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ŞİRİNCE’DEKİ MİRAS ZORLUKLARININ DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ: 2022 ICOMOS KÜLTÜREL MİRAS TURİZMİ TÜZÜĞÜ MERCEĞİNDEN BİR ‘EN İYİ TURİZM KÖYÜ’

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 168 - 197, 31.12.2024

Öz

Şirince’nin 2023 yılında UN Tourism tarafından En İyi Turizm Köyü olarak tanınması, köyün kültürel ve doğal önemini vurgulamaktadır. En İyi Turizm Köyü girişimi, ekonomik, sosyal ve çevresel sürdürülebilirliğin dokuz alanını kapsayan BM 2030 Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Gündemi ile uyum içindedir. Ancak, En İyi Turizm Köyü programının 2023 ve 2024 başvuru kılavuzlarında 2022 tarihli ICOMOS Uluslararası Kültürel Miras Turizmi Tüzüğü’ne açık bir referans verilmemesi, kırsal koruma ile sürdürülebilir turizm politikalarının entegrasyonuna dair önemli soruları gündeme getirmektedir.
2022 ICOMOS Tüzüğü’nün ilkelerinden yola çıkan bu çalışma, kültürel ve doğal mirasın korunması ile turizme dayalı ekonomik faydalar arasındaki dengeyi sağlama konusunda yaşanan zorlukları incelemekte ve Şirince’nin En İyi Turizm Köyü kriterlerine uyumunu değerlendirmektedir. En İyi Turizm Köyü girişimi, sürdürülebilir turizmi örnekleyen köyleri öne çıkarsa da, değerlendirme verilerinin gizli doğası, bu bilgilerin doğrudan analiz edilmesine olanak tanımamaktadır. Bu sınırlamayı aşmak için araştırma, 2020 ile 2024 yılları arasında TripAdvisor’da yer alan 166 ziyaretçi yorumunu analiz eden tüketici odaklı bir yaklaşım benimsemiştir.
Araştırmacılar, ICOMOS Tüzüğün’nden ilham alarak belirlenen zorlukları nedenler (turizme bağımlılık, aşırı turizm, metalaşma) ve sonuçlar (ör. Fiziksel bozulma, özgünlüğün kaybı, çevresel bozulma, toplumsal bozulma, erişim sorunları) olarak kategorize etmiştir. Bulgular, köyün özgünlüğünü ve atmosferini aşındıran metalaşma ile somut ve somut olmayan mirasın bozulmasına yol açan aşırı kalabalık konusunda önemli bir memnuniyetsizlik olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, ziyaretçiler sıkça satıcıların sahtekarlık olarak nitelendirilen uygulamalarını, yerel olmayan çalışanların artışını ve toplumsal bağların zayıflamasını dile getirmiştir. Yaşlı ve engelli ziyaretçiler için yetersiz altyapı gibi erişim sorunları da Şirince’nin kapsayıcı bir turizm deneyimi sunmasını engellemektedir.
Çalışma, En İyi Turizm Köyü kriterleri ile ICOMOS’un sorumlu kültürel turizm ilkeleri arasındaki uyumsuzlukları ortaya koymaktadır. En İyi Turizm Köyü girişimi sürdürülebilir kırsal turizmi teşvik etse de, kültürel mirasın korunmasına yeterince vurgu yapılmaması, Şirince gibi kültürel açıdan zengin kırsal destinasyonların karşılaştığı karmaşık zorlukları ele almada eksikliklere yol açmaktadır.
Ziyaretçi odaklı verilerin analizine dayanan bu araştırma, turizm gelişimi ile kırsal koruma arasındaki karmaşık ilişkilere ışık tutmakta ve sorumlu turizmin önemini vurgulamaktadır. Gelecekteki araştırmalar, En İyi Turizm Köyü ve ICOMOS gibi uluslararası çerçevelerin entegrasyonunu inceleyebilir veya Şirince ve benzeri kırsal destinasyonlarda sorumlu turizmin potansiyelini değerlendirebilir.

