Araştırma Makalesi
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Kendiliknesnesi ihtiyaçları ve kişilik bozuklukları arasındaki ilişkide savunma mekanizmaları ve kişilerarası ilişki boyutlarının aracı rolü

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 216 - 239, 14.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.57127/kpd.26024438.1274647

Öz

Yaşamın özellikle erken dönemlerinde kendiliknesnesi ihtiyaçlarının karşılanması veya karşılanmaması kişiliğin gelişmesinde önemli bir role sahiptir. Alanyazın savunmacı bir şekilde kendiliknesnesi ihtiyaçlarına yaklaşma ve onlardan kaçınmanın kişilik bozuklukları ile ilişkili olabileceğine yönelik bulgular ortaya koymuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı ise kendiliknesnesi ihtiyaçları ile kişilik bozuklukları arasındaki ilişkide savunma mekanizmaları ve kişilerarası ilişki boyutlarının aracı etkilerinin incelenmesidir. Araştırma, yaşları 18-69 (Ort. = 26.27, SS = 8.36) arasında değişen 253’ü kadın (%62.9) ve 149’u erkek (%37.1) olmak üzere toplam 402 kişinin katıldığı kesitsel bir tarama çalışmasıdır. Veriler Sosyo-Demografik Bilgi Formu, Coolidge Eksen II Envanteri Kısa Form, Kendiliknesnesi İhtiyaçları Envanteri, Savunma Biçimleri Testi ve Kişilerarası İlişki Boyutları Ölçeği kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Analizler sonucunda kişilik bozuklukları ile aynalanma- idealizasyon- ikizliğe yaklaşma ve idealizasyon- ikizlikten kaçınma kendiliknesnesi ihtiyaçları, immatür savunma mekanizmaları ve onay bağımlılık değişkenlerinin birbirleriyle pozitif yönde; başkalarına güven ve duygu farkındalığı değişkenlerinin negatif yönde anlamlı ilişkiler gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Kendiliknesnesi ihtiyaçları ve kişilik bozuklukları arasındaki ilişkide immatür ve nevrotik savunmaların, onay bağımlılık, başkalarına güven ve duygu farkındalığı değişkenlerinin belli tip kişilik bozukluklarında kısmi aracılık etkilerinin anlamlı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma bulguları alanyazına dayandırılarak tartışılmış, çalışmaya yönelik sınırlılıklar, teorik literatüre ve klinik uygulamalara ilişkin olası katkılar ve yapılacak yeni çalışmalara yönelik öneriler sunulmuştur.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışmanın etik ilke ve kurallara uygun olduğu, Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Girişimsel Olmayan Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu (9/2020 sayılı toplantı, 9/10 sayı, 26.06.2020 tarihli karar) tarafından onaylanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Akça, S. (2017). Kohut’un kendiliknesnesi ihtiyaçları bağlamında kırılgan narsisizmin incelenmesi: Bir vaka örneği. Ayna Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 4(1), 1-13.
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  • Akhtar, S. (2016). Ağır kişilik bozukluklarının tanı ve sağaltımı için başvuru kitabı (2. baskı). Odağ Psikanaliz ve Psikoterapi Eğitim Hizmetleri Org. Ltd. Şti. Yayınları (Orijinal çalışma basım tarihi 1995).
  • Akyunus, M. ve Gençöz, T. (2016). Kişilik bozukluğu inanışlarının kişilerarası döngüsel model üzerindeki temsili. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 31(77), 1-7.
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  • Andrews, G., Pollock, C. ve Stewart, G. (1989). The determination of defense style by questionnaire. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46(5), 455-460.
  • Andrews, G., Singh, M. ve Bond, M. (1993). The Defense Style Questionnaire. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181(4), 246-256.
  • Aracı, A. ve Bilge, Y. (2021). Erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar ve kişilik bozuklukları ilişkisinde immatür savunmaların aracı rolü. Turkish Studies-Social Sciences, 16(3), 933-951.
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Mediating role of defense mechanisms and dimensions of the interpersonal relationship in the relationship between selfobject needs and personality disorders

