The relationship between perceived partner responsiveness and forgiveness in married individuals: The mediating role of interpersonal emotion regulation

Yıl 2023, , 384 - 397, 25.12.2023

Gamze Taşkireç , Gaye Solmazer

https://doi.org/10.57127/kpd.26024438m0000102

Cited By: 2

Öz

It is argued that forgiveness is important in maintaining relationships, as individuals can sometimes encounter hurtful behaviors in close relationship experiences (McCullough, 2001). Hence, considering the importance of forgiveness in relationships, it is worthwhile to investigate the factors that facilitate forgiveness and the mechanisms underlying these relationships. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between perceived partner responsiveness and forgiveness, and to explore the mediating roles of co-brooding and co-reappraisal, which are interpersonal emotion regulation strategies, on this relationship among married individuals. The sample of the study consisted of 187 married individuals ranging from 24 to 65 years in age. In the study, the online questionnaire battery was used to measure perceived partner responsiveness, interpersonal emotion regulation strategies, and forgiveness. The statistical analyses showed that there was a positive relationship between perceived partner responsiveness and forgiveness. In addition, there was a partial mediating role of co-reappraisal on this relationship. In line with these results, it is believed that focusing on perceived partner support and responsiveness, and on the development of emotion regulation skills in relationship contexts may be beneficial in forgiveness programs conducted with couples.

Anahtar Kelimeler

forgiveness, interpersonel emotion regulation, perceived partner responsiveness, coreappraisal, co-brooding

Etik Beyan

Ethical approval was obtained from Izmir Bakırçay University (15.04.2021, Decision No: 257 Research No: 237).

Evli bireylerde algılanan partner duyarlılığı ve affetme ilişkisi: Kişilerarası duygu düzenlemenin aracı rolü

Öz

Yakın ilişki deneyimlerinde bireylerin, zaman zaman incitici davranışlarla karşılaşmaları sebebiyle, ilişkilerin devam etmesinde affetmenin önemli bir yere sahip olduğu tartışılmaktadır (McCullough, 2001). Affetmenin ilişkiler üzerindeki önemi değerlendirildiğinde, affetmeyi kolaylaştıran faktörlerin ve ilgili mekanizmaların araştırılmasının son derece değerli olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu doğrultuda bu çalışmanın amacı, algılanan partner duyarlılığı ve affetme arasındaki ilişkiyi ve bu ilişkide kişilerarası duygu düzenleme stratejilerinden olan birlikte kara kara düşünme ve birlikte yeniden değerlendirmenin aracı rolünü evli bireyler üzerinde incelemektir. Çalışmanın örneklemini yaşları 24-65 arasında değişen 187 evli birey oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada algılanan partner duyarlılığı, kişilerarası duygu düzenleme stratejileri ve affetmenin ölçülmesine yönelik çevrim içi ölçek bataryası kullanılmıştır. İstatiksel analizler algılanan partner duyarlılığı ve affetme arasında pozitif bir ilişki bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, bu ilişkide birlikte yeniden değerlendirmenin kısmi aracı rolü bulunmaktadır. Bu sonuçlar doğrultusunda, çiftlerle yürütülen affetme programlarında, algılanan partner desteği ve duyarlılığına, aynı zamanda ilişki bağlamında duygu düzenleme becerilerinin geliştirilmesine odaklanmanın faydalı olabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

affetme, kişilerarası duygu düzenleme, algılanan partner duyarlılığı, birlikte yeniden değerlendirme, birlikte kara kara düşünme, forgiveness, interpersonel emotion regulation, perceived partner responsiveness, coreappraisal, co-brooding

Etik Beyan

Araştırmanın etik onayı, İzmir Bakırçay Üniversitesinden alınmıştır (15.04.2021, Karar No: 257 Araştırma No: 237).