Kaynakça

  • Adie, B. A., Falk, M., & Savioli, M. (2019). Overtourism as a perceived threat to cultural heritage in Europe. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(14), 1737–1741. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1687661
  • Akyüz, E. (1995). Şirince. Arredamento Dekorasyon, 10, 116–118.
  • Alimanoğlu, Ç. (2018). Kırsal turizmde otantiklik olgusunun kaybolması ve metalaşma süreci: Şirince örneği (Master’s thesis). Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla.
  • Aysin, K. K. (2014). Different layers of a culture: Empowering traditional Turkish village life through architecture (Order No. 1560998). ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/different-layers-culture-empowering-tradtional/docview/1560876610/se-2
  • Baştan, N. B. (2020). Turizmin yerel halk üzerine sosyo-kültürel etkileri: Şirince Köyü örneği. (Master’s thesis). Selçuk University.
  • Bozkurt, S. G. (2021). Kültürel peyzaj değerlerinin önemi ve sürdürülebilirliği üzerine bir araştırma; Şirince (İzmir) örneği. Peyzaj Araştırmaları ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, 3(1), 19–27.
  • Buitrago Esquinas, E. M., Foronda Robles, C., & Yñíguez Ovando, R. (2023). A literature review on overtourism to guide the transition to responsible tourism. Revista de Estudios Andaluces, 45, 71–90. https://doi.org/10.12795/rea.2023.i45.04
  • Capocchi, A., Vallone, C., Pierotti, M., & Amaduzzi, A. (2019). Overtourism: A literature review to assess implications and future perspectives. Sustainability, 11(12), 3303. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123303
  • Costa, N., & Melotti, M. (2012). Digital media in archeological areas, virtual reality and hyper-tourism. Sociology Mind, 2(1), 53-61. doi: 10.4236/sm.2012.21007.
  • Erdil, D. (2023). Toplumsal değişim sürecinde Şirince (Master’s thesis). Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, Ankara.
  • Goodwin, H. [Harold]. (Ed.). (2016). Responsible tourism: Using tourism for sustainable development (2nd ed.). Goodfellow Publishers. https://doi.org/10.23912/978-1910158-84-5-3101
  • Gowen, M., Maclaren, F., Martínez, C., & Smith-Christensen, C. (2023). ICOMOS Charters on cultural tourism throughout the 50 years of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention. Restauro Archeologico, 30(1). https://doi.org/10.36253/rar-14275
  • Hascoët, Y. (2019). Boundary tourism and touristic boundaries in Marseille’s northern districts. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 5(3), 354-369. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-02-2018-0013
  • Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2020). The “war over tourism”: Challenges to sustainable tourism in the tourism academy after COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(4), 551–569. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1803334
  • Holsti, O. R. (1969). Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
  • ICOMOS. (1976). Charter on cultural tourism. Brussels. https://openarchive.icomos.org/id/eprint/2902/1/ICOMOS_Charter_Cultural_tourism_1976_EN.pdf
  • ICOMOS. (1999). International cultural tourism charter: Managing tourism at places of heritage significance.Mexico.https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Charters/INTERNATIONAL_CULTURAL_TOURISM_CHARTER.pdf
  • ICOMOS. (2008). Charter for the interpretation and presentation of cultural heritage sites. Canada. https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Charters/interpretation_e.pdf
