Yaşlanmada dikkat işlevlerindeki bozulmanın kaynağı: Bilgi işleme hızındaki azalma ya da yönetici işlevlerdeki yetersizlik

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3, 460 - 484, 25.12.2024

Çağdaş Kızgut , Handan Can

https://doi.org/10.57127/kpd.26024438.1278298

Öz

Yaşlanma doğumla başlayan gelişimsel sürecin önemli bir evresidir ve bu süreçte fiziksel değişikliklerin yanında duygusal ve bilişsel işlevlerde bazı değişiklikler olmaktadır. Yaşlanmada gözlenen bilişsel işlevlerdeki değişimin, sıklıkla hafif bilişsel bozukluk ya da demans gibi hastalıklara evrilebildiği alanyazındaki çalışmalarla gösterilmiştir. Bu durum yaşlanmada bilişsel işlevlerdeki değişimi inceleyen çalışmaları giderek daha önemli hale getirmektedir. Yaşlanma sürecinde bozulan bilişsel işlev alanlarından biri de dikkattir. Mevcut derleme çalışmasında yaşlanma sürecinde dikkat işlevlerindeki değişim incelenmiş ve bu değişime etki eden temel değişkenler tartışılmıştır. Bu amaçla öncelikle temel dikkat kuramları gözden geçirilmiş ve bu kuramların getirdiği açıklamalar doğrultusunda, yaşlanma ve dikkat süreçleri ele alınmıştır. Yaşlanmanın seçici dikkat, bölünmüş dikkat ve dikkat kontrolü gibi en temel dikkat süreçleri üzerindeki etkisi değerlendirilmiştir. Bunun yanında deneyim ve bir görevde otomatikleşmenin, dikkat işlevlerinde yaşlanmaya bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan bozucu etkilere karşı direnç oluşturmadaki etkileri de incelenmiştir. Davranışsal ölçümler ve görüntüleme tekniklerini temel alan çalışmalar birlikte gözden geçirilmiş; böylelikle yaşlanma ve dikkat arasındaki ilişkiyi açıklamada daha derinlikli bir kavrayış geliştirmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu derleme kapsamında yapılan gözden geçirmenin sonunda karşımıza temel bir soru çıkmaktadır. Yaşlanma sürecinde dikkat işlevlerindeki bozulma, bilgiyi işlemleme hızındaki değişimden mi yoksa yönetici işlevlerdeki yetersizlikten mi kaynaklanmaktadır? Mevcut derlemede, bu soruya alanyazındaki çalışmalardan elde edilen sonuçlar üzerinden açıklama getirilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

yönetici işlevler, işlemleme hızı, bilişsel yaşlanma, dikkat

Etik Beyan

Etik Kurul Onayı: Etik izin gerektirmeyen, derleme bir çalışmadır. Çıkar Çatışması Beyanı: Bu makalenin tüm yazarları, makaleye ilişkin herhangi bir çıkar çatışması olmadığını beyan ederler. Onam Formu: Araştırma türüne uygun değildir.

Processes affecting the deterioration of attentional functioning in aging: Decrease in information processing speed or impairment in executive functions

Öz

Aging is an important stage of the developmental process that begins with birth, and in this process, in addition to physical changes, some changes occur in emotional and cognitive functions. Studies in the literature have shown that the changes in cognitive functions observed in aging can often evolve into diseases such as mild cognitive impairment or dementia. These studies examining changes in cognitive functions in aging are increasingly important. One of the areas of cognitive function that deteriorates during aging is attention. The current review study examined the change in attention functions in the aging process, and the main variables affecting this change were discussed. For this purpose, firstly, fundamental attention theories were reviewed, and aging and attention processes were discussed in line with the explanations provided by these theories. The effects of aging on the most basic attentional processes, such as selective attention, divided attention, and attentional control, were evaluated; the effect of experience, specialization, and automatization in a task on building resistance against the deteriorating effects of aging on attentional processes was examined. Studies based on behavioral measures and imaging techniques were reviewed in order to reach a better understanding of the relationship between aging and attention. At the end of this review, a fundamental question arises. Does the deterioration in attentional functions during aging result from changes in the speed of information processing or from deficits in executive functions? In the present review, an attempt has been made to explain this question through the results obtained from the studies in the literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

executive functions, processing speed, cognitive aging, attention

Etik Beyan

Ethics Committee Approval: N/A Conflict of Interest Statement: All authors of this article declare that there is no conflict of interest related to the article. Informed Consent Form: N/A

Kaynakça

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