Asfalt Kaplamalarda Kırılma Davranışının Maliyet Etkin Analizi için SURF Tabanlı Rijit Özellik Takibi (RiFT) Yaklaşımı

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 393 - 410, 31.12.2025

Yavuz Abut

https://doi.org/10.34186/klujes.1829839

https://izlik.org/JA96UK24LZ

Öz

Asfalt kaplamalarda çatlak oluşumu, dayanıklılığı ve hizmet ömrünü ciddi şekilde etkilemektedir. Bu nedenle kırılmanın doğru biçimde analiz edilmesi kritik öneme sahiptir. Yarı Dairesel Eğilme (SCB) testi, kırılma direncini değerlendirmek için yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ancak, Dijital Görüntü Korelasyonu (DIC) gibi optik yöntemler; yüksek çözünürlüklü kameralar, kontrollü aydınlatma ve benekler gerektirdiğinden maliyet ve karmaşık kurulum sorunları doğurmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, yarı-rijit malzemeler için tasarlanmış, SURF (Speeded-Up Robust Features) algoritmasından esinlenen ve özellik tabanlı yer değiştirme tahmin yöntemi olan Rijit Özellik Takibi (RiFT) sunulmaktadır. RiFT, bu kritik uygulamada DIC'nin donanım ve numune hazırlama kısıtlarını bertaraf ederek, SCB testi sırasında çatlak başlangıcını ve ilerlemesini izlemek için sağlam, düşük maliyetli bir optik yöntem sağlamak amacıyla özel olarak sunulmuştur. RiFT, korelasyon ağırlıklı yaklaşımlardan farklı olarak, seyrek güvenilir nirengi noktaları belirlemekte, kenar koruyucu enterpolasyonla yer değiştirme alanlarını yeniden oluşturarak, farklı açı ve ışık değişimlerine duyarlılığı azaltmayı hedeflemektedir. SCB testleri, INSTRON 5982 cihazı kullanılarak asfalt numuneleri üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiş; yük ve CMOD 10 Hz’de kaydedilmiştir. Görüntüler, ek aydınlatma veya yüzey benekleri olmadan, her beş saniyede bir web kamerasıyla alınmıştır. Bu çalışma, RiFT'i öncelikle kontrollü SCB deneyleriyle doğrulanmış metodolojik bir çerçeve olarak sunmakta ve RiFT'in gerçek zamanlı izleme yapabildiğinin kavramsal ispatını ortaya koymaktadır. Daha kapsamlı doğrulama ise gelecek çalışmalar için planlanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Asfalt çatlak analizi , dijital görüntü korelasyonu , yarı dairesel eğilme testi , RiFT , SURF

Teşekkür

Bu çalışmanın yazarı, deneysel çalışmalarda SCB numunelerinin kırılma testlerini gerçekleştiren KORDSA Teknik Tekstil A.Ş.’ye teşekkür eder

A SURF-Based Rigid Feature Tracking (RiFT) Approach for Cost-Effective Analysis of Fracture Behaviour in Asphalt Pavements

https://izlik.org/JA96UK24LZ

Öz

Cracking in asphalt pavements significantly affects durability and service life, making accurate characterization of fracture essential. The Semi-Circular Bending (SCB) test is widely used to evaluate fracture resistance; however, conventional optical techniques such as Digital Image Correlation (DIC) require high-resolution cameras, controlled lighting, and speckle, leading to high costs and complex setups. This study introduces Rigid Feature Tracking (RiFT), a SURF-inspired (Speeded-Up Robust Features), feature-based displacement estimation framework designed for quasi-rigid materials under controlled loading. RiFT is specifically introduced to provide a robust, low-cost optical method for monitoring crack initiation and propagation during SCB test, overcoming the hardware and sample preparation limitations of DIC in this critical application. RiFT departs from correlation-heavy approaches by detecting sparse but robust landmark points and reconstructing dense displacement fields through edge-preserving interpolation, aim to reduce sensitivity to angular and illumination variations. SCB tests were performed on asphalt specimens with an INSTRON 5982, recording load and CMOD at 10 Hz. Images were captured every five seconds using a webcam without additional lighting or surface speckle. This study presents RiFT primarily as a methodological framework validated through controlled SCB experiments, demonstrating its proof-of-concept capability for real-time tracking, with further wide-scale validation planned for future work.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Asphalt crack analysis , digital image correlation , semi-circular bending test , RiFT , SURF

Teşekkür

The author of this article would like to gratefully acknowledge KORDSA Teknik Tekstil A.Ş. for the fracture tests of SCB specimens into the experimental works.

