İnceleme Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

EKONOMİK BÜYÜME, İKTİSADİ DEĞİŞKENLER VE EŞİTSİZLİK: SEÇİLMİŞ ÜLKELERE YÖNELİK BİR İNCELEME (1983-2019)

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 1, 19 - 30, 30.03.2022

Suna Şahin

Öz

Dünyanın birçok ülkesinde gelir eşitsizliği artmaktadır. Gelir eşitsizliği, sürekli büyümesi nedeniyle üzerinde önemle durulması gereken bir olgu haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı yüksek gelirli ülkelerdeki gelir eşitsizliği ve seçilen iktisadi değişkenlerin, ekonomik büyüme üzerinde etkisinin olup olmadığının araştırılmasıdır. Çalışmada 1983-2019 dönemini kapsayan yıllık veri seti ile Dünya Bankası’nın yüksek gelir grubunda yer alan Almanya, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Birleşik Krallık için araştırma yapılmıştır. Çalışmaya ait veriler Dünya Bankası veri tabanı (World Bank), OECD gelir dağılımı veri tabanı (Income Distribution Database), standardize edilmiş dünya gelir eşitsizliği veri tabanı (Standardized World Income Inequality Database) ve Avrupa İstatistik Ofisi (Eurostat) veri tabanından alınmıştır. Çalışmada panel veri analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Çalışma için kullanılan değişkenler, büyüme (GSYİH yıllık %), enflasyon (tüketici fiyatlarıyla yıllık), doğrudan yabancı yatırım girişleri, kamu kesimi büyüklüğü (kamu nihai tüketim harcamaları % GSYİH), sermaye (brüt sermaye oluşumu % GSYİH), nüfus, vergi geliri (% GSYİH), ticari dışa açıklık ve eşitsizlik göstergesi olarak ise Gini katsayısıdır. Çalışmanın genel bulguları, doğrudan yabancı yatırım girişleri, sermaye ve Gini katsayısında meydana gelen artışlar gayri safi yurtiçi hasılayı pozitif yönde etkilerken, kamu nihai tüketim harcamaları ve nüfus değişkenlerinde meydana gelen artışlar gayri safi yurt içi hasılayı negatif etkilemektedir. Enflasyon, vergi gelirleri ve ticari dışa açıklık ile ilgili olarak ise anlamlı bir sonuç elde edilememiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Uluslararası Ticaret Ekonomik Büyüme Gelir Eşitsizliği Gini Katsayısı Panel Veri Analizi.

