.pdf 15.04.2019. Tass. (2019). Russia working on AI-operated border security system. http://tass.com/defense/1045855 27.04.2019. U.S. Department of Defence. (2017). Project Maven to Deploy Computer Algorithms to War Zone by Year’s End. https://dod.defense.gov/News/Article/ Article/1254719/project-maven-to-deploy-computer-algorithms-to-war-zone-by-years-end/ 19.04.2019. Weisgerber, M. (2017). Defense Firms to Air Force: Want Your Planes’ Data? Pay Up. Defense One. http://www.defenseone.com/technology/2017/09/ military-planes-predictive-maintenance-technology/141133/ 01.05.2019. White House. (2019). Executive Order on Maintaining American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence. https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-maintaining-american-leadership-artificial-intelligence/ 23.04.2019. Wired. (2017). For Superpowers, Artificial Intelligence Fuels New Global Arms Race. https://www.wired.com/story/for-superpowers-artificial-intelligence-fuels-new-global-arms-race/ 02.05.2019.
  • Reports
  • CRS Report. (2018). Artificial Intelligence and National Security, 1-38.

Yapay Zekâ Yönetiminin Uluslararası Güvenliğe Etkileri

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 19/1 Sayı: 37, 49 - 72, 04.05.2020

Öz

Teknolojik ilerlemelere bağlı bir alan olarak hızla gelişen yapay zekâ (YZ), uluslararası güvenlik ve politika ile ilgili gelişmelere de önemli etkilerde bulunmaktadır. Bu etkinin temel nedeni devletlerin YZ alanı ile ilgili olarak ortaya çıkan teknolojik gelişmeleri, askerî (sert) güçlerini artırmaya yönelik bir fırsat olarak görmelerinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu çerçevede devletler YZ yönetimine ilişkin faaliyetlerini, özellikle istihbarat toplama ve analiz etme, yeni lojistik imkanları yaratma, siber uzay operasyonları geliştirme ve yönetme, geçmişe kıyasla çok daha sofistike askerî silah türleri üretme amaçları doğrultusunda planlamaya gayret göstermektedirler. YZ uygulamalarının yeni nesil bir güvenlik ve askerî güç enstrümanı olarak kullanılmasına yönelik planlamaların öncülüğünü ise sahip oldukları teknolojik imkanlar ve ekonomi gelişmişlik düzeyleri kapsamında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD), Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti (ÇHC) ve Rusya Federasyonu (RF) yapmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda ABD, RF, ÇHC arasında YZ sektörünün bir askerî güç, güvenlik ve istihbarat enstrümanı olarak kullanılmasına yönelik rekabet süreçleri, doğrudan uluslararası sistemi de etkilemektedir. Belirtilen hususlar dahilinde bu makalede temel olarak YZ yönetimine ilişkin planlamaların uluslararası güvenlik üzerine etkileri değerlendirilecektir. Bu kapsamda devletlerin YZ yönetimi ile ilgili temel yaklaşımlarının uluslararası güvenliğe etkileri, güç dengesi, uluslararası rekabet süreçleri ve güvenlik ikilemi (security dilemma) kavramları kapsamında realist bir bakış açısıyla analiz edilecektir. Çalışmanın sonuç bölümünde ise konu ile ilgili bir gelecek perspektifi ortaya konmaya çalışılacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • References
  • Books
  • Arı, T. (2010). Uluslararası İlişkiler Teorileri: Çatışma, Hegemonya İşbirliği. Bursa: MKM Yayınları. Kegley J. and Charles W. (1995). Neoliberal Challange to Realist Theories of World Politics: An Introduction. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Waltz, K. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Chicago: Addison-Wesley Publication.
  • Articles
  • Bilgiç, A. (2011). Güvenlik İkilemi’ni Yeniden Düşünmek Güvenlik Çalışmalarında Yeni Bir Perspektif, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 8(29), 123-142. Darıcılı, A. B. and Özdal, B. (2017). Rusya Federasyonu’nun Siber Güvenlik Kapasitesini Oluşturan Enstrümanların Analizi, Ahmet Yesevi Üniversitesi Türk Dünyası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (BİLİG) Avrasya'nın Siyasal İktisadı Özel Sayısı, 121-146. Horowitz, C. M. (2018). Artifcial Intelligence, International Competition, and the balance of Power, Texas National Security Review, 1(3), 11-33. İnce, G. (2017). İnsanlaşan Makinalar ve Yapay Zeka. ITÜ Vakfı Dergisi, (75), 14-17. İTÜ Vakfı Dergisi. (2017). İnsanlaşan Makinalar ve Yapay Zeka. (75), 1-137.
  • Internet Sources
  • AH. (2018). Rusya yapay zeka ile donatılan uçağı tanıttı, https://www.airlinehaber.com/rusya-yapay-zeka-ile-donatilan-ucagi-tanitti/ 02 May 2019. Allen, G. C. (2017). Putin and Musk Are Right: Whoever Masters AI Will Run the World. CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/05/opinions/russia-weaponize-ai-opinion-allen/index.html 26.04.2019. Bendett, S. (2018). Russia Is Poised to Surprise the US in Battlefield Robotics. https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2018/01/russia-poised-surprise-us-battlefield-robotics/145439/ 25.04.2019. Bendett, S. (2017). Should the US Army Fear Russia’s Killer Robots?”, The National Interest. http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/should-the-us-army-fear-russias-killer-robots-23098 02.05.2019. Barton, D. and Woetzel, J. (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Implications for China. McKinsey Global Institute. