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Declassified CIA Reports and Salvador Allende

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 41, 281 - 303, 09.05.2022
https://doi.org/10.17134/khosbd.1101740

Öz

The Cold War Period was a period in which two opposing poles confronted each other with their ideology, economic system and area of influence. In this period, international relations were not only affected by this bipolar system, but also the domestic politics of countries such as Chile were shaped by this effect. The policy of the USA to see Latin America as its own sphere of influence can be dated back to the Monroe Doctrine of 1823 but economically it became concrete after World War I, and politically after World War II. This meant that the USA imposed its own norms and rules on Latin American countries, and when it seemed to fail, the operations of the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) came into play. In this study the CIA documents, which were declassified with a decision taken by Bill Clinton in 1999, are examined and the extent and effect of these covert operations are shown. Thus, this study aims to contribute to the understanding of the external influence in the shaping of the domestic political structure. In the 2,200 CIA documents that have been declassified, it is seen that the CIA is not content with just collecting intelligence, but is in direct contact with the Chilean army, political parties, media institutions and party leaders. Far beyond contact, the CIA provided material, technical and strategic support to anti-Allende dissidents, soldiers and the media in order to prevent the Marxist President Salvador Allende, who was perceived as a threat by the United States. From September 4, 1970, when he received the majority of the votes as a presidential candidate, the CIA initiated the "Two Tracks" operation for the period until October 24, 1970, when Allende was to be appointed as president. Track I included the operations carried out in coordination with the American embassy in Chile and the US State Department, to prevent the official approval of Allende by the congress. On the other hand, Track II covered the operations carried out directly by the CIA without informing the embassy and the ministry and aiming to mobilize the army against Allende. Although these operations could not prevent Allende from becoming president in the short run, they had a direct impact on Allende's overthrow in the long run.

Kaynakça

  • Angell, A. (1993). Chile Since 1958. L. Bethell (ed.) içinde, Chile Since Independence Cambridge University Press, 129-202.
  • Biancardi, F. (2003). Democracy And the Global System: A Contribution to The Critique of Liberal Internationalism. Springer.
  • Collier, S., & Sater, W. F. (2004). A History of Chile,1808-2002. Cambridge University Press.
  • Davis, N. (1985). The Last Two Years of Salvador Allende. Cornell University Press.
  • Department of State. (2015). Foreign Relations of The United States, 1969-1976, Volume E-16, Documents on Chile, 1969-1973. Washington: United States Government Publishing Office. https://history.state.gov/ historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve16 adresinden alındı.
  • Fazal, T. M. (2007). State Death: The Politics Of Geography, Conquest, Occupation And Annexation. Princeton NJ.: Princeton University.
  • Grow, M. (2008). U.S. Presidents and Latin American Interventions: Pursuing Regime Change in the Cold War. Lawrance: University of Kansas Press.
  • Jahn, B. (2013). Liberal Internationalism: Theory, History, Practice. Springer.
  • Kornbluh, P. (2013). The Pinochet File, A Declassified Dosier on Atrocity and Accountability. The New Press.
  • Loveman, B. (2001). Chile: The Legacy of Hispanic Capitalism. Oxford University Press.
  • Lowenthal, M. M. (2019). Intelligence: From Secrets to Policy. Washington D.C.: C.Q. Press.
  • Nixon, R. (1978). The Memories of Richard Nixon. New York: Grosset and Dunlap.
  • Sahlins, P. (1991). Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital and European States, AD 990-1990. Cambridge: Blackwell.
  • Smith, P. H. (2005). Democracy in Latin America: Political Change In Comparative Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • United States Senate. (1975). Covert Action in Chile,1963-1973. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  • Ikenberry, J. G., & Kupchan, C. A. (1990). Socialization and Hegemonic Power. International Organization, 44(3), 283-315. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S002081830003530X.
  • Robinson, W. I. (1996). Globalization, The World System, And “Democracy Promotion” in US Foreign Policy. Theory and Society, 25(5), 615-665. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/ BF00188100.
  • O'Rourke, L. (2017). Covert Calamities: American-Backed Covert Regime Changes and Civil War. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 23(3), 232-245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2017.1359643.
  • Department of State. (2014). Foreign Relations of United States, 1969-1976, Volume XXI, Chile 1969-1973. Washington: United States Government Printing Office. 15.12.2021 tarihinde https://history.state.gov/ historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v21 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • National Security Council. (1950). NSC 68: United States Objectives and Programs for National Security. Washington. 15.12.2021 tarihinde https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/nsc-hst/nsc-68.htm adresinden alınmıştır.
  • U.S. Department of State. (2009). Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–10, Documents on American Republics, 1969–1972. Washington: Government Printing Office. 15.12.2021 tarihinde https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve10/d58 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • United States Senate. (1975). Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders. U.S Government Printing Office. 15.12.2021 tarihinde https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94465.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • O'Rourke, L. (2013). Secrecy And Security: U.S.-Orchestrated Regime Change During The Cold War, The University of Chigago, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi.
  • Latham, R. (1994). The Liberal Moment: International Order, Security and Pluralism in the Post-World War II Period. Columbia University, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi.