  • ICOMOS. (2017). ICOMOS-IFLA principles concerning rural landscapes as heritage. https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Charters/GA2017_6-3-1_RuralLandscapesPrinciples_EN_adopted-15122017.pdf
  • ICOMOS. (2022). International charter for cultural heritage tourism. https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Secretariat/2023/CSI/eng-franc_ICHTCharter.pdf
  • Kaplan, A., Küçükerbaş, E., & Özkan, B. (1997). Şirince yerleşiminin rekreasyonel turizm yönüyle incelenmesi. In Birinci Uluslararası Geçmişten Günümüze Selçuk Sempozyumu (pp. 297–308). Selçuk, Turkey: 4–6 Eylül 1997.
  • Kılıçaslan, Ç., Malkoç, E., Özkan, M. B., Tunçalp, G., & Aydın, A. O. (2012). Kentsel sit yerleşimlerinde dış mekân yaşantısının değerlendirilmesi: Şirince Köyü, Selçuk. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 49(3), 265–274. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/zfdergi/issue/5105/69698
  • Koca, G. (2019). Evaluation of traditional Şirince houses according to sustainable construction principles. ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning, 7(1), 30–49. https://doi.org/10.15320/ICONARP.2019.65
  • Köşklük Kaya, N. (2012). Şirince Köyü örneğinde kırsal mimari mirasın kırsal turizmin gelişmesine katkısının tartışılması. KMÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 14(22), 119–123. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/107296
  • Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. (4th ed). Sage.
  • Martínez Yáñez, C. (2022). ICOMOS International Cultural Tourism Charters 1976-2021: Evolution, contributions and trends in cultural heritage protection. Protection of Cultural Heritage, 14. https://doi.org/10.35784/odk.2825
  • Mihalic, T. (2016). Sustainable-responsible tourism discourse – Towards ‘responsustable’ tourism. Journal of Cleaner Production, 111, 461–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.12.062
  • Milano, C., & Koens, K. (2022). The paradox of tourism extremes: Excesses and restraints in times of COVID-19. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(2), 219–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1908967
  • Miroglu, E. A. (2006). Hyper-Tourism in The Mediterranean Riviera Of Turkey. Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review, 18(1), 84–84. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23566044
  • Nádasi, L., Kovács, S., & Szőllős-Tóth, A. (2024). The extent of overtourism in some European locations using multi-criteria decision-making methods between 2014 and 2023. International Journal of Tourism Cities, ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-05-2024-0103
  • OECD. (2024). OECD tourism trends and policies 2024. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/80885d8b-en
  • Ongun, U., & Gövdere, B. (2015). Kırsal turizmin kırsal kalkınmaya etkisi: Şirince örneği. International Journal of Social and Economic Sciences, 5(2), 46–55. https://ijses.org/index.php/ijses/article/view/163
  • Ongun, U., Kervankıran, İ., & Çuhadar, M. (2021). Kültür ve kırsal turizm destinasyonlarına yönelik çevrimiçi yorumlarının incelenmesi: Şirince Köyü örneği. Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 219–235. https://www.tutad.org/index.php/tutad/article/view/413
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EVALUATION OF HERITAGE CHALLENGES IN ŞIRINCE: A 'BEST TOURISM VILLAGE' THROUGH THE LENS OF THE 2022 ICOMOS CHARTER FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE TOURISM