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/china/artificial-intelligence-implications-for-china 18.04.2019. China State Council. (2018). AI Policy-China. https://futureoflife.org/ai-policy-china/ 24.04.2019. Dortmouth. (1956), Artificial Intelligence (AI) Coined at Dartmouth. https://www.dartmouth.edu/~vox/0607/0724/ai50.html Executive Office of the President. (2016). Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence. National Science and Technology Council Committee on Technology. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/ whitehouse_files/microsites/ostp/NSTC/preparing_for_the_future_of_ai.pdf 20.04.2019. EU Commission. (2018). Communication AI for Europe. https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/communication-artificial-intelligence-europe 01.05.2019. Felten, E. and Lyons, T. (2016). The Administration’s Report on the Future of Artificial Intelligence. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/ 2016/10/12/ administrations-report-future-artificial-intelligence 28.04.2019. Govini. (2017). Department of Defense Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, and Cloud Taxonomy. https://en.calameo.com/books/0000097792ddb787a9198 20.04.2019. GOV.UK. (2018). Artificial Intelligence Sector Deal. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/artificial-intelligence-sector-deal 01.05.2019. He, Y. (2017). How China is Preparing for an AI-Powered Future. The Wilson Center. https://www.scribd.com/document/352605730/How-China-is-Preparing-for-an-AI-Powered-Future#from_em 20.04.2019. Intellfor. (2019). Devletlerin Yapay Zeka Politikaları. https://intellfor.com/2019/analiz/devletlerin-yapay-zeka-politikalari/ 28.04.2019. JAPPC. (2019). Multi-Domain Command and Control. https://www.japcc.org/multi-domain-command-and-control/ 01.05.2019. IARPA. (2019). Research Programs. https://www.iarpa.gov/index.php/research-programs 25.04.2019. Jervis, R. (1978). Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma. World Politics. 30(2), 167-214. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2009958?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_ contents 30.04.2019. Kania, E. B. (2017). Battlefield Singularity: Artificial Intelligence, Military Revolution, and China’s Future Military Power. Center for a New American Security. https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/documents/Battlefield-Singularity-November-2017.pdf?mtime=20171129235804 30.04.2019. Loyal, W. (2018). 2018: The Year U.S. Fighter Pilots Could Get Drone Wingmen. https://warisboring.com/tag/loyal-wingman/ 01.05.2019. Metz, C. (2018). As China Marches Forward on A.I., the White House Is Silent. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/12/technology/china-trump-artificial-intelligence.html 30.04.2019. Press, G. (2017). 6 Reasons Why China Will Lead In AI. https://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2017/11/05/6-reasons-why-china-will-lead-in-ai/#18293c663483/ 25.04.2019. RT. (2017). Whoever leads in AI will rule the world’: Putin to Russian children on Knowledge Day. https://www.rt.com/news/401731-ai-rule-world-putin/ 19.04.2019. Sandıklı, A. and Emeklier, B. (2014). Güvenlik Yaklaşımlarında Değişim ve Dönüşüm. http://www.bilgesam.org/Images/Dokumanlar/0-81-2014040746sandikli_emeklier.pdf 15.04.2019. Tass. (2019). Russia working on AI-operated border security system. http://tass.com/defense/1045855 27.04.2019. U.S. Department of Defence. (2017). Project Maven to Deploy Computer Algorithms to War Zone by Year’s End. https://dod.defense.gov/News/Article/ Article/1254719/project-maven-to-deploy-computer-algorithms-to-war-zone-by-years-end/ 19.04.2019. Weisgerber, M. (2017). Defense Firms to Air Force: Want Your Planes’ Data? Pay Up. Defense One. http://www.defenseone.com/technology/2017/09/ military-planes-predictive-maintenance-technology/141133/ 01.05.2019. White House. (2019). Executive Order on Maintaining American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence. https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-maintaining-american-leadership-artificial-intelligence/ 23.04.2019. Wired. (2017). For Superpowers, Artificial Intelligence Fuels New Global Arms Race. https://www.wired.com/story/for-superpowers-artificial-intelligence-fuels-new-global-arms-race/ 02.05.2019.
  • Reports
  • CRS Report. (2018). Artificial Intelligence and National Security, 1-38.
Toplam 9 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ali Burak Darıcılı Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-3499-1645

Yayımlanma Tarihi 4 Mayıs 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Ekim 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 19/1 Sayı: 37

Kaynak Göster

IEEE A. B. Darıcılı, “The Impact Of Artificial Intelligence Management Upon International Security”, Savunma Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 19/1, sy. 37, ss. 49–72, 2020.