CIA İstihbarat Raporları ve Salvador Allende

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 41, 281 - 303, 09.05.2022
https://doi.org/10.17134/khosbd.1101740

Öz

Soğuk Savaş Dönemi iki karşılıklı kutbun, ideolojinin, ekonomik sistemin karşı karşıya geldiği bir dönemdir. Bu dönemde uluslararası ilişkiler bu iki kutuplu sistemden etkilenmekle kalmamış, Şili gibi ülkelerin iç siyaseti de bu etkiyle şekillenmiştir. 1823 Monroe Doktrini ile başlayan ABD’nin Latin Amerika’yı kendi etki alanı olarak görme siyaseti ekonomik olarak I. Dünya Savaşı sonrasında politik olarak ise II. Dünya Savaşı sonrasında belirginleşmiştir. Bu belirginleşme ABD’nin kendi normlarını ve kuralları Latin Amerika ülkelerine benimsetmesine yönelik politikalarına yansımış, bu politikalar başarısız olduğunda ise Amerikan Merkezi İstihbarat Teşkilatı’nın (CIA) operasyonları devreye girmiştir. Bu çalışmada 1999 yılında Bill Clinton Başkanlığında alınan bir kararla gizliliği kaldırılan CIA belgeleri incelenerek bu gizli operasyonların boyutu ve etkisi net olarak ortaya konulmaktadır. Böylelikle iç siyasi yapının şekillenmesindeki dış etkinin anlaşılmasına katkı yapılması amaçlanmaktadır. CIA’nın gizliliği kaldırılan 2.200 CIA belgesi incelendiğinde CIA’nın sadece istihbarat toplamakla yetinmediği, ABD’nin kurduğu uluslararası topluma Şili’yi uyumlu hale getirmek amacıyla Şili ordusu, siyasi partileri, medya kurumları ve parti liderleri ile doğrudan temas halinde olduğu görülmektedir. Temasın ötesinde ayrıca CIA gerektiğinde ABD tarafından tehdit olarak algılanan Markist Başkan Salvador Allende’yi engellemek için Allende karşıtı muhaliflere, askerlere ve medyaya maddi, teknik ve stratejik destek vermiştir. Başkan adayı olarak oyların çoğunluğunu aldığı 4 Eylül 1970 tarihinden itibaren CIA Allende’nin başkan olarak atanma tarihi 24 Ekim 1970’e kadar olan süreç için “İki Yol” (Two Tracks) operasyonunu başlatmıştır. Bu operasyonun birinci ayağı (Track I) Allende’nin kongre tarafından resmi olarak onaylanmasını engellemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilen ve Şili’deki Amerikan büyükelçiliği ve ABD Dışişleri Bakanlığı ile koordineli şekilde yürütülen operasyonlardır. Operasyonun ikinci ayağı ise (Track II) doğrudan CIA tarafından elçilik ve bakanlık bilgilendirmeksizin yürütülen ve Allende’ye karşı orduyu harekete geçirmeyi amaçlayan operasyonlardır. Bu operasyonlar kısa vadede Allende’nin başkan olmasını engelleyemese de uzun vadede Allende’nin devrilmesine doğrudan etki etmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Angell, A. (1993). Chile Since 1958. L. Bethell (ed.) içinde, Chile Since Independence Cambridge University Press, 129-202.
  • Biancardi, F. (2003). Democracy And the Global System: A Contribution to The Critique of Liberal Internationalism. Springer.
  • Collier, S., & Sater, W. F. (2004). A History of Chile,1808-2002. Cambridge University Press.
  • Davis, N. (1985). The Last Two Years of Salvador Allende. Cornell University Press.
  • Department of State. (2015). Foreign Relations of The United States, 1969-1976, Volume E-16, Documents on Chile, 1969-1973. Washington: United States Government Publishing Office. https://history.state.gov/ historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve16 adresinden alındı.
  • Fazal, T. M. (2007). State Death: The Politics Of Geography, Conquest, Occupation And Annexation. Princeton NJ.: Princeton University.
  • Grow, M. (2008). U.S. Presidents and Latin American Interventions: Pursuing Regime Change in the Cold War. Lawrance: University of Kansas Press.
