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The Effects of Traditional Dual Chamber Cardiac Permanent Pacemaker on Arterial Distensibility Using Carotid- Femoral (Aortic) Pulse Wave Velocity in Patients with Angiographically Normal Coronary Arteries

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 93 - 99, 01.03.2011

Öz

Introduction: The traditional dual chamber cardiac permanent pacemakers are widely used for symptomatic bradycardia. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is an index of arterial stiffness and a marker of cardiovascular events. This study aims to investigate arterial distensibility using carotidfemoral (aortic) PWV measurements in patients with traditional dual chamber cardiac permanent pacemakers and angiographically normal coronary arteries. Patients and Methods: We recruited 17 paced patients and 17 age and sex matched controls. Aortic PWV was determined using an automatic device, the Complior Colson (France), which allowed on-line pulse wave recording and automatic calculation of PWV. PWV is calculated from measurements of pulse transit time and the distance travelled by the pulse between two recording sites, according to the following formula: PWV (m/s) = Distance (m) / Transit time (s) Results: The carotid-femoral PWV (10.20 ± 2.00, 9.06 ± 0.94 m/s, p= 0.04) was increased in patients with dual chamber pacing as compared with age and sex-matched control group. Multiple regression analysis between PWV and clinical parameters (age, sex, weight, height, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, mean blood pressure, heart rate) showed that PWV correlated positively with age (r2= 0.31; p= 0.007). Similar results were obtained in the paced patients (age, r2= 0.36; p= 0.03) and control (age, r2= 0.33; p= 0.04) subgroups when analyzed separately. Conclusion: Arterial distensibility is increased in patients with traditional dual chamber cardiac permanent pacemakers and angiographically normal coronary arteries, as compared with age and sex matched controls