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 216 - 239, 14.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.57127/kpd.26024438.1274647

Öz

Especially in the early stages of life, met or unmet the selfobject needs has an important role in the development of personality. The literature has revealed evidence that approaching and defensively avoiding selfobject needs may be associated with personality disorders. The present study aimed to examine the mediating effects of defense mechanisms and dimensions of the interpersonal relationship in the relationship between selfobject needs and personality disorders. The research sample consisted of a total of 402 people [253 females (62.9%) and 149 males (37.1%), aged between 18 and 59 (M = 32.28, SD = 7.76)], and a cross-sectional screening method was used in the study. The data was collected using the Socio-Demographic Information Form, Coolidge Axis II Inventory Short Form, Selfobject Needs Inventory, Defense Style Questionnaire, and Scale of Dimensions of Interpersonal Relationship. As a result of the analyzes, personality disorders and approaching mirroring- idealization- twinship, and avoiding idealization- twinship, selfobject needs, immature defense mechanisms, and approval dependence variables were positively correlated with each other; it was determined that the variables of trust in others and emotional awareness showed significant negative correlations. It was found that in the relationship between selfobject needs and personality disorders, the variables of immature and neurotic defenses, approval dependence, trusting others and emotional awareness had significant partial mediation effects in certain types of personality disorders. Then research findings were discussed based on the literature, and limitations of the study and possible contributions to theory and clinical practice, and suggestions for new studies to be made were presented.

Etik Beyan

This study was approved by the Sağlık Bilimleri University Non-Interventional Research Ethics Committee (meeting numbered 9/2020, number 9/10, decision dated 26.06.2020) that this study complies with ethical principles and rules.