  • Jahn, B. (2013). Liberal Internationalism: Theory, History, Practice. Springer.
  • Kornbluh, P. (2013). The Pinochet File, A Declassified Dosier on Atrocity and Accountability. The New Press.
  • Loveman, B. (2001). Chile: The Legacy of Hispanic Capitalism. Oxford University Press.
  • Lowenthal, M. M. (2019). Intelligence: From Secrets to Policy. Washington D.C.: C.Q. Press.
  • Nixon, R. (1978). The Memories of Richard Nixon. New York: Grosset and Dunlap.
  • Sahlins, P. (1991). Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital and European States, AD 990-1990. Cambridge: Blackwell.
  • Smith, P. H. (2005). Democracy in Latin America: Political Change In Comparative Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • United States Senate. (1975). Covert Action in Chile,1963-1973. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  • Ikenberry, J. G., & Kupchan, C. A. (1990). Socialization and Hegemonic Power. International Organization, 44(3), 283-315. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S002081830003530X.
  • Robinson, W. I. (1996). Globalization, The World System, And “Democracy Promotion” in US Foreign Policy. Theory and Society, 25(5), 615-665. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/ BF00188100.
  • O'Rourke, L. (2017). Covert Calamities: American-Backed Covert Regime Changes and Civil War. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 23(3), 232-245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2017.1359643.
  • Department of State. (2014). Foreign Relations of United States, 1969-1976, Volume XXI, Chile 1969-1973. Washington: United States Government Printing Office. 15.12.2021 tarihinde https://history.state.gov/ historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v21 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • National Security Council. (1950). NSC 68: United States Objectives and Programs for National Security. Washington. 15.12.2021 tarihinde https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/nsc-hst/nsc-68.htm adresinden alınmıştır.
  • U.S. Department of State. (2009). Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–10, Documents on American Republics, 1969–1972. Washington: Government Printing Office. 15.12.2021 tarihinde https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve10/d58 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • United States Senate. (1975). Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders. U.S Government Printing Office. 15.12.2021 tarihinde https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94465.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • O'Rourke, L. (2013). Secrecy And Security: U.S.-Orchestrated Regime Change During The Cold War, The University of Chigago, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi.
  • Latham, R. (1994). The Liberal Moment: International Order, Security and Pluralism in the Post-World War II Period. Columbia University, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi.
Toplam 24 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Muhammed Hayati Taban 0000-0003-1785-9965

Kamer Kasım 0000-0002-9594-5183

Yayımlanma Tarihi 9 Mayıs 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 41

Kaynak Göster

IEEE M. H. Taban ve K. Kasım, “CIA İstihbarat Raporları ve Salvador Allende”, Savunma Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 1, sy. 41, ss. 281–303, 2022, doi: 10.17134/khosbd.1101740.