Kaynakça

  • Altun A, Erdogan O, Yildiz M. Acute effect of DDD versus VVI pacing on arterial distensibility. Cardiology 2004;102:89-92.
  • Blacher J, Asmar R, Djane S, London GM, Safar ME. Aortic pulse wave velocity as a marker of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 1999;33:1111-7.
  • Yildiz M, Soy M, Kurum T, Ozbay G. Increased pulse wave velocity and shortened pulse wave propagation time in young patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Can J Cardiol 2004;20:1097-100.
  • Yildiz M, Masatlioglu, S, Seymen P, Aytac E, Sahin B, Seymen HÖ. The carotid - femoral (aortic) pulse wave velocity as a marker of arterial stiffness in familial Mediterranean fever. Can J Cardiol 2006;22:1127-31.
  • Moens AI. Die Pulskurve. Leiden, E.J. Brill, 1878, p90.
  • Korteweg DJ. Über die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit des Schalles in elastischen Röhren. Ann Phys Chem Neue Folge 1878;5:225.
  • Bramwell JC, Hill AV. The velocity of the pulse wave in man. Proc R Soc Lond (Biol) 1922;93:298-306.
  • Faerestrand S, Ohm OJ. A time-related study of the hemodynamic benefit of atrioventricular synchronous pacing evaluated by Doppler echocardiography. PACE 1985;8:838-48.
  • Faerestrand S, Ohm OJ. A time-related study by Doppler and M-mode echocardiography of hemodynamics, heart rate, and AV valvular function during activity-sensing rate-responsive ventricular pacing. PACE 1987;10:507-18.
  • Toff WD, Camm AJ, Skehan JD; United Kingdom Pacing and Cardiovascular Events Trial Investigators. Single-chamber versus dual-chamber pacing for high-grade atrioventricular block. N Engl J Med 2005;353:145-55.
  • Lamas GA, Lee KL, Sweeny MO, Silverman R, Leon A, Yee R, et al. Ventricular pacing or dual-chamber pacing for sinus-node dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1854-62.
  • Connolly SJ, Kerr CR, Gent M, Roberts RS, Yusuf S, Gillis AM, et al. Effects of physiologic pacing versus ventricular pacing on the risk of stroke and death due to cardiovascular causes. Canadian Trial of Physiologic Pacing Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1385-91.
  • Healey JS, Yee R, Tang A. Right ventricular apical pacing: a necessary evil? Curr Opin Cardiol 2007;22:33-8.
  • Giudici MC, Thornburg GA, Buck DL, Coyne EP, Walton MC, Paul DL, et al. Comparison of right ventricular outflow tract and apical lead permanent pacing on cardiac output. Am J Cardiol 1997;79:209-12.
  • Barin ES, Jones SM, Ward DE, Camm AJ, Nathan AW. The right ventricular outflow tract as an alternative permanent pacing site: Long term follow-up. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1991;14:3-6.
  • Asmar R, BenetosA, Topouchian J, Laurent P, Pannier B, BrisacAM, et al. Assessment of arterial distensibility by automatic pulse wave velocity measurement: validation and clinical application studies. Hypertension 1995;26:485-90.
  • Avolio AP, Deng FQ, Li DQ, et al. Effects of aging on arterial distensibility in populations with high and low prevalence of hypertension: comparison between urban and rural communities in China. Circulation 1985;71:202-10.
  • Avolio AP. Pulse wave velocity and hypertension. In: Safar M (ed). Arterial and Venous Systems in Essential Hypertension. Boston, Mass: Martinus-Nijhoff 1991:133-52.
  • Sa Cunha R, Pannier B, Benetos A, Siche JP, London GM, Mallion JM, et al. Association between high heart rate and high arterial rigidity in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. J Hypertens 1997;15:1423-30.
  • Stefanadis C, Dernellis J, Vavuranakis M, Tsiamis E, Vlachopoulos C, Toutouzas K, et al. Effects of ventricular pacing-induced tachycardia on aortic mechanics in man. Cardiovasc Res 1998;39:506-14.
  • Marchais SJ, Guerin AP, Pannier BM, Levy BI, Safar M, London GM. Wave reflections and cardiac hypertrophy in chronic uremia. Hypertension 1993;22:876-83.
  • Murgo JP, Westerhof N, Giolma JP, Altobelli SA. Aortic input impedance in normal man: relationship to pressure waveforms. Circulation 1980;62:105-16.
  • Wilkinson IB, MacCallum H, Flint L, Cockcroft JR, Newby DE, Webb DJ. The influence of heart rate on augmentation index and central arterial pressure in humans. J Physiol 2000;525(Pt 1):263-70.
  • Taylor JA, Morillo CA, Eckberg DL, Ellenbogen KA. Higher sympathetic nerve activity during ventricular (VVI) than during dual-chamber (DDD) pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:1753-8.
  • Cox RH. Effects of norepinephrine on mechanics of arteries in vitro. Am J Physiol 1976;231:420-5.
  • Cox RH, Bagshaw RJ. Effects of pulsations on carotid sinus control of regional arterial hemodynamics. Am J Physiol 1980;238:H182-190.
  • Boutouyrie P, Lacolley P, Girerd X, Beck L, Safar M, Laurent S. Sympathetic activation decreases medium sized arterial compliance in humans. Am J Physiol 1994;267:H1368-77.
  • Hallock P, Benson IC. Studies on the elastic properties of human isolated aorta. J Clin Invest 1937;16:595-602.
  • Learoyd BM, Taylor MG. Alteration with age in the viscoelastic properties of human arterial walls. Circ Res 1966;18:278-92.
  • Nichols WW, O’Rourke MF (eds). McDonald’s Blood Flow in Arteries: Theoretical, Experimental, and Clinical Principles. 4th ed. London, Arnold, 1998.
  • Safar M. Arteries in Clinical Hypertension. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1994.
  • Khattar RS, Swales JD. Pulse pressure and prognosis. Heart 2001;85:484-6.
  • Greenwald SE. Pulse pressure and arterial elasticity. QJM 2002;95:107-12.
  • Mackenzie S, Wilkinson IB, Cockcroft JR. Assessment of arterial stiffness in clinical practice. Q J Med 2002;95:67-74.
  • Albaladejo P, Copie X, Boutouyrie P, Laloux B, Declere AD, Smulyan H, et al. Heart rate, arterial stiffness, and wave reflections in paced patients. Hypertension 2001;38:949-52.
  • Selzer F, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Fitzgerald S, Tracy R, Kuller L, Manzi S. Vascular stiffness in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Hypertension 2001;37:1075-82.
  • Im JA, Lee JW, Shim JY, Lee HR, Lee DC. Association between brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy adolescents. J Pediatr 2007;150:247-51.
  • Lee JW, Lee HR, Shim JY, Im VA, Kim SH, Choi H, et al. Viscerally obese women with normal body weight have greater brachialankle pulse wave velocity than nonviscerally obese women with excessive body weight. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007;66:572-8.
  • Safar ME, Czernichow S, Blacher J. Obesity, arterial stiffness, and cardiovascular risk. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17:S109-11.
  • Albaladejo P, Laurent P, Pannier B, Achimastos A, Safar M, Benetos A. Influence of sex on the relation between heart rate and aortic stiffness. J Hypertens 2003;21:555-62.
  • Barinas-Mitchell E, Kuller LH, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Hegazi R, Harper P, Mancino J, et al. Effect of weight loss and nutritional intervention on arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006;29:2218-22.