Kaynakça

• Akpınar-Yaman T. ve Sönmez, Ö. A. (2021). Evlilikte suçu affetme ve evlilik uyumu ilişkisi. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9, 203-210. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.772923
• Alonso-Ferres, M., Righetti, F., Valor-Segura, I. ve Expósito, F. (2021). How power affects emotional communication during relationship conflicts: The role of perceived partner responsiveness. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 12(7), 1203–1215. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550621996496
• Ata, G. ve Alkar, Ö. Y. (2020). Kişilerarası duygu düzenleme anketi: Birlikte kara kara düşünme ve birlikte yeniden değerlendirme’nin Türkçeye uyarlanması. Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi 15(2), 136-150. https://doi.org/10.5455/kpd.26024438m000027
• Bachman, G. F. ve Guerrero, L. K. (2006). Forgiveness, apology, and communicative responses to hurtful events. Communication Reports, 19(1), 45-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934210600586357
• Barber, L., Maltby, J. ve Macaskill, A. (2005). Angry memories and thoughts of revenge: The relationship between forgiveness and anger rumination. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(2), 253-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.01.006
• Beck, A. R., Ruhlmann, L. M., Durtschi, J. A. ve Brown, C. C. (2017). Can't shake it off? Attachment moderates the link between hostility and forgiveness. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 45(5), 250-263. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2017.1365664
• Berry, J. W., Worthington Jr, E. L., O'Connor, L. E., Parrott III, L. ve Wade, N. G. (2005). Forgivingness, vengeful rumination, and affective traits. Journal of Personality, 73(1), 183-226. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00308.x
• Bono, G., McCullough, M. E.ve Root, L. M. (2008). Forgiveness, feeling connected to others, and well-being: Two longitudinal studies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(2), 182-195. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207310025
• Bugay, A. ve Demir, A. (2012). Can be forgiveness increased?: Forgiveness enrichment group. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 4 (37), 96-106.
• Burnette, J. L. Taylor, K. W., Worthington, E. L., ve Forsyth, D. R. (2007). Attachment and trait forgivingness: The mediating role of angry rumination. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(8), 1585-1596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.10.033
• Butler, E. A. ve Randall, A. K. (2013). Emotional coregulation in close relationships. Emotion Review, 5(2), 202-210. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073912451630
• Chung, M. S. (2014). Pathways between attachment and marital satisfaction: The mediating roles of rumination, empathy, and forgiveness. Personality and Individual Differences, 70, 246-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.06.032
• Çolak, T. S. ve Güngör, A. (2021). Examining the relationship between gratitude and rumination: The mediating role of forgiveness. Current Psychology, 40(12), 6155-6163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01015-5
• Enright, R. D., Freedman, S. ve Rique, J. (1998). The psychology of interpersonal forgiveness. R. D. Enright ve J. North (Ed.), Exploring forgiveness (ss. 46-62) içinde. University of Wisconsin Press
• Ertürk, K. (2019). Lise öğrencilerinde affetme becerisi geliştirmeye yönelik psikoeğitim programının affetme ve yaşam doyumu üzerindeki etkisi. [Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Sakarya Üniversitesi.
• Fehr, R., Gelfand, M. J. ve Nag, M. (2010). The road to forgiveness: A meta-analytic synthesis of its situational and dispositional correlates. Psychological Bulletin, 136(5), 894–914. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019993
• Fincham F. D. (2019). Forgiveness in mariage. E. L. Worthington Jr. ve N. G. Wade (Ed.), Handbook of forgiveness (ss. 142-152) içinde. Routledge
• Fincham, F. D. (2010). Forgiveness: Integral to a science of close relationships? M. Mikulincer ve P. R. Shaver (Ed.), Prosocial motives, emotions, and behavior: The better angels of our nature (ss. 347–365) içinde. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/12061-018
• Fincham, F. D., Beach, S. R. ve Davila, J. (2004). Forgiveness and conflict resolution in marriage. Journal of Family Psychology, 18(1), 72. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.18.1.72
• Fincham, F. D., Jackson, H. ve Beach, S. R. (2005). Transgression severity and forgiveness: Different moderators for objective and subjective severity. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(6), 860-875.
• Fincham, F. ve Beach, S. R. (2007). Forgiveness and marital quality: Precursor or consequence in well-established relationships? The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2(4), 260-268. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760701552360
