Birikimli Travma Ölçeği Kısa Formu: Psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi

Yıl 2022, , 69 - 93, 08.04.2022

Selen Eltan Ayşe Nuray Karancı

https://doi.org/10.5455/kpd.26024438m000057

Öz

Çalışmanın amacı Birikimli Travma Ölçeği Kısa-Formu’nun (BTÖ-K) Türkçe formunun güvenirlik ve geçerlik ölçütlerini incelemektir. Çalışmanın örneklemini 18 yaşından büyük ve en az bir travmatik yaşantıya sahip olan 384 katılımcı oluşturmuştur. Ölçek paketi BTÖ-K’nin hazırlanan Türkçe formu ile BTÖ-K’nin eş zamanlı ve ayırt edici geçerliğini değerlendirmek üzere kullanılan ölçeklerden oluşmuştur. BTÖ-K geçerlik testi için korelasyon analizleri yapılmıştır. Güvenirliğini değerlendirmek için ise, yargıcılar arası güvenirlik ve iç güvenirlik analizleri yürütülmüştür. Yargıcılar arası güvenirlik analizi ile dört alt ölçek tanımlanmıştır ve tanımlanan alt ölçekler için uzlaşma istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı (κ = [.33, .77]) bulunmuştur. Ölçeğin Cronbach alfa katsayısı tüm örneklem için .74 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Eş zamanlı geçerlik analizleri hem BTÖ-K ile Olayların Etkisi Ölçeği arasında hem de BTÖ-K ile Travma Sonrası Gelişim Envanteri arasında anlamlı ve pozitif yönde bir ilişkiye işaret ederken, ayırt edici geçerlik için yürütülen korelasyon analizleri BTÖ-K ile Sosyal Uyum Kendini Değerlendirme Ölçeği ve Genel Yetkinlik İnancı Ölçeği puanları arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olmadığını göstermiştir. Sonuçlar, BTÖ-K’nin Türk kültüründe yürütülen travma çalışmalarında kullanılabilecek güvenilir ve geçerli bir ölçüm aracı olduğunu göstermiştir. Uyarlanan ölçekte tek faktörlü bir yapının ve olumsuz değerlendirme birleşik puanının kullanılmasının uygun olacağı bulunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Birikimli Travma Ölçeği, travma, geçerlik, güvenirlik, Cumulative Trauma Scale, trauma, validity, reliability

Cumulative Trauma Scale-Short Form: Examination of psychometric properties

Öz

The aim of this study is to examine the reliability and the validity of the Turkish form of the Cumulative Trauma Scale-Short Form (CTS-S). The sample consisted of 384 participants who were over 18 years old and had experienced at least one traumatic event. The scale package included the Turkish version of the scale and the scales to be used to measure the concurrent and discriminant validity of CTS-S. Correlation analyses were conducted for testing the validity of the adapted scale. In order to measure the reliability, inter-rater reliability and internal reliability analyses were conducted. Four subscales were identified by inter-rater reliability analysis and the agreement between the raters was found to be statistically significant (κ = [.33, .77]) for the defined subscales. Cronbach’s alpha value for the scale was .74. Concurrent validity analyses indicated a significant positive relationship between CTS-S and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised and a significant positive relationship between CTS-S and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory while correlation analysis revealed no significant relationship between CTS-S and the Social Adaptation Self-Evaluation Scale and the General Self-efficacy Scale. Based on the result of the current study, the Turkish version of the CTS-S seemed to be a reliable and valid measurement tool that can be used in trauma studies in the Turkish culture. It is recommended to use the scale with a single-factor structure and to use a negative evaluation composite score.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Birikimli Travma Ölçeği, travma, geçerlik, güvenirlik, Cumulative Trauma Scale, trauma, validity, reliability