Klasik Çift Odacıklı Kalıcı Kalp Pilinin Anjiyografik Olarak Normal Koroner Arterleri Olan Hastalarda Karotis-Femoral (Aortik) Nabız Dalga Hızı Aracılığıyla Ölçülen Arteriyel Distansibilite Üzerine Etkileri

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 93 - 99, 01.03.2011

Öz

Giriş: Klasik çift odacıklı kalıcı kalp pili semptomatik bradikardide geniş bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Nabız dalga hızı (NDH) arteriyel sertleşmenin bir indeksi ve kardiyovasküler olayların bir belirtecidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, klasik çift odacıklı kalıcı kalp pili ve anjiyografik olarak normal koroner arterleri olan hastalarda karotis-femoral (aortik) NDH aracılığıyla arteriyel distansibiliteyi araştırmaktır. Hastalar ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya 17 kalp pili hastası ile cinsiyet ve yaş yönünden uyumlu 17 kontrol grubu alındı. Aortik NDH, online nabız dalgası kaydeden otomatik Complior Colson (Fransa) cihazıyla belirlenip otomatik olarak hesaplandı. NDH, nabzın ilerlediği iki kaydedici bölge arasındaki mesafenin nabız geçiş zamanına oranı olarak; "NDH (m/s) = Mesafe (m) / Geçiş zamanı (s)" formülü ile hesaplandı. Bulgular: Karotis-femoral NDH (10.20 ± 2.00, 9.06 ± 0.94 m/s, p= 0.04) cinsiyet ve yaş yönünden uyumlu kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında, çift odacıklı kalp pili bulunan hastalarda daha yüksekti. NDH ve klinik değişkenler (yaş, cinsiyet, vücut ağırlığı, boy, sistolik kan basıncı, diyastolik kan basıncı, nabız basıncı, ortalama kan basıncı, kalp hızı) arasında çoklu regresyon analizi yapıldığında NDH ile yaş arasında pozitif ilişki gözlendi (r2= 0.31; p= 0.007). Alt grup analizi yapıldığında benzer sonuçlar kalp pili bulunan hastalarda (yaş, r2= 0.36; p= 0.03) ve kontrol grubunda (yaş, r2= 0.33; p= 0.04) da izlendi. Sonuç: Arteriyel distansibilite, klasik çift odacıklı kalıcı kalp pili ve anjiyografik olarak normal koroner arterleri olan hastalarda, yaş ve cinsiyet yönünden benzer kontrollere göre daha yüksektir.