• Fitness, J. ve Peterson, J. (2008). Punishment and forgiveness in close relationships: An evolutionary, social-psychological perspective. J. P. Forgas ve J. Fitness (Ed.), Social relationships: Cognitive, affective, and motivational perspectives (ss. 255-69) içinde. Psychology Press.
• Forster, D. E., Billingsley, J., Burnette, J. L., Lieberman, D., Ohtsubo, Y. ve McCullough, M. E. (2021). Experimental evidence that apologies promote forgiveness by communicating relationship value. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92373-y
• Gadassi, R., Bar-Nahum, L. E., Newhouse, S., Anderson, R., Heiman, J. R., Rafaeli, E. ve Janssen, E. (2016). Perceived partner responsiveness mediates the association between sexual and marital satisfaction: A daily diary study in newlywed couples. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45(1). https://doi.org/109-120. 10.1007/s10508-014-0448-2
• Girard, M. ve Mullet, E. (1997). Forgiveness in adolescents, young, middle-aged, and older adults. Journal of Adult Development, 4(4), 209-220.
• Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
• Gross, J. J. (2014). Emotion regulation: Conceptual and empirical foundations. J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (ss. 3–20) içinde. The Guilford Press.
• Guzmán-González, M., Contreras, P. ve Casu, G. (2020). Romantic attachment, unforgiveness and relationship satisfaction in couples: A dyadic mediation analysis. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37(10-11), 2822-2842. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407520940399
• Gümüş, I. G. ve Kışlak, S. T. (2019). The predictive role of forgiveness and the level of repetitive thinking on mental health and marital adjustment in married individuals. Düşünen Adam, 32(3), 236-245. https://doi.org/10.14744/DAJPNS.2019.00033
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford publications.
• He, Q., Zhong, M., Tong, W., Lan, J., Li, X., Ju, X. ve Fang, X. (2018). Forgiveness, marital quality, and marital stability in the early years of Chinese marriage: An actor–partner interdependence mediation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1520. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01520
• Ho, M. Y. ve Fung, H. H. (2011). A dynamic process model of forgiveness: A cross-cultural perspective. Review of General Psychology, 15(1), 77–84. doi:10.1037/a0022605
• Hofmann, S. G. (2014). Interpersonal emotion regulation model of mood and anxiety disorders. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 38(5), 483-492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-014-9620-1
• Horn, A. B. ve Maercker, A. (2016). Intra-and interpersonal emotion regulation and adjustment symptoms in couples: The role of co-brooding and co-reappraisal. BMC Psychology, 4 (51), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-016-0159-7
• Jensen, J., Rauer, A. ve Johnson, A. (2021). Better to forgive or to forget? Marital transgressions and forgiveness in older couples. Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences, 15(1), 293-308. https://doi.org/10.5590/JSBHS.2021.15.1.20
• Kachadourian, L. K., Fincham, F. ve Davila, J. (2005). Attitudinal ambivalence, rumination, and forgiveness of partner transgressions in marriage. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 334-342. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271595
• Karataş, U. Y. (2020). Affetmemenin yordayıcıları olarak çocukluk çağı travmaları ve bilişsel duygu düzenlemenin incelenmesi [Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Pamukkale Üniversitesi.
• Karduz, F. F. A. (2019). Affetme eğilimi kazandırmaya yönelik psiko-eğitim programının affetme eğilimi kazandırma ve beş faktör kişilik özellikleri üzerindeki etkisi [Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi]. Sakarya Üniversitesi.
• Karremans, J. C. ve Van Lange, P. A. (2004). Back to caring after being hurt: The role of forgiveness. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34(2), 207-227. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.192
• Kearns, J. N. ve Fincham, F. D. (2004). A prototype analysis of forgiveness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(7), 838 – 855. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204264237
• Kimmes, J. G. ve Durtschi, J. A. (2016). Forgiveness in romantic relationships: The roles of attachment, empathy, and attributions. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 42(4), 645-658. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12171
• Knight, K. (2018). Transgressor communication after committing a hurtful relational event: Associations with attributed intent, blame, guilt, responsibility, and perceived forgiveness. Western Journal of Communication, 82(4), 475-492.
• Küçüker, D. (2016). Affetme, affetmeme, bilişsel esneklik, duygu düzenleme ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Pamukkale Üniversitesi.
• Lawler‐Row, K. A., Younger, J. W., Piferi, R. L. ve Jones, W. H. (2006). The role of adult attachment style in forgiveness following an interpersonal offense. Journal of Counseling and Development, 84(4), 493-502. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2006.tb00434.x
