Araştırma Makalesi
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The mediator role of femininity-masculinity perceptions between body perception and eating attitudes

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 75 - 89, 02.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.57127/kpd.26024438m0000113

Öz

It is thought that ideal body norms which is shaped under the influence of Western culture are effective in rapid increase in the rate of eating disorders in recent years. Body norms are gender specific and it is thought that the desire to be thin in women and to be muscular in men increases body dissatisfaction. As these norms are more exposed in Western culture, it is claimed that femininity and masculinity norms over the body are reflected through ideal body characteristics. However, in recent years, it is thought that these ideal body norms specific to gender, due to factors such as communication tools and media, increase body dissatisfaction in other cultures. In this study, in order to test this view, in the Turkish population the mediation effect of femininity-masculinity perception in the relationship between gender-specific body dissatisfaction and eating attitudes was investigated with Process Macro Analysis. The study was carried out with 430 females and 414 males between the ages of 18 and 26 years. In this study, Ben-Tovim Walker Body Attitude Scale, Feminine Thoughts Scale, Male-Specific Body Attitude Scale, Masculinity Role Norms Scale, and Eating Attitude Test were administered to the participants. According to the findings, as the desire to be thin in women and desire to be muscular in men increased, body dissatisfaction also increased. As adherence to norms of femininity in women and masculinity norms in men increased, body dissatisfaction and deterioration in eating attitudes also increased. The mediating effect of gender role norms was not found in women. A low mediation effect of masculinity norms was found between body dissatisfaction and eating attitudes in men. As a result, ideal body characteristics changed according to gender and according to the level of adherence to gender norms, the risk of developing an eating disorder changed.