Kaynakça

  • Altun A, Erdogan O, Yildiz M. Acute effect of DDD versus VVI pacing on arterial distensibility. Cardiology 2004;102:89-92.
  • Blacher J, Asmar R, Djane S, London GM, Safar ME. Aortic pulse wave velocity as a marker of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 1999;33:1111-7.
  • Yildiz M, Soy M, Kurum T, Ozbay G. Increased pulse wave velocity and shortened pulse wave propagation time in young patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Can J Cardiol 2004;20:1097-100.
  • Yildiz M, Masatlioglu, S, Seymen P, Aytac E, Sahin B, Seymen HÖ. The carotid - femoral (aortic) pulse wave velocity as a marker of arterial stiffness in familial Mediterranean fever. Can J Cardiol 2006;22:1127-31.
  • Moens AI. Die Pulskurve. Leiden, E.J. Brill, 1878, p90.
  • Korteweg DJ. Über die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit des Schalles in elastischen Röhren. Ann Phys Chem Neue Folge 1878;5:225.
  • Bramwell JC, Hill AV. The velocity of the pulse wave in man. Proc R Soc Lond (Biol) 1922;93:298-306.
  • Faerestrand S, Ohm OJ. A time-related study of the hemodynamic benefit of atrioventricular synchronous pacing evaluated by Doppler echocardiography. PACE 1985;8:838-48.
  • Faerestrand S, Ohm OJ. A time-related study by Doppler and M-mode echocardiography of hemodynamics, heart rate, and AV valvular function during activity-sensing rate-responsive ventricular pacing. PACE 1987;10:507-18.
  • Toff WD, Camm AJ, Skehan JD; United Kingdom Pacing and Cardiovascular Events Trial Investigators. Single-chamber versus dual-chamber pacing for high-grade atrioventricular block. N Engl J Med 2005;353:145-55.
  • Lamas GA, Lee KL, Sweeny MO, Silverman R, Leon A, Yee R, et al. Ventricular pacing or dual-chamber pacing for sinus-node dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1854-62.
  • Connolly SJ, Kerr CR, Gent M, Roberts RS, Yusuf S, Gillis AM, et al. Effects of physiologic pacing versus ventricular pacing on the risk of stroke and death due to cardiovascular causes. Canadian Trial of Physiologic Pacing Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1385-91.
  • Healey JS, Yee R, Tang A. Right ventricular apical pacing: a necessary evil? Curr Opin Cardiol 2007;22:33-8.
  • Giudici MC, Thornburg GA, Buck DL, Coyne EP, Walton MC, Paul DL, et al. Comparison of right ventricular outflow tract and apical lead permanent pacing on cardiac output. Am J Cardiol 1997;79:209-12.
  • Barin ES, Jones SM, Ward DE, Camm AJ, Nathan AW. The right ventricular outflow tract as an alternative permanent pacing site: Long term follow-up. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1991;14:3-6.
  • Asmar R, BenetosA, Topouchian J, Laurent P, Pannier B, BrisacAM, et al. Assessment of arterial distensibility by automatic pulse wave velocity measurement: validation and clinical application studies. Hypertension 1995;26:485-90.
  • Avolio AP, Deng FQ, Li DQ, et al. Effects of aging on arterial distensibility in populations with high and low prevalence of hypertension: comparison between urban and rural communities in China. Circulation 1985;71:202-10.
  • Avolio AP. Pulse wave velocity and hypertension. In: Safar M (ed). Arterial and Venous Systems in Essential Hypertension. Boston, Mass: Martinus-Nijhoff 1991:133-52.
  • Sa Cunha R, Pannier B, Benetos A, Siche JP, London GM, Mallion JM, et al. Association between high heart rate and high arterial rigidity in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. J Hypertens 1997;15:1423-30.