Kaynakça

  • Akça, S. (2017). Kohut’un kendiliknesnesi ihtiyaçları bağlamında kırılgan narsisizmin incelenmesi: Bir vaka örneği. Ayna Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 4(1), 1-13.
  • Akhtar, S. (1989). Narcisistic personality disorder: Descriptive features and differential diagnosis. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 12(3), 505-529.
  • Akhtar, S. (2016). Ağır kişilik bozukluklarının tanı ve sağaltımı için başvuru kitabı (2. baskı). Odağ Psikanaliz ve Psikoterapi Eğitim Hizmetleri Org. Ltd. Şti. Yayınları (Orijinal çalışma basım tarihi 1995).
  • Akyunus, M. ve Gençöz, T. (2016). Kişilik bozukluğu inanışlarının kişilerarası döngüsel model üzerindeki temsili. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 31(77), 1-7.
  • American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM V (5. baskı). American Psychiatric Association.
  • Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği (2014). Ruhsal bozuklukların tanısal ve sayımsal elkitabı (DSM-5) (1. baskı) (E. Köroğlu, Çev.). Hekimler Yayın Birliği (Orijinal çalışma basım tarihi, 2013).
  • Andrews, G. (1991). Anxiety, personality and anxiety disorders. International Review of Psychiatry, 3(2), 293-302.
  • Andrews, G., Pollock, C. ve Stewart, G. (1989). The determination of defense style by questionnaire. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46(5), 455-460.
  • Andrews, G., Singh, M. ve Bond, M. (1993). The Defense Style Questionnaire. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181(4), 246-256.
  • Aracı, A. ve Bilge, Y. (2021). Erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar ve kişilik bozuklukları ilişkisinde immatür savunmaların aracı rolü. Turkish Studies-Social Sciences, 16(3), 933-951.
  • Bachrach, H. (1968). Adaptive regression, empathy and psychotherapy: Theory and research study psychotherapy. Theory, Research & Practice, 5(4), 203-209.
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  • Henry, J. D., Bailey, P. E. ve Rendell, P. G. (2008). Empathy, social functioning and schizotypy. Psychiatry Research, 160(1), 15-22.
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  • Horney, K. (1964). The neurotic personality of our time. W W Norton & Co.
  • Işık, İ. G. (2016). Object relations, perceived parental rearing styles, and defense mechanisms in relation to personality traits and symptoms of personality disorders (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • İmamoğlu, S. E. ve Aydın, B. (2009). Kişilerarası İlişki Boyutları Ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Psikoloji Çalışmaları Dergisi, 29(1), 39-64.
  • İnce, İ. (2020). Büyüklenmeci ve kırılgan narsisizmin ego mekanizmaları ve psikolojik rahatsızlıklar ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Johnson, H. C. (1991). Theories of Kernberg and Kohut: Issues of scientific validation. Social Service Review, 65(3), 403-433.
  • Kernberg, O. (1975). Borderline conditions and pathological narcissisism. Jason Aronson.
  • Kernberg, P. F. (1994). Mechanisms of defense: Development and research perspectives. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 58(1), 55-58.
  • Kohut, H. (1966). Forms and transformations of narcissism. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 14, 243- 272.
  • Kohut, H. (1971). The analysis of the self. International Universities Press.
  • Kohut, H. (1977). The restoration of the self. International Universities Press.
  • Kohut, H. (1984). How does analysis cure? The University of Chicago Press.
  • Kohut, H. ve Wolf, E.S. (1978). The disorders of the self and their treatment: An outline. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 59, 413-425.
  • Köroğlu, E. ve Bayraktar, S. (2010). Kişilik bozuklukları (2. baskı). Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
  • Kring, A. M., Johnson, S. L., Davıson, G. ve Neale, J. (2012) Abnormal psychology (12. baskı). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Lobel, T. E., Kashtan, O. ve Winch, G. L. (1987). The relationship between defense mechanisms, trait anxiety and need for approval. Personality and Individual Differences, 8(1), 17-23.
  • Lukowitsky, M. R. ve Pincus, A. L. (2013). Interpersonal perception of pathological narcissism: A social relations analysis. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95(3), 261-273.
  • Masland, S. R., Schnell, S. E. ve Shah, T. V. (2020). Trust beliefs, biases, and behaviors in borderline personality disorder: Empirical findings and relevance to epistemic trust. Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports, 7, 239-349.
  • Marmarosh, C. L., Mann, S. (2014). Patients’ selfobject needs in psychodynamic psychotherapy: How they relate to client attachment, symptoms, and the therapy alliance. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 3(3), 297-313.
  • McWilliams, N. (2017). Psikanalitik tanı: Klinik süreç içinde kişilik yapısını anlamak (3. baskı) (E. Kalem, Çev.). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları (Orijinal çalışma basım tarihi 1994).
  • Miano A., Fertuck E. A., Arntz A. ve Stanley B. (2013). Rejection sensitivity is a mediator between borderline personality disorder features and facial trust appraisal. Journal of Personality Disorders, 27, 442-456.
  • Miller, P. A. ve Eisenberg, N. (1988). The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/antisocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 324-344.