Kaynakça

• AASHTO. (2014). AASHTO T322: Determining the Creep Compliance and Strength of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Using the Indirect Tensile Test Device AASHTO.
• AASHTO. (2017). AASHTO T321: Standard Method of Test for Determining the Fatigue Life of Compacted Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Subjected to Repeated Flexural Bending. In. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
• AASHTO. (2020a). AASHTO TP 105: Standard Method of Test for Determining the Fracture Energy of Asphalt Mixtures Using the Semicircular Bend Geometry (SCB). American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO).
• AASHTO. (2020b). AASHTO TP 124: Standard Method of Test for Determining the Fracture Potential of Asphalt Mixtures Using the Illinois Flexibility Index Test (I-FIT). American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO).
• Abut, Y. (2024). Experimental Investigation of the Fracture Properties for Crumb Rubber Modified (CRM) Asphalt Mixtures [Granül Kauçuk Modifiyeli (CRM) Asfalt Karışımların Kırılma Özelliklerinin Deneysel Olarak İncelenmesi]. Politeknik Dergisi, 27(2), 515-522. https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1125034
• Alsheyab, M. A., Khasawneh, M. A., Abualia, A., & Sawalha, A. (2024). A critical review of fatigue cracking in asphalt concrete pavement: a challenge to pavement durability. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 9(10), 386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-024-01704-1
• Asswad, J., Ziade, E., Tehrani, F. F., & Pop, I. O. (2024). Assessment of resistance to crack propagation of asphalt mixtures using two parts digital image correlation. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, 133, 104578. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2024.104578
• ASTM. (2013). ASTM D7313: Standard Test Method for Determining Fracture Energy of Asphalt Mixtures Using the Disk-Shaped Compact Tension Geometry. ASTM International.
• ASTM. (2016). ASTM D8044: Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Asphalt Mixture Cracking Resistance using the Semi-Circular Bend Test (SCB) at Intermediate Temperatures. ASTM International.
• ASTM. (2017). ASTM D6931: Standard Test Method for Indirect Tensile (IDT) Strength of Asphalt Mixtures. ASTM International.
• ASTM. (2021). ASTM D8237: Standard Test Method for Determining Fatigue Failure of Asphalt-Aggregate Mixtures with the Four-Point Beam Fatigue Device. ASTM International. https://doi.org/10.1520/D8237-21
• Bay, H., Tuytelaars, T., & Van Gool, L. (2006, 2006//). SURF: Speeded Up Robust Features. Computer Vision – ECCV 2006, Berlin, Heidelberg.
• Birgisson, B., Montepara, A., Romeo, E., Roncella, R., Napier, J. A. L., & Tebaldi, G. (2008). Determination and prediction of crack patterns in hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 75(3), 664-673. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2007.02.003
• Cabo, C., Ordóñez, C., Muñiz-Calvente, M., Lozano, M., & Ismael, G. (2019). A hybrid SURF-DIC algorithm to estimate local displacements in structures using low-cost conventional cameras. Engineering Failure Analysis, 104, 807-815. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.06.083
• Cheng, L., Zhang, L., Liu, X., Yuan, F., Ma, Y., & Sun, Y. (2022). Evaluation of the fatigue properties for the long-term service asphalt pavement using the semi-circular bending tests and stereo digital image correlation technique. Construction and Building Materials, 317, 126119. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126119
• EN. (2010). EN 12697-44: Bituminous mixtures – Test methods – Part 44: Crack propagation by semi-circular bending test. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). https://www.en-standard.eu/din-en-12697-44-bituminous-mixtures-test-methods-part-44-crack-propagation-by-semi-circular-bending-test/
• EN. (2022). EN 12697-32: Bituminous Mixtures, Test Methods for Hot Mix Asphalt, Laboratory Compaction of Bituminous Mixtures by Vibratory Compactor. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). https://www.en-standard.eu/csn-en-12697-32-bituminous-mixtures-test-methods-part-32-specimen-preparation-by-vibratory-compactor/
• Górszczyk, J., Malicki, K., & Zych, T. (2019). Application of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) Method for Road Material Testing. Materials, 12(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12152349
• Hassan, M. M. (2013). Effect of secondary aggregates on relationship between creep time dependent index and Paris Law parameters. Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction Technology, 4(2), 45-50. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5897/JCECT12.040
• Huang, B., Shu, X., & Zuo, G. (2013). Using notched semi circular bending fatigue test to characterize fracture resistance of asphalt mixtures. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 109, 78-88. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2013.07.003
• Jiang-san, H., Lan, W., & Xin, L. (2022). Anti-fatigue performance of warm-mixed rubber powder modified asphalt mixture based on the DIC technique. Construction and Building Materials, 335, 127489. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127489