  • Stefanadis C, Dernellis J, Vavuranakis M, Tsiamis E, Vlachopoulos C, Toutouzas K, et al. Effects of ventricular pacing-induced tachycardia on aortic mechanics in man. Cardiovasc Res 1998;39:506-14.
  • Marchais SJ, Guerin AP, Pannier BM, Levy BI, Safar M, London GM. Wave reflections and cardiac hypertrophy in chronic uremia. Hypertension 1993;22:876-83.
  • Murgo JP, Westerhof N, Giolma JP, Altobelli SA. Aortic input impedance in normal man: relationship to pressure waveforms. Circulation 1980;62:105-16.
  • Wilkinson IB, MacCallum H, Flint L, Cockcroft JR, Newby DE, Webb DJ. The influence of heart rate on augmentation index and central arterial pressure in humans. J Physiol 2000;525(Pt 1):263-70.
  • Taylor JA, Morillo CA, Eckberg DL, Ellenbogen KA. Higher sympathetic nerve activity during ventricular (VVI) than during dual-chamber (DDD) pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:1753-8.
  • Cox RH. Effects of norepinephrine on mechanics of arteries in vitro. Am J Physiol 1976;231:420-5.
  • Cox RH, Bagshaw RJ. Effects of pulsations on carotid sinus control of regional arterial hemodynamics. Am J Physiol 1980;238:H182-190.
  • Boutouyrie P, Lacolley P, Girerd X, Beck L, Safar M, Laurent S. Sympathetic activation decreases medium sized arterial compliance in humans. Am J Physiol 1994;267:H1368-77.
  • Hallock P, Benson IC. Studies on the elastic properties of human isolated aorta. J Clin Invest 1937;16:595-602.
  • Learoyd BM, Taylor MG. Alteration with age in the viscoelastic properties of human arterial walls. Circ Res 1966;18:278-92.
  • Nichols WW, O’Rourke MF (eds). McDonald’s Blood Flow in Arteries: Theoretical, Experimental, and Clinical Principles. 4th ed. London, Arnold, 1998.
  • Safar M. Arteries in Clinical Hypertension. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1994.
  • Khattar RS, Swales JD. Pulse pressure and prognosis. Heart 2001;85:484-6.
  • Greenwald SE. Pulse pressure and arterial elasticity. QJM 2002;95:107-12.
  • Mackenzie S, Wilkinson IB, Cockcroft JR. Assessment of arterial stiffness in clinical practice. Q J Med 2002;95:67-74.
  • Albaladejo P, Copie X, Boutouyrie P, Laloux B, Declere AD, Smulyan H, et al. Heart rate, arterial stiffness, and wave reflections in paced patients. Hypertension 2001;38:949-52.
  • Selzer F, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Fitzgerald S, Tracy R, Kuller L, Manzi S. Vascular stiffness in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Hypertension 2001;37:1075-82.
  • Im JA, Lee JW, Shim JY, Lee HR, Lee DC. Association between brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy adolescents. J Pediatr 2007;150:247-51.
  • Lee JW, Lee HR, Shim JY, Im VA, Kim SH, Choi H, et al. Viscerally obese women with normal body weight have greater brachialankle pulse wave velocity than nonviscerally obese women with excessive body weight. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007;66:572-8.
  • Safar ME, Czernichow S, Blacher J. Obesity, arterial stiffness, and cardiovascular risk. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17:S109-11.
  • Albaladejo P, Laurent P, Pannier B, Achimastos A, Safar M, Benetos A. Influence of sex on the relation between heart rate and aortic stiffness. J Hypertens 2003;21:555-62.
  • Barinas-Mitchell E, Kuller LH, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Hegazi R, Harper P, Mancino J, et al. Effect of weight loss and nutritional intervention on arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006;29:2218-22.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mustafa Yıldız Bu kişi benim