Kaynakça

  • Aslan, S. H. (2001). Beden imgesi ve yeme davranışı bozuklukları ile medya ilişkisi. Düşünen Adam, 14(1), 41-47.
  • Batı, U. (2010). Reklamcılıkta retorik bir unsur olarak kadın bedeni temsilleri. Kültür ve İletişim, 13(1), 103-133.
  • Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42(2), 155-162.
  • Ben-Tovim, D. ve Walker, M. K. (1991) The development of the Ben-Tovim Walker Body Attitudes Questionnaire (BAQ). A new measure of women's attitudes towards their own bodies. Psychological Medicine, 21, 775-784.
  • Bhambhania, Y., Flynn, M. K., Kellum, K. K. ve Wilsona, K.G. (2019). Examining sexual racism and body dissatisfaction among men of color who have sex with men: The moderating role of body image inflexibility. Body Image, 28, 142-148.
  • Blashill, A. J., Grunewald, W., Fang, A., Davidson, E. ve Wilhelm, S. (2020) Conformity to masculine norms and symptom severity among men diagnosed with muscle dysmorphia vs. body dysmorphic disorder. PLoS ONE 15(8), 1-10.
  • Burke, N. L., Schaefer, L. M., Karvay, Y. G., Bardone-Cone, A. M., Frederick, D. A., Schaumberg, K., Klump, K. L., Anderson, D. A. ve Thompson, J. K. (2021). Does the tripartite influence model of body image and eating pathology function similarly across racial/ethnic groups of White, Black, Latina, and Asian women? Eating Behaviors, 42, 101519.
  • Cafri, G. ve Thompson, J. K. (2004). Evaluating the convergence of muscle appearance attitude measures. Assessment, 11, 224-229.
  • Devrim, A., Bilgiç, P. ve Hongu, N. (2018). Is there any relationship between body image perception. Eating disorders and muscle dysmorphic disorders in male bodybuilders? American Journal of Men’s Health, 12, 1746-1758.
  • Dias, R. G., Rech, R. R. ve Halpern, R. (2021). Eating disorder symptoms and body image in adolescents from public schools in Brazil. Preprints,1-13.
  • Dolunay, E. (2002). Popüler kadın dergilerinde kadın bedeninin temsili. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir.
  • Etcoff, N., Orbach, S., Scott, J. ve D’Agotino, H. (2006). Beyond stereotypes: Rebuilding the foundation of beauty beliefs: Findings of the 2005 Dove Global Study. ht tp://www.campaignforrealbeauty.com/DoveBeyondSte reotypesWhitePaper.pdf
  • Frederick, D. A., Buchanan, G. M. ve Sadehgi-Azar, L. (2011). Desiring the muscular ideal: Men's body satisfaction in the United States. Ukraine and Ghana. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 8, 103-117.
  • Garner, D. M. ve Garfinkel, P. E. (1979). The Eating Attitudes Test: An index of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa. Psychological Medicin, 9, 273-279.
  • Griffiths, S., Murray, S. B. ve Touyz, S. (2015). Extending the masculinity hypothesis: An investigation of gender role conformity. Body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in young heterosexual men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 16, 108-114.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
  • Hekimoğlu, F. M. (2019). Düzenleme süreçleri, kadınsılık-erkeksilik algısı, beden memnuniyetsizliği ile yeme tutumları arasındaki ilişki: Bir model önerisi (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Huang, Q., Peng, W. ve Ahn, S. (2020). When media become the mirror: A meta-analysis on media and body image. Media Psychology, 24(4), 437-489.
  • Jiotsa, B., Naccache, B., Duval, M., Rocher, B. ve Grall-Bronnec, M. (2021). Social media use and body image disorders: Association between frequency of comparing one’s own physical appearance to that of people being followed on social media and body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 2880.
  • Jung, J. ve Forbes, G. B. (2007). Body dissatisfaction and disordered eating among college women in China, South Korea, and the United States: Contrasting predictions from sociocultural and feminist theories. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31, 381-393.
  • Köse, E. (2011). Dindar Kadınlığın Kurulumunda Tesettür: Beden, Yazın ve Özneleşme. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Lease, S. H., Çiftçi, A., Demir, A. ve Boyraz, G. (2009). Structural validity of Turkish versions of the Gender Role Conflict Scale and Male Role Norms Scale. Psychology of Men & Masculinity,10, 273-287.
  • Lehman, P. (2000). A validity study of the Femininity Ideology Scale (Unpublished master’s thesis). Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL.
  • Lopez, V., Corona, R. ve Halfond, R. (2013). Effects of gender, media influences, and traditional gender role orientation on disordered eating and appearance concerns among Latino adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 36, 727-736.