• Kong, L., Ren, D., Zhou, S., He, Z., Ai, C., & Yan, C. (2023). Evaluating the evolution of fiber-reinforced emulsified asphalt cold-recycled mixture damage using digital image correlation. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 24(1), 2176495. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2023.2176495
• Li, X. J., & Marasteanu, M. O. (2010). Using Semi Circular Bending Test to Evaluate Low Temperature Fracture Resistance for Asphalt Concrete. Experimental Mechanics, 50(7), 867-876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-009-9303-0
• Liang, H., Wang, D., Shi, L., Liang, X., & Tang, C. (2020). Use of digital images for fracture performance evaluation of asphalt mixtures. Construction and Building Materials, 253, 119152. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119152
• Lu, D. X., Bui, H. H., & Saleh, M. (2021). Effects of specimen size and loading conditions on the fracture behaviour of asphalt concretes in the SCB test. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 242, 107452. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2020.107452
• Ma, Y., Mohammad, L. N., Liu, J., Asghar, M., Elnaml, I., Cooper, S. B., & Cooper, S. B. (2024). Development of a cyclic semi-circular bending test protocol to characterize fatigue cracking of asphalt mixture at intermediate temperature. Construction and Building Materials, 443, 137669. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137669
• Marasteanu, M., Buttlar, W., Bahia, H., Williams, C., Moon, K. H., Teshale, E. Z., Falchetto, A. C., Turos, M., Dave, E., & Paulino, G. (2012). Investigation of low temperature cracking in asphalt pavements national pooled fund study–phase II.
• Min, W., Lu, P., Liu, S., & Wang, H. (2025). A Review of Crack Sealing Technologies for Asphalt Pavement: Materials, Failure Mechanisms, and Detection Methods. Coatings, 15(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15070836
• Ouyang, J., Yang, W., Cao, P., & Han, B. (2023). The fracture behaviour of cement bitumen emulsion mixture through the digital image correlation (DIC) method. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 24(1), 2220065. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2023.2220065
• Pei, Z., Lou, K., Kong, H., Wu, B., Wu, X., Xiao, P., & Qi, Y. (2021). Effects of Fiber Diameter on Crack Resistance of Asphalt Mixtures Reinforced by Basalt Fibers Based on Digital Image Correlation Technology. Materials, 14(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237426
• Radeef, H. R., Abdul Hassan, N., Mahmud, M. Z. H., Zainal Abidin, A. R., Ismail, C. R., Abbas, H. F., & Al-Saffar, Z. H. (2021). Characterisation of cracking resistance in modified hot mix asphalt under repeated loading using digital image analysis. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, 116, 103130. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2021.103130
• Saha, G., & Biligiri, K. P. (2015). Fracture damage evaluation of asphalt mixtures using Semi-Circular Bending test based on fracture energy approach. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 142, 154-169. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2015.06.009
• Saha, G., & Biligiri, K. P. (2016). Fracture properties of asphalt mixtures using semi-circular bending test: A state-of-the-art review and future research. Construction and Building Materials, 105, 103-112. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.046
• Son, S. (2014). Development of a Phenomenological Constitutive Model for Fracture Resistance Degradation of Asphalt Concrete with Damage Growth Due to Repeated Loading [Dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]. Urbana, Illinois. https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/49876
• Texas. (2025). Tex-248-F: Test procedure for the overlay test. Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT).
• Wang, L., Shan, M., & Li, C. (2020). The cracking characteristics of the polymer-modified asphalt mixture before and after aging based on the digital image correlation technology. Construction and Building Materials, 260, 119802. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119802
• Zhang, J., Sakhaeifar, M., Little Dallas, N., Bhasin, A., & Kim, Y.-R. (2018). Characterization of Crack Growth Rate of Sulfur-Extended Asphalt Mixtures Using Cyclic Semicircular Bending Test. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 30(12), 04018311. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002517
• Zhao, Y., Ni, F., Zhou, L., & Jiang, J. (2017). Heterogeneous fracture simulation of asphalt mixture under SCB test with cohesive crack model. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 18(6), 1411-1422. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2016.1230071
• Zhou, F., Newcomb, D., Gurganus, C., Banihashemrad, S., Park, E. S., Sakhaeifar, M., & Lytton, R. L. (2016). Experimental design for field validation of laboratory tests to assess cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures (NCHRP Project, Issue. https://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/docs/NCHRP09-57_FR.pdf
• Zieliński, P., Klimczak, M., Tekieli, M., & Strzępek, M. (2025). An Evaluation of the Fracture Properties of Asphalt Concrete Mixes Using the Semi-Circular Bending Method and Digital Image Correlation. Materials, 18(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18050967