Banu Şahin Yıldız Bu kişi benim

Mesut Şeker Bu kişi benim

Hakan Hasdemir Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mart 2011
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2012 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Yıldız, M. ., Yıldız, B. Ş. ., Şeker, M. ., Hasdemir, H. . (2011). Klasik Çift Odacıklı Kalıcı Kalp Pilinin Anjiyografik Olarak Normal Koroner Arterleri Olan Hastalarda Karotis-Femoral (Aortik) Nabız Dalga Hızı Aracılığıyla Ölçülen Arteriyel Distansibilite Üzerine Etkileri. Koşuyolu Kalp Dergisi, 15(3), 93-99.
AMA Yıldız M, Yıldız BŞ, Şeker M, Hasdemir H. Klasik Çift Odacıklı Kalıcı Kalp Pilinin Anjiyografik Olarak Normal Koroner Arterleri Olan Hastalarda Karotis-Femoral (Aortik) Nabız Dalga Hızı Aracılığıyla Ölçülen Arteriyel Distansibilite Üzerine Etkileri. Koşuyolu Kalp Dergisi. Mart 2011;15(3):93-99.
Chicago Yıldız, Mustafa, Banu Şahin Yıldız, Mesut Şeker, ve Hakan Hasdemir. “Klasik Çift Odacıklı Kalıcı Kalp Pilinin Anjiyografik Olarak Normal Koroner Arterleri Olan Hastalarda Karotis-Femoral (Aortik) Nabız Dalga Hızı Aracılığıyla Ölçülen Arteriyel Distansibilite Üzerine Etkileri”. Koşuyolu Kalp Dergisi 15, sy. 3 (Mart 2011): 93-99.
EndNote Yıldız M, Yıldız BŞ, Şeker M, Hasdemir H (01 Mart 2011) Klasik Çift Odacıklı Kalıcı Kalp Pilinin Anjiyografik Olarak Normal Koroner Arterleri Olan Hastalarda Karotis-Femoral (Aortik) Nabız Dalga Hızı Aracılığıyla Ölçülen Arteriyel Distansibilite Üzerine Etkileri. Koşuyolu Kalp Dergisi 15 3 93–99.
IEEE M. . Yıldız, B. Ş. . Yıldız, M. . Şeker, ve H. . Hasdemir, “Klasik Çift Odacıklı Kalıcı Kalp Pilinin Anjiyografik Olarak Normal Koroner Arterleri Olan Hastalarda Karotis-Femoral (Aortik) Nabız Dalga Hızı Aracılığıyla Ölçülen Arteriyel Distansibilite Üzerine Etkileri”, Koşuyolu Kalp Dergisi, c. 15, sy. 3, ss. 93–99, 2011.
ISNAD Yıldız, Mustafa vd. “Klasik Çift Odacıklı Kalıcı Kalp Pilinin Anjiyografik Olarak Normal Koroner Arterleri Olan Hastalarda Karotis-Femoral (Aortik) Nabız Dalga Hızı Aracılığıyla Ölçülen Arteriyel Distansibilite Üzerine Etkileri”. Koşuyolu Kalp Dergisi 15/3 (Mart 2011), 93-99.
JAMA Yıldız M, Yıldız BŞ, Şeker M, Hasdemir H. Klasik Çift Odacıklı Kalıcı Kalp Pilinin Anjiyografik Olarak Normal Koroner Arterleri Olan Hastalarda Karotis-Femoral (Aortik) Nabız Dalga Hızı Aracılığıyla Ölçülen Arteriyel Distansibilite Üzerine Etkileri. Koşuyolu Kalp Dergisi. 2011;15:93–99.
MLA Yıldız, Mustafa vd. “Klasik Çift Odacıklı Kalıcı Kalp Pilinin Anjiyografik Olarak Normal Koroner Arterleri Olan Hastalarda Karotis-Femoral (Aortik) Nabız Dalga Hızı Aracılığıyla Ölçülen Arteriyel Distansibilite Üzerine Etkileri”. Koşuyolu Kalp Dergisi, c. 15, sy. 3, 2011, ss. 93-99.
Vancouver Yıldız M, Yıldız BŞ, Şeker M, Hasdemir H. Klasik Çift Odacıklı Kalıcı Kalp Pilinin Anjiyografik Olarak Normal Koroner Arterleri Olan Hastalarda Karotis-Femoral (Aortik) Nabız Dalga Hızı Aracılığıyla Ölçülen Arteriyel Distansibilite Üzerine Etkileri. Koşuyolu Kalp Dergisi. 2011;15(3):93-9.