  • Murnen, S. K. ve Don, B. P. (2012). Body image and gender roles. Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human Appearance, 1, 128-134.
  • Nouri, M., Hill, L. G. ve Orrell-Valentec, J. K. (2011). Media exposure, internalization of the thin ideal, and body dissatisfaction: Comparing Asian American and European American college females. Body Image, 8(4), 366-372.
  • O'gorman, B., Sheffield, J., Clarke, R. ve Griffiths, S. (2019). “Guys don't talk about their bodies”: A qualitative investigation of male body dissatisfaction and sociocultural influences in a sample of 40 Australian males. Clinical Psychologist, 24(2), 123-132.
  • Rafati, F., Dehdashti, N. ve Sadeghi, A. (2021). The relationship between instagram use and body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, and internalization of beauty ideals: A correlational study of Iranian women. Feminist Media Studies, 1-17.
  • Ridgeway, R. T. ve Tylka, T. L. (2005). College men’s perceptions of ideal body composition and shape. Psychology of Men and Masculinities, 6(3), 209-220.
  • Rodgers, R. F., Slater, A, Gordon, C. S., McLean, S. A., Jarman, H. K. ve Paxton, S. J. (2020). A biopsychosocial model of social media use and body image concerns, disordered eating, and muscle-building behaviors among adolescent girls and boys. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49, 399-409.
  • Savaşır, I. ve Erol, N. (1998). Yeme Tutum Testi: Anoreksiya nervoza belirtileri indeksi. Psikoloji Dergisi, 23, 19-25.
  • Selvi, K. (2018). Exploring men's body image concerns and predisposing factors for muscle dysmorphia in the framework of self-determination theory (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Smolak L. (2002). ‘‘Body image development in children’’. T. F. Cash ve T. Prozinksy (Ed.) Body image: A handbook of theory, research and clinical practice içinde (s. 65-73). Guilford Press.
  • Soh, N. L., Touyz, S. W. ve Surgenor, L. J. (2006). Eating and body image disturbances across cultures: A review. European Eating Disorders Review, 14, 54-65.
  • Stice, E. ve Desjardins, C. D. (2018). Interactions between risk factors in the prediction of onset of eating disorders: Exploratory hypothesis generating analyses. Behaviour Research and Therapy,105, 52-62.
  • Talbot, D. ve Mahlberg, J. (2021). Exploration of height dissatisfaction, muscle dissatisfaction, body ideals, and eating disorder symptoms in men. Journal of American College Health, 1-6.
  • Thompson, E. H. ve Pleck, J. H. (1986). The structure of male role norms. American Behavioral Scientist, 29, 531-543.
  • Thompson, J. K., Coovert, M. D. ve Stormer, S. (1999). Body image, social comparison and eating disturbance: A covariance structure modeling investigation. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 26, 43-53.
  • Thompson, J. K. ve Stice, E. (2001). Thin-ideal internalization: Mounting evidence for a new risk factor for body-image disturbance and eating pathology. Current Direction in Psychological Science, 10(5), 181-183.
  • Tiggemann, M. ve Anderberg, I. (2020). Social media is not real: The effect of ‘Instagram vs reality’ images on women’s social comparison and body image. New Media & Society, 22(12), 2183-2199.
  • TÜİK. (2021). Hanehalkı bilişim teknolojileri (BT) kullanım araştırması, 2021. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Hanehalki-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-(BT)-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2021-37437
  • Tylka, T. L., Bergeron, D. ve Schwartz, J. P. (2005). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Male Body Attitudes Scale (MBAS). Body Image, 2, 161-175.
  • Uluyol, F. M. (2016). Cinsiyet kimliği ve cinsel yönelime bağlı zorbalığa maruz kalma, sosyal destek ve psikolojik iyilik hali arasındaki ilişki. Klinik Psikiyatri, 19, 87-96.
  • Uluyol, F. M. (2020). Erkeklere Özgü Beden Tutum Ölçeği (EÖBTÖ)’nin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi, 8, 1-12.
  • Uluyol, F. M. ve Barışkın, E. (2020). Ben-Tovim Walker Beden Tutum Ölçeği (BTWÖ)’nin Türkçe formunun psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi,7, 57-77.
  • Wu, J., Liu, J., Li, S., Ma, H. ve Wang, Y. (2020). Trends in the prevalence and disability-adjusted life years of eating disorders from 1990 to 2017: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 29, 1-12.
  • Yang, C. J., Gray, P. ve Pope, H. G. (2005). Male body image in Taiwan versus the West: Yanggang Zhiqi meets the Adonis comple. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 263-269.