• Martin, A. A., Hill, P. L. ve Allemand, M. (2019). Attachment predicts transgression frequency and reactions in romantic couples’ daily life. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(8), 2247-2267. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407518787234
• McCauley, T. G., Billingsley, J. ve McCullough, M. E. (2022). An evolutionary psychology view of forgiveness: individuals, groups, and culture. Current Opinion in Psychology, 44, 275-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.09.021
• McCullough, M. E. (2001). Forgiveness: Who does it and how do they do it? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(6), 194–197. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00147
• McCullough, M. E. ve Witvliet, C. V. (2002). The psychology of forgiveness. C. R. Snyder ve S. J. Lopez (Ed.), Handbook of positive psychology, (ss. 446-455) içinde. Oxford University Press.
• McCullough, M. E., Bono, G. ve Root, L. M. (2007). Rumination, emotion, and forgiveness: three longitudinal studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(3), 490. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.3.490
• McCullough, M. E., Rachal, K. C., Sandage, S. J., Worthington, E. L., Brown, S. W. ve Hight, T. L. (1998). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships: II. Theoretical elaboration and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(6), 1586–1603. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.6.1586
• McCullough, M. E., Worthington, E. L. ve Rachal, K. C. (1997). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(2), 321–336. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.2.321
• McDonald, J. E., Olson, J. R., Lanning, A. H., Goddard, H. W. ve Marshall, J. P. (2018). Effects of religiosity, forgiveness, and spousal empathy on marital adjustment. Marriage & Family Review, 54(4), 393-416. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2017.1403992
• McNulty, J. K. (2011). The dark side of forgiveness: The tendency to forgive predicts continued psychological and physical aggression in marriage. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(6), 770–783. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211407077
• Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(4), 569-582.
• Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E. ve Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400-424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x
• Novak, J. R., Smith, H. M., Larson, J. H. ve Crane, D. R. (2018). Commitment, forgiveness, and relationship self‐regulation: An actor partner interdependence model of relationship virtues and relationship effort in couple relationships. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 44(2), 353-365. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12258
• O'Neill, A. S., Mohr, C. D., Bodner, T. E. ve Hammer, L. B. (2020). Perceived partner responsiveness, pain, and sleep: A dyadic study of military-connected couples. Health Psychology, 39(12), 1089. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0001035
• Paleari, F., Regalia, C. ve Fincham, F. (2005). Marital quality, forgiveness, empathy, and rumination: A longitudinal analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 368 – 378. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271597
• Pansera, C. ve La Guardia, J. (2012). The role of sincere amends and perceived partner responsiveness in forgiveness. Personal Relationships, 19(4), 696-711. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2011.01386.x
• Pelucchi, S., Paleari, F. G., Regalia, C. ve Fincham, F. D. (2013). Self-forgiveness in romantic relationships: It matters to both of us. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(4), 541. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032897
• Preacher, K. J., ve Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
• Reis, H. T. (2007). Steps toward the ripening of relationship science. Personal Relationships, 14(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2006.00139.x
• Reis, H. T. (2012). Perceived partner responsiveness as an organizing theme for the study of relationships and well-being. L. Campbell ve T. J. Loving (Ed.), Interdisciplinary research on close relationships: The case for integration (ss. 27–52) içinde. American Psychological Association.
• Reis, H. T., Clark, M. S. ve Holmes, J. G. (2004). Perceived partner responsiveness as an organizing construct in the study of intimacy and closeness.D. J. Mashek ve A. P. Aron (Ed.), Handbook of closeness and intimacy (ss. 201–225) içinde. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
• Rey, L. ve Extremera, N. (2016). Forgiveness and health-related quality of life in older people: Adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies as mediators. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(12), 2944-2954. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105315589393