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 168 - 197, 31.12.2024

Öz

The recognition of Şirince as a Best Tourism Village (BTV) by UN Tourism in 2023 highlights its cultural and natural significance. The BTV initiative aligns with the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, encompassing nine areas of economic, social, and environmental sustainability. However, the absence of explicit reference to the 2022 ICOMOS International Charter for Cultural Heritage Tourism in the BTV application guides raises important questions about the integration of rural conservation within sustainable tourism policies.
Guided by the 2022 ICOMOS Charter, this study examines the broader challenges of balancing tourism-driven economic benefits with the conservation of cultural and natural heritage in heritage-rich rural destinations and evaluates Şirince’s alignment with BTV criteria. While the BTV initiative acknowledges villages exemplifying sustainable tourism, the classified nature of its evaluation data prevents direct analysis. To address this limitation, the research adopts a consumer-centered approach, analyzing 166 visitor reviews on TripAdvisor from 2020 to 2024.
The researchers derived and categorized challenges inspired by the Charter into causal (tourism dependency, overtourism, commodification) and resulting (e.g., physical degradation, loss of authenticity, environmental degradation, social degradation, and accessibility issues) challenges to better understand tourism-related pressures. The findings reveal significant dissatisfaction with commodification, which erodes the village’s authenticity and spirit of place, and overcrowding, which contributes to the degradation of tangible and intangible heritage. Social degradation also emerges as a critical issue, with visitors frequently citing fraudulent practices by vendors, an influx of non-local workers, and the erosion of community cohesion. Accessibility challenges, including inadequate infrastructure for elderly and disabled visitors, further hinder Şirince’s ability to provide an inclusive tourism experience.
The study highlights discrepancies between the BTV criteria and the principles of responsible cultural tourism advocated by ICOMOS. While the BTV initiative promotes sustainable rural tourism, its limited emphasis on cultural heritage conservation leaves gaps in addressing the complex challenges faced by heritage-rich rural destinations like Şirince.
By analyzing visitor-driven data, this research sheds light on the intricate interplay between tourism development and rural conservation and emphasizes the need for responsible tourism. Future research could explore the integration of international frameworks like BTV and ICOMOS or investigate the potential of responsible tourism in Şirince and similar rural destinations.