Kadınsılık-erkeklik algısının beden algısı ve yeme tutumları arasındaki aracı rolü

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 75 - 89, 02.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.57127/kpd.26024438m0000113

Öz

Son yıllarda yeme bozuklukları oranının hızla artmasında Batı kültürü etkisinde şekillenen ulaşılması zor ideal beden normlarının etkili olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu normların cinsiyete özgü olduğu, kadınlarda zayıf olma, erkeklerde ise kaslı olma arzusunun beden memnuniyetsizliğini arttırdığı düşünülmektedir. Batı kültüründe bu normlara daha fazla maruz kalındığı için kadınsılığın ve erkeksiliğin ideal beden özellikleri üzerinden yansıtıldığı düşünülmektedir. Fakat son yıllarda iletişim araçları, medya gibi faktörler nedeniyle cinsiyete özgü bu ideal beden normlarının diğer kültürlerde de beden memnuniyetsizliğini arttırdığı düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmada bu görüşü test etmek için ilişkili özerk benlik yapısına sahip Türkiye popülasyonunda cinsiyete özgü beden memnuniyetsizliği ve yeme tutumları arasındaki ilişkide yaşanılan kültüre göre şekillenen kadınsılık-erkeksilik algısının aracılık etkisi Process Makro analiziyle incelenmiştir. Çalışmaya 430 kadın ve 414 erkek katılmıştır. Ölçüm araçları Ben-Tovim Walker Beden Tutum Ölçeği (BTWBTÖ), Kadınlığa Dair Düşünceler Ölçeği (KDDÖ), Erkeklere Özgü Beden Tutum Ölçeği (EBÖBTÖ), Erkeklik Rol Normları Ölçeği (ERNÖ) ve Yeme Tutum Testidir (YTT). Bulgulara göre kadınlarda zayıf olma, erkeklerde kaslı olma arzusu arttıkça beden memnuniyetsizliği artmaktadır. Kadınlarda kadınsılık normlarına bağlılık arttıkça beden memnuniyetsizliği ve yeme tutumlarındaki bozulmalar artmaktadır. Erkeklerde ise erkeklik normlarına bağlılık arttıkça beden memnuniyetsizliği ve yeme tutumlarındaki bozulmalar artmaktadır. Kadınlarda cinsiyet rol normlarının aracı etkisi bulunamazken, erkeklerde erkeklik normlarının beden memnuniyetsizliği ve yeme tutumları arasında düşük etkide aracılık etkisi bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak cinsiyete göre ideal beden özellikleri farklılaşmakta ve buna bağlı olarak da yeme bozukluğu gelişme riski değişmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Aslan, S. H. (2001). Beden imgesi ve yeme davranışı bozuklukları ile medya ilişkisi. Düşünen Adam, 14(1), 41-47.
  • Batı, U. (2010). Reklamcılıkta retorik bir unsur olarak kadın bedeni temsilleri. Kültür ve İletişim, 13(1), 103-133.
  • Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42(2), 155-162.
  • Ben-Tovim, D. ve Walker, M. K. (1991) The development of the Ben-Tovim Walker Body Attitudes Questionnaire (BAQ). A new measure of women's attitudes towards their own bodies. Psychological Medicine, 21, 775-784.
  • Bhambhania, Y., Flynn, M. K., Kellum, K. K. ve Wilsona, K.G. (2019). Examining sexual racism and body dissatisfaction among men of color who have sex with men: The moderating role of body image inflexibility. Body Image, 28, 142-148.
  • Blashill, A. J., Grunewald, W., Fang, A., Davidson, E. ve Wilhelm, S. (2020) Conformity to masculine norms and symptom severity among men diagnosed with muscle dysmorphia vs. body dysmorphic disorder. PLoS ONE 15(8), 1-10.
  • Burke, N. L., Schaefer, L. M., Karvay, Y. G., Bardone-Cone, A. M., Frederick, D. A., Schaumberg, K., Klump, K. L., Anderson, D. A. ve Thompson, J. K. (2021). Does the tripartite influence model of body image and eating pathology function similarly across racial/ethnic groups of White, Black, Latina, and Asian women? Eating Behaviors, 42, 101519.
  • Cafri, G. ve Thompson, J. K. (2004). Evaluating the convergence of muscle appearance attitude measures. Assessment, 11, 224-229.
  • Devrim, A., Bilgiç, P. ve Hongu, N. (2018). Is there any relationship between body image perception. Eating disorders and muscle dysmorphic disorders in male bodybuilders? American Journal of Men’s Health, 12, 1746-1758.
  • Dias, R. G., Rech, R. R. ve Halpern, R. (2021). Eating disorder symptoms and body image in adolescents from public schools in Brazil. Preprints,1-13.
  • Dolunay, E. (2002). Popüler kadın dergilerinde kadın bedeninin temsili. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir.
  • Etcoff, N., Orbach, S., Scott, J. ve D’Agotino, H. (2006). Beyond stereotypes: Rebuilding the foundation of beauty beliefs: Findings of the 2005 Dove Global Study. ht tp://www.campaignforrealbeauty.com/DoveBeyondSte reotypesWhitePaper.pdf
  • Frederick, D. A., Buchanan, G. M. ve Sadehgi-Azar, L. (2011). Desiring the muscular ideal: Men's body satisfaction in the United States. Ukraine and Ghana. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 8, 103-117.
  • Garner, D. M. ve Garfinkel, P. E. (1979). The Eating Attitudes Test: An index of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa. Psychological Medicin, 9, 273-279.
  • Griffiths, S., Murray, S. B. ve Touyz, S. (2015). Extending the masculinity hypothesis: An investigation of gender role conformity. Body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in young heterosexual men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 16, 108-114.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
  • Hekimoğlu, F. M. (2019). Düzenleme süreçleri, kadınsılık-erkeksilik algısı, beden memnuniyetsizliği ile yeme tutumları arasındaki ilişki: Bir model önerisi (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Huang, Q., Peng, W. ve Ahn, S. (2020). When media become the mirror: A meta-analysis on media and body image. Media Psychology, 24(4), 437-489.
  • Jiotsa, B., Naccache, B., Duval, M., Rocher, B. ve Grall-Bronnec, M. (2021). Social media use and body image disorders: Association between frequency of comparing one’s own physical appearance to that of people being followed on social media and body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 2880.