Kaynakça

• Abbey, A., Parkhill, M. R. ve Koss, M. P. (2005). The effects of frame of reference on responses to questions about sexual assault victimization and perpetration. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29(4), 364–373.
• Ahrens, C. E. (2006). Being silenced: The impact of negative social reactions on the disclosure of rape. American Journal of Community Psychology, 38(3-4), 263–274. Akkaya, C., Sarandöl, A., Esen-Danacı, A., Sivrioğlu, E. Y., Kaya, E. ve Kırlı, S. (2008). Sosyal Uyum Kendini Değerlendirme Ölçeği (SUKDÖ) Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenilirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 19(3), 292–299. Aleksandra, S., Tanja, F. ve Eric, V. (2016). Relationship of early-life trauma, war-related trauma, personality traits, and PTSD symptom severity: A retrospective study on female civilian victims of war. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7(0), 1–10.
• Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği (2013). Ruhsal Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal Elkitabı, Beşinci Baskı (DSM-5), Tanı Ölçütleri Başvuru Elkitabı (E. Köroğlu, Çev. Ed.). Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
• Arikan, G. ve Karanci, A. N. (2012). Attachment and coping as facilitators of posttraumatic growth in Turkish university students experiencing traumatic events. Journal of Trauma Dissociation, 13(2), 209–225.
• Badour, C. C., Resnick, H. S. ve Kilpatrick, D. G. (2017). Associations between specific negative emotions and DSM-5 PTSD among a national sample of interpersonal trauma survivors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(11), 1620–1641.
• Benjet, C., Bromet, E., Karam, E. G., Kessler, R. C., Mclaughlin, K. A., Ruscio, A. M., Shahly, V., Stein, D. J., Petukhova, M., Hill, E., Alonso, J., Atwoli, L., Bunting, B., Bruffaerts, R., Caldas-De-Almeida, J. M., De Girolamo, G., Florescu, S., Gureje, O., Huang, Y., … Koenen, K. C. (2016). The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: Results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium. Psychological Medicine, 46(2), 327–343.
• Boals, A., Riggs, S. A. ve Kraha, A. (2013). Coping with stressful or traumatic events: What aspects of trauma reactions are associated with health outcomes? Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 9(2), 156–163.
• Bosc, M., Dubini, A. ve Polin, V. (1997). Development and validation of a Social Functioning Scale, the Social Adaptation Self-Evaluation Scale. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 7(1), 57–70.
• Bremner, J. D. ve Marmer C. R. (1998). Trauma, memory, and dissociation. American Psychiatric Press.
• Breslau, N. (2002). Gender differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder. The Journal of Gender-Specific Medicine, 5(1), 34–40.
• Breslau, N., Peterson, E. L., Poisson, L. M., Schultz, L. R. ve Lucia, V. C. (2004). Estimating post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: Lifetime perspective and the impact of typical traumatic events. Psychological Medicine, 34(5), 889–898.
• Brewin, C. R., Dalgleish, T. ve Joseph, S. (1996). A dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Review, 103(4), 670–686.
• Briere, J., Agee, E. ve Dietrich, A. (2016). Cumulative trauma and current posttraumatic stress disorder status in general population and inmate samples. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 8(4), 439–446.
• Carr, S., Hardy, A. ve Fornells-Ambrojo, M. (2018). The Trauma and Life Events (TALE) Checklist: Development of a tool for improving routine screening in people with psychosis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 9(1), 1–10.
• Cimete, G. ve Kuguoglu, S. (2006). Grief responses of Turkish families after the death of their children from cancer. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 11(1), 31–51.
• Cloitre, M., Stolbach, B. C., Herman, J. L., van der Kolk, B., Pynoos, R., Wang, J. ve Petkova, E. (2009). A developmental approach to complex PTSD: Childhood and adult cumulative trauma as predictors of symptom complexity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(5), 399–408.
• Collier, L. (2016, Kasım). Growth after trauma. Monitor on Psychology, 47(10). http://www.apa.org/monitor/2016/ 11/growth-trauma
• Country comparison. (t.y.). https://www.hofstede-insights. com/country-comparison/turkey/
• Çelikkaleli, Ö. ve Çapri, B. (2008). Genel Yetkinlik İnancı Ölçeği’nin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(3), 93–104.