Kaynakça

  • Alesina, A. ve Perotti, R. (1994). The Political Economy of Growth: A Critical Survey of the Recent Literature, The World Bank Economic Review, 8(3), 351-371.
  • Alesina, A. ve Rodrik, D. (1994). Distributive politics and economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109(2), 478-485.
  • Ameur Ameur, A. ve Seffih, S. (2021). Income Inequality and Economic Growth in Algeria: Empirical Study during the Period 1980-2015. Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy. 9(1), 39-49.
  • Benhabib, J. ve Rustichini, A. (1996, March) Social conflict and growth, Journal of Economic Growth, 1(1), 125–42.
  • Brzezinski, M. (2013). Income polarization and economic growth, Luxembourg: LIS Working Paper Series, No. 587.
  • Ciegis, R., Dilius, A. (2019). An Assessment of the Impact of Income Inequality on Economic Growth, Transformations in Business & Economics, 18 (2),304-322.
  • Dabus, C. ve Delbianco, F. (2021). Income Inequality and Economic Growth in Developing Countries: The Role of Savings, Asian Journal of Latin American Studies, 34(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/ 10.22945/ajlas.2021.34.1.1
  • Eğilmez, M. (2020). Dünya Gelir Sınıflandırması ve Türkiye. https://www.mahfiegilmez.com/2020/07/dunya-gelir-snflandrmas-ve-turkiye.html#more (11.11.2021).
  • Erkişi, K. ve Ceyhan,T. (2020). İktisadi Büyüme ve Gelir Dağılımı Adaleti İlişkisi: Bir Panel Veri Analizi, Sosyoekonomi, 28(43), 195-212.
  • European Statistic https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ILC_DI12__custom_2116761/default/ table? lang=en ( 11.01.2022).
  • Fay, M. (1993). Illegal Activities and Income Distribution: A Model with Envy. Columbia University, Department of Economics, New York.
  • Gölpek, F. ve Kavak, O. (2021). Bazı OECD ülkelerinde kamusal yükseköğretim harcamaları, vergiler ve gelir dağılımı ilişkisi: panel ARDL analizi. Uluslararası Ticaret ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5 (2) , 57-64.
  • Greaney, T.M. ve Karacaovali, B. (2017). Trade, growth and economic inequality in the Asia-Pacific region. Journal of Asian Economics, 48, 1–5.
  • Gründler, K. ve Scheuermeyer, P. (2015). Income Inequality, Economic Growth, and the Effect of Redistribution, Würzburg Economic Papers, No. 95, 1-48.
  • Hailemariam, A. ve Dzhumashev, R. (2020). Income Inequality and Economic Growth: Heterogeneity and Nonlinearity, Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics,1-16.
  • Hausman, J. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica. 46(6), 1251–1271.
  • Herzer, D. ve Vollmer, S. (2012). Inequality and growth: evidence from panel cointegration, J.Econ Inequal,10, 489-503.
  • Hung, N.T., Yen, N.T.H., Duc, L.D., Thuy, V.H.N. ve Vu, N.T.(2020). Relationship between government quality, economic growth and income inequality: Evidence from Vietnam, Cogent Business & Management. 1-11 https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1736847
  • International Monetary Fund (IMF)( 2007). Globalization and inequality, world economic outlook, 31–65. Washington, DC: IMF.
  • Kalay, M. ve Çetin, D. (2016). Afrika Ülkelerinde Politik İstikrar ve Ekonomik Büyüme, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 5(7), 2277-2290.
  • Kazgan, G.(1993). İktisadi Düşünce veya Politik İktisadın Evrimi,6. Baskı, İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Kocurova, T.ve Hampel, D. (2020). Inequalıty in The Income of The Population As A Determinant of The Country's Economic Growth. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 68(6), 987–994.
  • Koh, S.G.M., Lee, G.H.Y. ve Bomhoff , E.J. (2019). The income inequality, financial depth and economic growth nexus in China, The World Economy, 43, 412-427.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality, American Economic Review, 45(1),1–28.
  • Lee, D.J. ve Son, J.C. (2016). Economic Growth and Income Inequality: Evidence from Dynamic Panel Investigation. Global Economic Review, 45(4), 331–358.
  • Malinen, T. (2007). A comment on the relationship between inequality and growth. Discussion papers / Helsinki Center of Economic Research; No 193. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/eri/hecer/disc/193
  • Mendonça, H.F. ve Baca, A.C. (2022). Fiscal opacity and reduction of income inequality through taxation:Effects on economic growth The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 83, 69–82.
  • Muinelo-Gallo, L. ve Roca-Sagales, O. (2013). Joint determinants of fiscal policy, income inequality and economic growth. Economic Modelling, 30, 814-824.
  • Nwosa, P.I. (2019). Income Inequality and Economic Growth In Nigeria: Implication For Economic Development, Acta Universitatis Danubius, 15 (1), 108-116.
  • OECD (2008). Growing unequal? income distribution in OECD Countries. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • Papanek, G., ve O. Kyn. 1986. The effect on income distribution of development, the growth rate and economic strategy. Journal of Development Economics 23 (1), 55–65.
  • Parasız, İ. ve Ekren, N. (2014). Bugünkü Makro Ekonomi, Bursa: Ezgi Kitapevi Yayınları
  • Persson, T. ve Tabellini, G. (1991). Is Inequality Harmful for Growth? Theory and Evidence. Recent Publications of the Economics Working Paper Series, University of California at Berkeley. Standardized World Income Inequality Database, https://fsolt.org/swiid/swiid_source/ (10.01.2022).
  • Topolewski, L. (2020). The impact of income inequalities on economic growth. Ekonomia i Prawo. Economics and Law, 19(2), 355–365.
  • Topuz, S.G. (2022). The Relationship Between Income Inequality and Economic Growth: Are Transmission Channels Effective?, Social Indicators Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-022-02882-0.
  • Tsoukis, C. ve Tournemaine, F. (2010). Social conflict, growth and factor shares, MPRA Paper No. 23365.
  • Velkovska I.(2020). Is There a Link between Income Inequality and Economic Growth in the Balkans? Testing the Kuznets Hypothesis, Rev. soc. polit., god. 28(2), 227-238.
  • World Bank (2019). Sustainable Development Goal 10- reduced inequalities: progress and prospects. https://www.worldbank.org/ reducing-inequalities-progressand-prospects.
  • World Bank https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.WD.GD.ZS?view=c-hart (01.10.2021).
  • World Bank, https://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm (01.10.2021).
  • World Bank, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG(13.10.2021).
  • World Bank, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG (11.10.2021).
  • World Bank, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GC.TAX.TOTL.GD.ZS(11.10.2021).
  • World Bank, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.TOTL.KD.ZG(11.10.2021).
  • World Bank, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.GDI.TOTL.KD.ZG(11.10.2021).
  • World Bank, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=TR (11.10.2021).
  • World Bank, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL (11.10.2021).
  • World Bank, https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups (15.01.2022).
  • World Inequality Database, https://wid.world/world/#sptinc_p90p100_z/US;FR;DE;C-N;ZA;GB; WO/last/ eu/k/p/yearly/s/false/23.469/80/curve/false/region. (10.01.2022)
  • Yang, Y. ve Greaney, T. M. (2017). Economic growth and income inequality in the Asia‐Pacific region: A comparative study of China, Japan, South Korea, and the United States. Journal of Asian Economics, 48, 6–22. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2016.10.008
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2012). İleri panel veri analizi stata uygulamalı. İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Younsi, M. ve Bechtini, M. (2020). Economic Growth, Financial Development, and Income Inequality in BRICS Countries: Does Kuznets’ Inverted U-Shaped Curve Exist? , Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 11, 721–742.