  • Jung, J. ve Forbes, G. B. (2007). Body dissatisfaction and disordered eating among college women in China, South Korea, and the United States: Contrasting predictions from sociocultural and feminist theories. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31, 381-393.
  • Köse, E. (2011). Dindar Kadınlığın Kurulumunda Tesettür: Beden, Yazın ve Özneleşme. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Lease, S. H., Çiftçi, A., Demir, A. ve Boyraz, G. (2009). Structural validity of Turkish versions of the Gender Role Conflict Scale and Male Role Norms Scale. Psychology of Men & Masculinity,10, 273-287.
  • Lehman, P. (2000). A validity study of the Femininity Ideology Scale (Unpublished master’s thesis). Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL.
  • Lopez, V., Corona, R. ve Halfond, R. (2013). Effects of gender, media influences, and traditional gender role orientation on disordered eating and appearance concerns among Latino adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 36, 727-736.
  • Murnen, S. K. ve Don, B. P. (2012). Body image and gender roles. Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human Appearance, 1, 128-134.
  • Nouri, M., Hill, L. G. ve Orrell-Valentec, J. K. (2011). Media exposure, internalization of the thin ideal, and body dissatisfaction: Comparing Asian American and European American college females. Body Image, 8(4), 366-372.
  • O'gorman, B., Sheffield, J., Clarke, R. ve Griffiths, S. (2019). “Guys don't talk about their bodies”: A qualitative investigation of male body dissatisfaction and sociocultural influences in a sample of 40 Australian males. Clinical Psychologist, 24(2), 123-132.
  • Rafati, F., Dehdashti, N. ve Sadeghi, A. (2021). The relationship between instagram use and body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, and internalization of beauty ideals: A correlational study of Iranian women. Feminist Media Studies, 1-17.
  • Ridgeway, R. T. ve Tylka, T. L. (2005). College men’s perceptions of ideal body composition and shape. Psychology of Men and Masculinities, 6(3), 209-220.
  • Rodgers, R. F., Slater, A, Gordon, C. S., McLean, S. A., Jarman, H. K. ve Paxton, S. J. (2020). A biopsychosocial model of social media use and body image concerns, disordered eating, and muscle-building behaviors among adolescent girls and boys. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49, 399-409.
  • Savaşır, I. ve Erol, N. (1998). Yeme Tutum Testi: Anoreksiya nervoza belirtileri indeksi. Psikoloji Dergisi, 23, 19-25.
  • Selvi, K. (2018). Exploring men's body image concerns and predisposing factors for muscle dysmorphia in the framework of self-determination theory (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Smolak L. (2002). ‘‘Body image development in children’’. T. F. Cash ve T. Prozinksy (Ed.) Body image: A handbook of theory, research and clinical practice içinde (s. 65-73). Guilford Press.
  • Soh, N. L., Touyz, S. W. ve Surgenor, L. J. (2006). Eating and body image disturbances across cultures: A review. European Eating Disorders Review, 14, 54-65.
  • Stice, E. ve Desjardins, C. D. (2018). Interactions between risk factors in the prediction of onset of eating disorders: Exploratory hypothesis generating analyses. Behaviour Research and Therapy,105, 52-62.
  • Talbot, D. ve Mahlberg, J. (2021). Exploration of height dissatisfaction, muscle dissatisfaction, body ideals, and eating disorder symptoms in men. Journal of American College Health, 1-6.
  • Thompson, E. H. ve Pleck, J. H. (1986). The structure of male role norms. American Behavioral Scientist, 29, 531-543.
  • Thompson, J. K., Coovert, M. D. ve Stormer, S. (1999). Body image, social comparison and eating disturbance: A covariance structure modeling investigation. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 26, 43-53.
  • Thompson, J. K. ve Stice, E. (2001). Thin-ideal internalization: Mounting evidence for a new risk factor for body-image disturbance and eating pathology. Current Direction in Psychological Science, 10(5), 181-183.
  • Tiggemann, M. ve Anderberg, I. (2020). Social media is not real: The effect of ‘Instagram vs reality’ images on women’s social comparison and body image. New Media & Society, 22(12), 2183-2199.
  • TÜİK. (2021). Hanehalkı bilişim teknolojileri (BT) kullanım araştırması, 2021. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Hanehalki-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-(BT)-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2021-37437
  • Tylka, T. L., Bergeron, D. ve Schwartz, J. P. (2005). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Male Body Attitudes Scale (MBAS). Body Image, 2, 161-175.
  • Uluyol, F. M. (2016). Cinsiyet kimliği ve cinsel yönelime bağlı zorbalığa maruz kalma, sosyal destek ve psikolojik iyilik hali arasındaki ilişki. Klinik Psikiyatri, 19, 87-96.
  • Uluyol, F. M. (2020). Erkeklere Özgü Beden Tutum Ölçeği (EÖBTÖ)’nin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi, 8, 1-12.
  • Uluyol, F. M. ve Barışkın, E. (2020). Ben-Tovim Walker Beden Tutum Ölçeği (BTWÖ)’nin Türkçe formunun psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi,7, 57-77.
  • Wu, J., Liu, J., Li, S., Ma, H. ve Wang, Y. (2020). Trends in the prevalence and disability-adjusted life years of eating disorders from 1990 to 2017: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 29, 1-12.
  • Yang, C. J., Gray, P. ve Pope, H. G. (2005). Male body image in Taiwan versus the West: Yanggang Zhiqi meets the Adonis comple. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 263-269.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Klinik Psikoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Fatma Mahperi Uluyol Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-7879-9807

Yayımlanma Tarihi 2 Mayıs 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Şubat 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Uluyol, F. M. (2023). Kadınsılık-erkeklik algısının beden algısı ve yeme tutumları arasındaki aracı rolü. Journal of Clinical Psychology Research, 7(1), 75-89. https://doi.org/10.57127/kpd.26024438m0000113