  • Millon, T. (1991). Avoidant personality disorder: A brief review of issues and data. Journal of Personality Disorders, 5(4), 353-362.
  • Millon, T., Grossman, S., Millon, C., Meagher, S. ve Ramnath, R. (2004). Personality disorder in modern life (2. baskı). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Morrison, J. R. (2015). Ruhsal Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal Elkitabı: (DSM-5)’i kolaylaştıran "klinisyenler için tanı rehberi” (1. baskı) (M. Şahin, Çev.,). Nobel Yayınları (Orijinal çalışma basım tarihi, 2014).
  • Nehrig, N., Ho, S. S. M. ve Wong, P. S. (2019). Understanding the Selfobject Needs Inventory: Its relationship to narcissism, attachment, and childhood maltreatment. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 36(1), 53-63.
  • Okay, D. ve Canel-Çınarbaş, D. (2021). Kendilik psikolojisi yaklaşımı üzerinden bir çekingen kişilik olgusunun incelenmesi. Nesne, 9(19), 204-220.
  • Olson, T. R. (2008). Can defense mechanisms aid in the differentiation of depression and anxiety (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). University of Saskatchewan in the Department of Psychology, Saskatoon.
  • Ouimette, P. C., Klein, D. N., Anderson, R., Riso, L. P. ve Lizardi, H. (1994). Relationship of sociotropy/autonomy and dependency/self-criticism to DSM-III—R personality disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(4), 743-749.
  • Perry, J. C., Presniak, M. D. ve Olson, T. R. (2013). Defense mechanisms in schizotypal, borderline, antisocial, and narcissistic personality disorders. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 76(1), 32-52.
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  • Silverstein, M. L. (1999). Self psychology and diagnostic assessment (1. baskı). Routledge Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Silverstein, M. L. (2005). Self psychological foundations of personality disorders. Handbook of personology and psychopathology (1. baskı) içinde (s. 181-198). Stac John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Sinha, B. K. ve Watson, D. C. (1999). Predicting personality disorder traits with the Defense Style Questionnaire in a normal sample. Journal of Personality Disorder. 13(3), 281-286.
  • Tabar, M. S. (2017). The role of defense styles and defense mechanisms in the prediction of borderline personality features in non-clinical samples. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 11(4), 147-151.
  • Togashi, K. ve Kottler, A. (2015). Kohut’s twinship across cultures: The psychology of being human (1. baskı). Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Tondar, S., Campos, R. C., Shakiba, S., Dadkhah, A. ve Blatt, S. J. (2017). The associations between the maladaptive personality dimensions of neediness and self-criticism, defense styles, selfobject needs, and attachment styles in an Iranian sample. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 34(1), 26-34.
  • Unoka, Z., Seres, I., Áspán, N., Bódi, N. ve Kéri, S. (2009). Trust game reveals restricted interpersonal transactions in patients with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23(4), 399-409.
  • Vaillant, G. E. (1971). Theoretical hierarchy of adaptive ego mechanisms: A 30-year follow-up of 30 men selected for psychological health. Archives of General Psychiatry, 24(2), 107-118.
  • Vaillant, G. E. (1976). Natural history of male psychological health: V. The relation of choice of ego mechanisms of defense to adult adjustment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33(5), 535-545.
  • Vaillant, G. E. (1994). Ego mechanisms of defense and personality psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(1), 44-50.
  • Van Wijk-Herbrink, M., Andrea, H. ve Verheul, R. (2011). Cognitive coping and defense styles in patients with personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25(5), 634-644.
  • Volkan, V. D. (1976). Primitive internalized object relations. International Universities Press.
  • Watson, P. J. ve Morris, R. J. (1991). Narcissism, empathy and social desirability. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 575-579.
  • Wolitzky, D. L. ve Eagle, M. N. (1997). Psychoanalytic theories of psychotherapy. P. L. Wachtel ve S. B. Messer (Ed.), Theories of psychotherapy: Origins and evolution (1. baskı) içinde (s. 39-96). American Psychological Association.
  • Yılmaz, N., Gençöz, T. ve Ak, M. (2007). Savunma Biçimleri Testi'nin psikometrik özellikleri: Güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 18(3), 244-253.
  • Yurduşen, S. ve Gençöz, F. (2018). Kendiliknesnesi İhtiyaçları Envanterinin Türk toplumundaki psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 2(2), 88-98.
  • Zanarini, M. C., Weingeroff, J. L. ve Frankenburg, F. R. (2009). Defense mechanisms associated with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23(2), 113-121.
Toplam 102 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Klinik Psikoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Nuran Bingöl Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-8737-1100

Yıldız Bilge Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-2315-0055

Yayımlanma Tarihi 14 Eylül 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Bingöl, N., & Bilge, Y. (2023). Kendiliknesnesi ihtiyaçları ve kişilik bozuklukları arasındaki ilişkide savunma mekanizmaları ve kişilerarası ilişki boyutlarının aracı rolü. Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(2), 216-239. https://doi.org/10.57127/kpd.26024438.1274647