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 1, 19 - 30, 30.03.2022

Suna Şahin

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Uluslararası Ticaret Ekonomik Büyüme Gelir Eşitsizliği Gini Katsayısı Panel Veri Analizi.

Kaynakça

  • Alesina, A. ve Perotti, R. (1994). The Political Economy of Growth: A Critical Survey of the Recent Literature, The World Bank Economic Review, 8(3), 351-371.
  • Alesina, A. ve Rodrik, D. (1994). Distributive politics and economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109(2), 478-485.
  • Ameur Ameur, A. ve Seffih, S. (2021). Income Inequality and Economic Growth in Algeria: Empirical Study during the Period 1980-2015. Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy. 9(1), 39-49.
  • Benhabib, J. ve Rustichini, A. (1996, March) Social conflict and growth, Journal of Economic Growth, 1(1), 125–42.
  • Brzezinski, M. (2013). Income polarization and economic growth, Luxembourg: LIS Working Paper Series, No. 587.
  • Ciegis, R., Dilius, A. (2019). An Assessment of the Impact of Income Inequality on Economic Growth, Transformations in Business & Economics, 18 (2),304-322.
  • Dabus, C. ve Delbianco, F. (2021). Income Inequality and Economic Growth in Developing Countries: The Role of Savings, Asian Journal of Latin American Studies, 34(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/ 10.22945/ajlas.2021.34.1.1
  • Eğilmez, M. (2020). Dünya Gelir Sınıflandırması ve Türkiye. https://www.mahfiegilmez.com/2020/07/dunya-gelir-snflandrmas-ve-turkiye.html#more (11.11.2021).
  • Erkişi, K. ve Ceyhan,T. (2020). İktisadi Büyüme ve Gelir Dağılımı Adaleti İlişkisi: Bir Panel Veri Analizi, Sosyoekonomi, 28(43), 195-212.
  • European Statistic https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ILC_DI12__custom_2116761/default/ table? lang=en ( 11.01.2022).
  • Fay, M. (1993). Illegal Activities and Income Distribution: A Model with Envy. Columbia University, Department of Economics, New York.
  • Gölpek, F. ve Kavak, O. (2021). Bazı OECD ülkelerinde kamusal yükseköğretim harcamaları, vergiler ve gelir dağılımı ilişkisi: panel ARDL analizi. Uluslararası Ticaret ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5 (2) , 57-64.
  • Greaney, T.M. ve Karacaovali, B. (2017). Trade, growth and economic inequality in the Asia-Pacific region. Journal of Asian Economics, 48, 1–5.
  • Gründler, K. ve Scheuermeyer, P. (2015). Income Inequality, Economic Growth, and the Effect of Redistribution, Würzburg Economic Papers, No. 95, 1-48.
  • Hailemariam, A. ve Dzhumashev, R. (2020). Income Inequality and Economic Growth: Heterogeneity and Nonlinearity, Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics,1-16.
  • Hausman, J. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica. 46(6), 1251–1271.
  • Herzer, D. ve Vollmer, S. (2012). Inequality and growth: evidence from panel cointegration, J.Econ Inequal,10, 489-503.
  • Hung, N.T., Yen, N.T.H., Duc, L.D., Thuy, V.H.N. ve Vu, N.T.(2020). Relationship between government quality, economic growth and income inequality: Evidence from Vietnam, Cogent Business & Management. 1-11 https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1736847
  • International Monetary Fund (IMF)( 2007). Globalization and inequality, world economic outlook, 31–65. Washington, DC: IMF.
  • Kalay, M. ve Çetin, D. (2016). Afrika Ülkelerinde Politik İstikrar ve Ekonomik Büyüme, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 5(7), 2277-2290.
  • Kazgan, G.(1993). İktisadi Düşünce veya Politik İktisadın Evrimi,6. Baskı, İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Kocurova, T.ve Hampel, D. (2020). Inequalıty in The Income of The Population As A Determinant of The Country's Economic Growth. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 68(6), 987–994.
  • Koh, S.G.M., Lee, G.H.Y. ve Bomhoff , E.J. (2019). The income inequality, financial depth and economic growth nexus in China, The World Economy, 43, 412-427.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality, American Economic Review, 45(1),1–28.
  • Lee, D.J. ve Son, J.C. (2016). Economic Growth and Income Inequality: Evidence from Dynamic Panel Investigation. Global Economic Review, 45(4), 331–358.