Kaynakça

  • Adie, B. A., Falk, M., & Savioli, M. (2019). Overtourism as a perceived threat to cultural heritage in Europe. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(14), 1737–1741. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1687661
  • Akyüz, E. (1995). Şirince. Arredamento Dekorasyon, 10, 116–118.
  • Alimanoğlu, Ç. (2018). Kırsal turizmde otantiklik olgusunun kaybolması ve metalaşma süreci: Şirince örneği (Master’s thesis). Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla.
  • Aysin, K. K. (2014). Different layers of a culture: Empowering traditional Turkish village life through architecture (Order No. 1560998). ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/different-layers-culture-empowering-tradtional/docview/1560876610/se-2
  • Baştan, N. B. (2020). Turizmin yerel halk üzerine sosyo-kültürel etkileri: Şirince Köyü örneği. (Master’s thesis). Selçuk University.
  • Bozkurt, S. G. (2021). Kültürel peyzaj değerlerinin önemi ve sürdürülebilirliği üzerine bir araştırma; Şirince (İzmir) örneği. Peyzaj Araştırmaları ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, 3(1), 19–27.
  • Buitrago Esquinas, E. M., Foronda Robles, C., & Yñíguez Ovando, R. (2023). A literature review on overtourism to guide the transition to responsible tourism. Revista de Estudios Andaluces, 45, 71–90. https://doi.org/10.12795/rea.2023.i45.04
  • Capocchi, A., Vallone, C., Pierotti, M., & Amaduzzi, A. (2019). Overtourism: A literature review to assess implications and future perspectives. Sustainability, 11(12), 3303. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123303
  • Costa, N., & Melotti, M. (2012). Digital media in archeological areas, virtual reality and hyper-tourism. Sociology Mind, 2(1), 53-61. doi: 10.4236/sm.2012.21007.
  • Erdil, D. (2023). Toplumsal değişim sürecinde Şirince (Master’s thesis). Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, Ankara.
  • Goodwin, H. [Harold]. (Ed.). (2016). Responsible tourism: Using tourism for sustainable development (2nd ed.). Goodfellow Publishers. https://doi.org/10.23912/978-1910158-84-5-3101
  • Gowen, M., Maclaren, F., Martínez, C., & Smith-Christensen, C. (2023). ICOMOS Charters on cultural tourism throughout the 50 years of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention. Restauro Archeologico, 30(1). https://doi.org/10.36253/rar-14275
  • Hascoët, Y. (2019). Boundary tourism and touristic boundaries in Marseille’s northern districts. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 5(3), 354-369. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-02-2018-0013
  • Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2020). The “war over tourism”: Challenges to sustainable tourism in the tourism academy after COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(4), 551–569. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1803334
  • Holsti, O. R. (1969). Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
  • ICOMOS. (1976). Charter on cultural tourism. Brussels. https://openarchive.icomos.org/id/eprint/2902/1/ICOMOS_Charter_Cultural_tourism_1976_EN.pdf
  • ICOMOS. (1999). International cultural tourism charter: Managing tourism at places of heritage significance.Mexico.https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Charters/INTERNATIONAL_CULTURAL_TOURISM_CHARTER.pdf
  • ICOMOS. (2008). Charter for the interpretation and presentation of cultural heritage sites. Canada. https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Charters/interpretation_e.pdf
  • ICOMOS. (2017). ICOMOS-IFLA principles concerning rural landscapes as heritage. https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Charters/GA2017_6-3-1_RuralLandscapesPrinciples_EN_adopted-15122017.pdf
  • ICOMOS. (2022). International charter for cultural heritage tourism. https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Secretariat/2023/CSI/eng-franc_ICHTCharter.pdf
  • Kaplan, A., Küçükerbaş, E., & Özkan, B. (1997). Şirince yerleşiminin rekreasyonel turizm yönüyle incelenmesi. In Birinci Uluslararası Geçmişten Günümüze Selçuk Sempozyumu (pp. 297–308). Selçuk, Turkey: 4–6 Eylül 1997.
  • Kılıçaslan, Ç., Malkoç, E., Özkan, M. B., Tunçalp, G., & Aydın, A. O. (2012). Kentsel sit yerleşimlerinde dış mekân yaşantısının değerlendirilmesi: Şirince Köyü, Selçuk. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 49(3), 265–274. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/zfdergi/issue/5105/69698
  • Koca, G. (2019). Evaluation of traditional Şirince houses according to sustainable construction principles. ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning, 7(1), 30–49. https://doi.org/10.15320/ICONARP.2019.65
  • Köşklük Kaya, N. (2012). Şirince Köyü örneğinde kırsal mimari mirasın kırsal turizmin gelişmesine katkısının tartışılması. KMÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 14(22), 119–123. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/107296
  • Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. (4th ed). Sage.
  • Martínez Yáñez, C. (2022). ICOMOS International Cultural Tourism Charters 1976-2021: Evolution, contributions and trends in cultural heritage protection. Protection of Cultural Heritage, 14. https://doi.org/10.35784/odk.2825
  • Mihalic, T. (2016). Sustainable-responsible tourism discourse – Towards ‘responsustable’ tourism. Journal of Cleaner Production, 111, 461–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.12.062
  • Milano, C., & Koens, K. (2022). The paradox of tourism extremes: Excesses and restraints in times of COVID-19. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(2), 219–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1908967