• Çorapçioğlu, A., Yargiç, İ., Geyran, P. ve Kocabaşoğlu, N. (2006). "Olayların Etkisi Ölçeği" (IES-R) Türkçe versiyonunun geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği. New/Yeni Symposium: Psikiyatri, Nöroloji ve Davranış Bilimleri Dergisi, 44(1), 14–22.
• De Vries, G. ve Olff, M. (2009). The lifetime prevalence of traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in the Netherlands. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(4), 259–267.
• Dirik, G. ve Karanci, A. N. (2008). Variables related to posttraumatic growth in Turkish rheumatoid arthritis patients. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 15(3), 193–203.
• Eryücel, S. (2013). Yaşam olayları ve dini başa çıkma [Life events and religious achievement]. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(23), 251−271.
• Field, A. P. (2000). Discovering statistics using SPSS for Windows: Advanced techniques for the beginner. London, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
• Flett, R. A., Kazantzis, N., Long, N. R., MacDonald, C. ve Millar, M. (2004). Gender and ethnicity differences in the prevalence of traumatic events: Evidence from a New Zealand community sample. Stress and Health, 20(3), 149–157.
• Follette, V. M., Polusny, M. A., Bechtle, A. E. ve Naugle, A. E. (1996). Cumulative trauma: The impact of child sexual abuse, adult sexual assault, and spouse abuse. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(1), 25–35.
• Frans, Ö., Rimmö, P. A., Aberg. P. ve Fredrikson, M. (2005). Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in the general population. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 111(4), 291–299.
• Freedy, J. R., Magruder, K. M., Mainous, A. G., Frueh, B. C., Geesey, M. E. ve Carnemolla, M. (2010). Gender differences in traumatic event exposure and mental health among veteran primary care patients. Military Medicine, 175(10), 750–758.
• Gerber, M. M., Frankfurt, S. B., Contractor, A. A., Oudshoorn, K., Dranger, P. ve Brown, L. A. (2018). Influence of multiple traumatic event types on mental health outcomes: Does count matter? Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 40(4), 645–654.
• Gill, J. M., Page, G. G., Sharps, P. ve Campbell, J. C. (2008). Experiences of traumatic events and associations with PTSD and depression development in urban health care-seeking women. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 85(5), 693–706.
• Gillespie, G. L. ve Gates, D. M. (2013). Using proactive coping to manage the stress of trauma patient care. Journal of Trauma Nursing, 20(1), 44–50.
• Goodwin, L. D. ve Leec, N. L. (2006). Understanding correlation: Factors that affect the size of r. The Journal of Experimental Education, 74(3), 251–266.
• Goral, A., Lahad, M. ve Aharonson-Daniel, L. (2017). Differences in posttraumatic stress characteristics by duration of exposure to trauma. Psychiatry Research, 258, 101–107.
• Gul, E. ve Karanci, A. N. (2017). What determines posttraumatic stress and growth following various traumatic events? A study in a Turkish community sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 30(1), 54–62.
• Gül, E. (2014). Prevalence rates of traumatic events, probable PTSD and predictors of posttraumatic stress and growth in a community sample from İzmir (Yayımlan- mamış doktora tezi). METU.
• Gwadz, M. V., Nish, D., Leonard, N. R. ve Strauss, S. M. (2007). Gender differences in traumatic events and rates of post-traumatic stress disorder among homeless youth. Journal of Adolescence, 30(1), 117–129.
• Helms, J. E., Henze, K. T., Sass, T. L. ve Mifsud, V. A. (2006). Treating Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients as data in counseling research. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(5), 630–660.
• Higgs, E. (2017). The impact of childhood sexual abuse on adult sleep (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Brock University.
• Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524.
• Hobfoll, S. E., Watson, P., Bell, C. C., Bryant, R. A., Brymer, M. J., Friedman, M. J., Friedman, M., Gersons, B. P., de Jong, J. T., Layne, C. M., Maguen, S., Neria, Y., Norwood, A. E., Pynoos, R. S., Reissman, D., Ruzek, J. I., Shalev, A. Y., Solomon, Z., Steinberg, A. M., ve Ursano, R. J. (2007). Five essential elements of immediate and mid-term mass trauma intervention: Empirical evidence. Psychiatry: Interpersonal & Biological Processes, 70(4), 283–315.
• Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Sage.
• Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. Sage.
• Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J. ve Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind (Göz. geç. 3. bs.). McGraw-Hill.
• Hooper, L., Stockton, P., Krupnick, J. L. ve Green, B. L. (2011). Development, use, and psychometric properties of the Trauma History Questionnaire. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 16(3), 258–283.
• Hourani, L., Williams, J., Bray, R. ve Kandel, D. (2015). Gender differences in the expression of PTSD symptoms among active duty military personnel. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 29, 101–108.
• Hu, J., Feng, B., Zhu, Y., Wang, W., Xie, J. ve Zheng, X. (2017). Gender differences in PTSD: Susceptibility and resilience, gender differences in different contexts. IntechOpen, 21-42.
• Imamoğlu, E. O. ve Karakitapoğlu-Aygün, Z. (2004). Self-construals and values in different cultural and socioeconomic contexts. Genetic, Social & General Psychology Monographs, 130(4), 277–306.
• Jerusalem, M. ve Schwarzer, R. (1981). Fragebogen zur Erfassung von "Selbstwirksamkeit”. R. Schwarzer (Ed.), Skalen zur Befindlichkeit und Persoenlichkeit. (s. 15-28). Freie Universitaet, Institut für Psychologie.
• Jerusalem, M. ve Schwarzer, R. (1992). Self-efficacy as a resource factor in stress appraisal processes. R. Schwarzer (Ed.), Self-efficacy: Thought control of action (s. 195-213). Hemisphere.
• Karancı, A. N., Aker, A. T., Işıklı, S., Erkan, B. B., Gül, E. ve Yavuz, H. (2012). Türkiye’de travmatik yaşam olayları ve ruhsal etkileri. Matus Basımevi.
• Karanci, A., Isikli, S., Aker, A. T., Gul, E. I., Erkan, B. B., Ozkol, H. ve Guzel, H. Y. (2012). Personality, posttraumatic stress and trauma type: Factors contributing to posttraumatic growth and its domains in a Turkish community sample. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 3(1).
• Katz-Wise, S. L. ve Hyde, J. S. (2012). Victimization experiences of lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sex Research, 49(2-3), 142–167.
• Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H. S., Milanak, M. E., Miller, M. W., Keyes, K. M. ve Friedman, M. J. (2013). National estimates of exposure to traumatic events and PTSD prevalence using DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(5), 537–547.
• Kira, I. (2001). Taxonomy of trauma and trauma assessment. Traumatology, 7(2), 1–14.
• Kira, I. (2010). Etiology and treatments of post-cumulative traumatic stress disorders in different cultures. Traumatology, 16(4), 128–141.
• Kira, I., Fawzi, M. ve Fawzi, M. (2013). The dynamics of cumulative trauma and trauma types in adults patients with psychiatric disorders: Two cross-cultural studies. Traumatology, 19(3), 179–195.
• Kira, I., Lewandowsk, L., Templin, T., Ramaswamy, V., Ozkan, B. ve Mohanesh, J. (2008). Measuring cumulative trauma dose, types and profiles using a development-based taxonomy of trauma. Traumatology, 14(2), 62–87.
• Kira, I., Lewandowski, L., Somers, C. L., Yoon, J. S. ve Chiodo, L. (2012). The effects of trauma types, cumulative trauma, and PTSD on IQ in two highly traumatized adolescent groups. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 4(1), 128–139.
• Kušević, Z., Vukušić, H., Gregurek, R., Mršić Husar, S., Prosinečki, N., Kulenović Somun, A. ve Babić, G. (2012). The relation between the severity of PTSD caused by war trauma and social support. Socijalna Psihijatrija, 40(1), 70–75.
• LeBouthillier, D. M., McMillan, K. A., Thibodeau, M. A. ve Asmundson, G. G. (2015). Types and number of traumas associated with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in PTSD: Findings from a U.S. nationally representative sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(3), 183–190.
• Lee, C., Furnham, A. ve Merritt, C. (2017). Effect of directness of exposure and trauma type on mental health literacy of PTSD. Journal of Mental Health, 26(3), 257–263.
• Lehavot, K., Katon, J. G., Chen, J. A., Fortney, J. C. ve Simpson, T. L. (2018). Post-traumatic stress disorder by gender and veteran status. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 54(1), E1–E9.
• Lusk, J. D., Sadeh, N., Wolf, E. J. ve Miller, M. W. (2017). Reckless self-destructive behavior and PTSD in veterans: The mediating role of new adverse events. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 30(3), 270–278.