  • Malinen, T. (2007). A comment on the relationship between inequality and growth. Discussion papers / Helsinki Center of Economic Research; No 193. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/eri/hecer/disc/193
  • Mendonça, H.F. ve Baca, A.C. (2022). Fiscal opacity and reduction of income inequality through taxation:Effects on economic growth The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 83, 69–82.
  • Muinelo-Gallo, L. ve Roca-Sagales, O. (2013). Joint determinants of fiscal policy, income inequality and economic growth. Economic Modelling, 30, 814-824.
  • Nwosa, P.I. (2019). Income Inequality and Economic Growth In Nigeria: Implication For Economic Development, Acta Universitatis Danubius, 15 (1), 108-116.
  • OECD (2008). Growing unequal? income distribution in OECD Countries. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • Papanek, G., ve O. Kyn. 1986. The effect on income distribution of development, the growth rate and economic strategy. Journal of Development Economics 23 (1), 55–65.
  • Parasız, İ. ve Ekren, N. (2014). Bugünkü Makro Ekonomi, Bursa: Ezgi Kitapevi Yayınları
  • Persson, T. ve Tabellini, G. (1991). Is Inequality Harmful for Growth? Theory and Evidence. Recent Publications of the Economics Working Paper Series, University of California at Berkeley. Standardized World Income Inequality Database, https://fsolt.org/swiid/swiid_source/ (10.01.2022).
  • Topolewski, L. (2020). The impact of income inequalities on economic growth. Ekonomia i Prawo. Economics and Law, 19(2), 355–365.
  • Topuz, S.G. (2022). The Relationship Between Income Inequality and Economic Growth: Are Transmission Channels Effective?, Social Indicators Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-022-02882-0.
  • Tsoukis, C. ve Tournemaine, F. (2010). Social conflict, growth and factor shares, MPRA Paper No. 23365.
  • Velkovska I.(2020). Is There a Link between Income Inequality and Economic Growth in the Balkans? Testing the Kuznets Hypothesis, Rev. soc. polit., god. 28(2), 227-238.
  • World Bank (2019). Sustainable Development Goal 10- reduced inequalities: progress and prospects. https://www.worldbank.org/ reducing-inequalities-progressand-prospects.
  • World Bank https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.WD.GD.ZS?view=c-hart (01.10.2021).
  • World Bank, https://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm (01.10.2021).
  • World Bank, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG(13.10.2021).
  • World Bank, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG (11.10.2021).
  • World Bank, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GC.TAX.TOTL.GD.ZS(11.10.2021).
  • World Bank, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.TOTL.KD.ZG(11.10.2021).
  • World Bank, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.GDI.TOTL.KD.ZG(11.10.2021).
  • World Bank, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=TR (11.10.2021).
  • World Bank, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL (11.10.2021).
  • World Bank, https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups (15.01.2022).
  • World Inequality Database, https://wid.world/world/#sptinc_p90p100_z/US;FR;DE;C-N;ZA;GB; WO/last/ eu/k/p/yearly/s/false/23.469/80/curve/false/region. (10.01.2022)
  • Yang, Y. ve Greaney, T. M. (2017). Economic growth and income inequality in the Asia‐Pacific region: A comparative study of China, Japan, South Korea, and the United States. Journal of Asian Economics, 48, 6–22. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2016.10.008
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2012). İleri panel veri analizi stata uygulamalı. İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Younsi, M. ve Bechtini, M. (2020). Economic Growth, Financial Development, and Income Inequality in BRICS Countries: Does Kuznets’ Inverted U-Shaped Curve Exist? , Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 11, 721–742.
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi, Finans
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Suna Şahin Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-8241-739X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Mart 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Şahin, S. (2022). EKONOMİK BÜYÜME, İKTİSADİ DEĞİŞKENLER VE EŞİTSİZLİK: SEÇİLMİŞ ÜLKELERE YÖNELİK BİR İNCELEME (1983-2019). Kapanaltı Dergisi(1), 19-30.
 Kapak Resmi İndir