  • Miroglu, E. A. (2006). Hyper-Tourism in The Mediterranean Riviera Of Turkey. Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review, 18(1), 84–84. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23566044
  • Nádasi, L., Kovács, S., & Szőllős-Tóth, A. (2024). The extent of overtourism in some European locations using multi-criteria decision-making methods between 2014 and 2023. International Journal of Tourism Cities, ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-05-2024-0103
  • OECD. (2024). OECD tourism trends and policies 2024. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/80885d8b-en
  • Ongun, U., & Gövdere, B. (2015). Kırsal turizmin kırsal kalkınmaya etkisi: Şirince örneği. International Journal of Social and Economic Sciences, 5(2), 46–55. https://ijses.org/index.php/ijses/article/view/163
  • Ongun, U., Kervankıran, İ., & Çuhadar, M. (2021). Kültür ve kırsal turizm destinasyonlarına yönelik çevrimiçi yorumlarının incelenmesi: Şirince Köyü örneği. Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 219–235. https://www.tutad.org/index.php/tutad/article/view/413
  • Peeters, P. M., Gössling, S., Klijs, J., Milano, C., Novelli, M., Dijkmans, C. H. S., ... & Mitas, O. (2018). Research for TRAN Committee - Overtourism: Impact and possible policy responses. European Parliament, Directorate General for Internal Policies, Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies, Transport and Tourism, 146–198.
  • Popescu, A., Tindeche, C., Marcuta, A., Marcuta, I., Hontus, A., & Stanciu, M. (2023). Overtourism in the most visited European city and village destinations. Scientific Papers Series Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture & Rural Development, 23(3). https://managementjournal.usamv.ro/pdf/vol.23_3/Art74.pdf
  • Preiser, R., García, M. M., Hill, L., & Klein, L. (2021). Qualitative content analysis. In The Routledge handbook of research methods for social-ecological systems (pp. 270-281). Routledge.
  • Rössler, M. (2023). Balancing tourism and heritage conservation: a world heritage context. In Evolving Heritage Conservation Practice in the 21st Century (pp. 207-218). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
  • Sánchez, F. T. (2022). Comparison of memorable tourist experiences based on collections of reviews from Trip Advisor: Acropolis of Athens and Royal Alcazar of Seville. In Katsoni, V., & Şerban, A. C. (Eds.), Transcending borders in tourism through innovation and cultural heritage (pp. 219–235). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92491-1_56
  • Selçuk Kaymakamlığı. (2019). Şirince Köyü. Retrieved from http://www.selcuk.gov.tr/sirince-koyu
  • Semenderoğlu, A. & Çakıcıoğlu, R. O. (2007). Şirince’de kültürel turizmin gelişimi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Buca Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 22, 174–184. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/deubefd/issue/25429/268285
  • Seyhan, B. (2023). The conceptual grounding of overtourism and overtourism-driven change: Olympos case. Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research (AHTR), 11(3), 417–442. https://doi.org/10.30519/ahtr.1120409
  • Sommer, K. (2021). Responsible tourism development as a tool for heritage reproduction: Planning a heritage day in a Kalaw Town, Southern Shan State/Myanmar (Master’s thesis). Hochschule für nachhaltige Entwicklung Eberswalde (University of Sustainable Development in Eberswalde).
  • Turkey Campus. (2009). Potentials for eco-tourism in the village of Şirince (B. Suseven, Ed.). Gökova-Akyaka'yı Sevenler Derneği (G.A.S.-Der), Bilim Serisi.
  • TÜİK. (2023). ADNKS: Şehir, belde ve köy nüfusları. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/
  • Türkay, O., & Yalçın Kayıkçı, M. (2018). Tarhana tezgahlarından Çin malı tüccarlığına: Şirince’de turizmle iç içe geçen kültürleşme ve sosyo-kültürel dönüşüme bağlı sorunların analizi. Ege Academic Review, 18(4), 645–660. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/eab/issue/39917/474027
  • United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) & United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). (2005). Making tourism more sustainable: A guide for policy makers. Retrieved March 7, 2021, from https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/8741
  • Vegnuti, R. (2020). Cinque Terre, Italy – A case of place branding: From opportunity to problem for tourism. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 12(4), 471–483. https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-05-2020-0032
  • Weber, R. P. (1990). Basic content analysis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • World Commission on Environment and Development. (1987). Our common future. Oxford University Press. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-future.pdf
  • World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). (2016). Compilation of UNWTO recommendations, 1975–2015. UNWTO. https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284417797
  • World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). (2023). Best tourism villages by UNWTO: Areas of evaluation (2023 edition). Madrid: UNWTO.
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mimari Miras ve Koruma
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Acalya Alpan 0000-0003-1253-7780

Ebru Danışık 0009-0007-3707-2322

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Aralık 2024
Kabul Tarihi 26 Aralık 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Alpan, A., & Danışık, E. (2024). EVALUATION OF HERITAGE CHALLENGES IN ŞIRINCE: A ’BEST TOURISM VILLAGE’ THROUGH THE LENS OF THE 2022 ICOMOS CHARTER FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE TOURISM. Karesi Journal of Architecture, 3(2), 168-197.