• McCutcheon, V. V., Sartor, C. E., Pommer, N. E., Bucholz, K. K., Nelson, E. C., Madden, P. F. ve Heath, A. C. (2010). Age at trauma exposure and PTSD risk in young adult women. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23(6), 811–814.
• Millender, E. I. ve Lowe, J. (2017). Cumulative trauma among Mayas living in Southeast Florida. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 19(3), 598–605.
• Nael, A. Z. O. (2012). Influence of cumulative trauma, binge eating, and coping styles on the general health of American Indians (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Oklahoma State University.
• Özmen, O. (2014). Cultural characteristics of grief and coping in bereaved adult women: A phenomenological study with consensual qualitative research. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). METU.
• Parker-Guilbert, K. S., Leifker, F. R., Sippel, L. M. ve Marshall, A. D. (2014). The differential diagnostic accuracy of the PTSD Checklist among men versus women in a community sample. Psychiatry Research, 220(1-2), 679–686.
• Parkinson, F. (2000). Post-trauma stress: A personal guide to reduce the long-term effects and hidden emotional damage caused by violence and disaster. Fisher Books.
• Perkonigg, A., Kessler, R. C., Storz, S. ve Wittchen, H. (2000). Traumatic events and post‐traumatic stress disorder in the community: Prevalence, risk factors and comorbidity. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 101(1), 46–59.
• Pett, M. A., Lackey, N. R. ve Sullivan, J. J. (2003). Making sense of factor analysis: The use of factor analysis for instrument development in health care research. Sage Publications.
• Roberts, A., Gilman, S., Koenen, K., Breslau, J. ve Breslau, N. (2011). Race/ethnic differences in exposure to traumatic events, development of post-traumatic stress disorder, and treatment-seeking for post-traumatic stress disorder in the United States. Psychological Medicine, 41(1), 71–83.
• Schaefer, J. ve Moos, R. (1992). Life crises and personal growth. B. Carpenter (Ed.), Personal coping: Theory, research, and application (s. 149–170). Praeger.
• Schober, P. ve Schwarte, L. A. (2018). Correlation coefficients: Appropriate use and interpretation. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 126(5), 1763–1768.
• Schoedl, A. F., Costa, M. P., Fossaluza, V., Mari, J. J. ve Mello, M. F. (2014). Specific traumatic events during childhood as risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder development in adults. Journal of Health Psychology, 19(7), 847–857.
• Sim, B. Y., Lee, Y. W., Kim, H. ve Kim, S. H. (2015). Post-traumatic growth in stomach cancer survivors: Prevalence, correlates and relationship with health-related quality of life. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 19(3), 230–236.
• Stige, S. H., Rosenvinge, J. H. ve Træen, B. (2013). A meaningful struggle: Trauma clients’ experiences with an inclusive stabilization group approach. Psychotherapy Research, 23(4), 419–429.
• Suliman, S., Mkabile, S. G., Fincham, D. S., Ahmed, R., Stein, D. J. ve Seedat, S. (2009). Cumulative effect of multiple trauma on symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression in adolescents. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 50(2), 121–127.
• Tausch, C., Marks, L. D., Brown, J. S., Cherry, K. E., Frias, T., McWilliams, Z., Melancon, M. ve Sasser, D. D. (2011). Religion and coping with trauma: Qualitative examples from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, 23(3), 236–253.
• Tedeschi, R. G. ve Calhoun, L.G. (1995). Trauma and transformation: Growing in the aftermath of suffering. Sage.
• Tedeschi, R. G. ve Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455–471.
• Tedeschi, R. G. ve Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1–18.
• Tolin, D. ve Foa, E. (2006). Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: A quantitative review of 25 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 132(6), 959–992.
• Weiss, D. S., ve Marmar, C. R. (1997). The Impact of Event Scale-Revised. J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (s. 399–411). The Guilford Press.
• Wilker, S., Pfeiffer, A., Kolassa, S., Koslowski, D., Elbert, T. ve Kolassa., I. T. (2015). How to quantify exposure to traumatic stress? Reliability and predictive validity of measures for cumulative trauma exposure in a post-conflict population. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6(1).