• Riek, B. M. ve Mania, E. W. (2012). The antecedents and consequences of interpersonal forgiveness: A meta‐analytic review. Personal Relationships, 19(2), 304-325. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2011.01363.x
• Ripley, J. S. ve Worthington Jr, E. L. (2002). Hope‐focused and forgiveness‐based group interventions to promote marital enrichment. Journal of Counseling & Development, 80(4), 452-463. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2002.tb00212.x
• Rose, A. J. (2002). Co–rumination in the friendships of girls and boys. Child Development, 73(6), 1830-1843. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00509
• Ruan, Y., Reis, H. T., Clark, M. S., Hirsch, J. L. ve Bink, B. D. (2020). Can I tell you how I feel? Perceived partner responsiveness encourages emotional expression. Emotion, 20(3), 329. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000650
• Scobie, E. D. ve Scobie, G. E. W. (1998). Damaging events: The perceived need for forgiveness. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 28(4), 373–402. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5914.00081
• Selçuk, E. ve Ong, A. D. (2013). Perceived partner responsiveness moderates the association between received emotional support and all-cause mortality. Health Psychology, 32(2), 231. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028276
• Selçuk, E., Günaydın, G., Ong, A.D. ve Almeida, D. M. (2016). Does partner responsiveness predict hedonic and eudaimonic well-being? A 10-year longitudinal tudy. Journal of Marriage and Family, 78(2), 311-325. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12272
• Selçuk, E., Stanton, S. C., Slatcher, R. B. ve Ong, A. D. (2017). Perceived partner responsiveness predicts better sleep quality through lower anxiety. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(1), 83-92. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550616662128
• Steiner, M., Allemand, M. ve McCullough, M. E. (2011). Age differences in forgivingness: The role of transgression frequency and intensity. Journal of Research in Personality, 45(6), 670-678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2011.09.004
• Tabachnick, B. G. ve Fidell, L. S. (2014). Using Multivariate Statistics: Pearson New International Edition. Pearson.
• Taşfiliz, D., Sağel Çetiner, E. ve Selçuk, E. (2020). Yakın ilişkilerde algılanan duyarlılığın yaş farklılıkları ve psikolojik esenlik ile ilişkisi. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 35(86), 19-39. https://doi.org/10.31828/tpd1300443320190630m000020
• Taysi, E. (2010). Evlilikte bağışlama: Evlilik uyumu ve yüklemelerin rolü. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 25(65), 40-55.
• Thompson, L. Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N. ve Billings, L. S. (2005). Dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations. Journal of Personality, 73, 313– 359. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00311.x
• Tosyalı, A. F. ve Harma, M. (2021). The role of co‐regulation of stress in the relationship between perceived partner responsiveness and binge eating: A dyadic analysis. International Journal of Psychology, 56(3), 435-443. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12712
• VanOyen Witvliet, C., Hofelich Mohr, A. J., Hinman, N. G. ve Knoll, R. W. (2015). Transforming or restraining rumination: The impact of compassionate reappraisal versus emotion suppression on empathy, forgiveness, and affective psychophysiology. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(3), 248-261. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2014.941381
• VanOyen Witvliet, C., Knoll, R. W., Hinman, N. G. ve DeYoung, P. A. (2010). Compassion-focused reappraisal, benefit-focused reappraisal, and rumination after an interpersonal offense: Emotion-regulation implications for subjective emotion, linguistic responses, and physiology. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(3), 226-242. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439761003790997
• Wade, N. G. ve Worthington Jr, E. L. (2003). Overcoming interpersonal offenses: Is forgiveness the only way to deal with unforgiveness? Journal of Counseling & Development, 81(3), 343-353. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2003.tb00261.x
• Walsh, C. M. ve Neff, L. A. (2019). The importance of investing in your relationship: Emotional capital and responses to partner transgressions. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37(2), 581-601. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407519875225
• Worthington, E. L. (2005). More questions about forgiveness: Research agenda for 2005-2015. E. L. Worthington (Ed.), Handbook of forgiveness (ss. 557 – 575) içinde. Routledge.
• Yıldırım, A. (2009). Bağlanma stilleri ile bağışlama arasındaki ilişkide sorumluluk yüklemelerinin aracı rolü. [Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
• Zhang, L., Lu, J., Li, B., Wang, X. ve Shangguan, C. (2020). Gender differences in the mediating effects of emotion-regulation strategies: forgiveness and depression among adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110094