CAN AEROBIC EXERCISE ENHANCE MOTOR LEARNING PROCESS?

Öz

The positive effects of regular physical activity on brain functions such as attention, executive and memory are well known. But, recent studies have shown that a single aerobic exercise session increases cortical activity and cognitive function in the frontal and motor regions, and this effect persists for at least half an hour after the exercise is over. But, the skills that patients (stroke, parkinson's, head trauma, etc.) should acquire in the clinic and athletes in training are complex motor tasks that do not depend on a single cognitive parameter. In recent years, studies have focused on the effects of cognitive function increase on motor skill learning rate in real life tasks, instead of examining these increases in cognitive parameters one by one. The information to be obtained as a result of these studies will make a direct clinical contribution. The effects of selected aerobic exercise intensity and timing on motor learning are not fully known. Although it is thought that the learning rate will increase due to the increased neurotransmitter activity as the intensity of exercise increases, the fatigue parameter can change the results. Performing aerobic exercise before or after motor skill practice also affects different phases of motor learning, so the timing of exercise plays an important role in the motor learning process. In addition to timing, the intensity of the exercise used also causes different effects on the learning process. In a simple equation where the motor learning process accelerates as the exercise intensity increases, the fatigue factor can change the equation. Many new studies are needed to determine the optimal timing and intensity of aerobic exercises applied to enhance motor skill learning. In this classic review, the results of the studies carried out on this subject until today are given.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Aerobic Exercise
• Motor Skill
• Motor Learning

AEROBİK EGZERSİZ MOTOR ÖĞRENME SÜRECİNİ HIZLANDIRABİLİR Mİ?

Öz

Düzenli fiziksel aktivitenin dikkat, yürütme ve hafıza gibi beyin fonksiyonları üzerindeki olumlu etkileri iyi bilinmektedir. Son yapılan araştırmalarda ilginç bir şekilde tek bir aerobik egzersiz seansının, frontal ve motor bölgelerde kortikal aktiviteyi ve bilişsel işlevi artırdığı ve bu etkinin egzersiz bittikten sonra da en az yarım saat devam ettiği gösterilmiştir. Fakat klinikte hastaların (inme, parkinson, kafa travması vb. sonrası) ya da sporcuların edinmesi gereken beceriler tek bir kognitif paramatreye bağlı olmayan kompleks motor görevlerdir. Son yıllarda araştırmalar egzersizin kognitif paramatrelerde ortaya çıkardığı bu artışları teker teker incelemek yerine, kognitif fonksiyon artışının gerçek hayat görevlerindeki motor beceri öğrenme hızına etkilerine yoğunlaşmıştır. Bu araştırmalar sonucu elde edilecek bilgiler, doğrudan klinik katkı sağlayacaktır. Seçilen aerobik egzersiz şiddeti ve zamanlamasının motor öğrenme üzerinde etkileri tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Aerobik egzersizin motor beceri pratiğinden önce ya da sonra yapılması da motor öğrenmenin farklı fazlarına etki etmekte ve böylece egzersiz zamanlaması motor öğrenme sürecinde önemli rol oynamaktadır. Egzersizin şiddeti ile ilgili ise şiddet arttıkça artan nörotransmitter aktivitesine bağlı olarak öğrenme hızının artacağı düşünülebilir. Fakat motor beceri pratiğinden önce yapılan yüksek şiddetli bir egzersiz seansının yol açacağı yorgunluk faktörü denklemin işleyişini tamamen değiştirebilir. Motor beceriyi artırma hedefiyle uygulanan aerobik egzersizlerde optimal zamanlama ve şiddetin belirlenmesi için çok sayıda yeni çalışmaya ihtiyaç vardır. Bu klasik derlemede, günümüze kadar bu konuda yapılmış çalışmalar sonuçlarıyla birlikte verilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Aerobik Egzersiz
• Motor Beceri
• Motor Öğrenme

Kaynakça

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