Determination of Groundwater Quality Index in Rural Area: The Case of Bartın City

Öz

The aim of the study is to determine the change of groundwater quality in rural areas in rainy and dry periods with respect to physicochemical parameters. pH, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, nitrate, sulfate, phosphate hardness, chloride, turbidity and color parameters were investigated. The water quality index (WQI) is widely used for detecting and evaluating water pollution. Water quality index was determined to be 35 and 32 in rainy and dry periods for drinking water. It was also calculated to be 37 for the rainy and dry periods according to the irrigation water limit values. As a result, since WQI<50, groundwater can be used as irrigation water as well as in domestic, industrial use. The difference between the rainy and dry period concentrations of some parameters (color, turbidity, PO4-3) was significant in the rural area. Color and turbidity were higher in the rainy period unlike TDS, EC and PO4. In the urban area, significant increases were detected in NO3-, SO4-2, Cl- concentrations in the rainy period. According to the correlation matrix, groundwater quality in rural areas is affected by multiple sources (aquifer geology, rocks, domestic wastewater, animal waste, river water interference).

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Groundwater,
• Water Quality Index,
• Irrigation Water Quality,
• Nitrate,
• Phosphate

Destekleyen Kurum

TÜBİTAK

Proje Numarası

1919B011703668

Teşekkür

This study was supported by the TUBITAK 2209-A Program (Project number: 1919B011703668).

Kaynakça

1. [1] Singh R.K. Sengupta B., Bal R., Shukla B.P., Gurunadharao V.S., Srivatstava, R., 2009. Identification and mapping of chromium (VI) plume in groundwater for remediation: a case study at Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, Journal of the Geological Society of India, 74 (1), pp. 49–57.
2. [2] Adeyemi A.A., Ojekunle Z.O 2021. Concentrations and health risk assessment of industrial heavy metals pollution in groundwater in Ogun state, Nigeria. Scientific African 11, pp. e00666.
3. [3] Ledesma-Ruiz R., Pasten-Zapata E., Parra R., Harter T., Mahlknecht J., 2015. Investigation of the geochemical evolution of groundwater under agricultural land: a case study in northeastern Mexico, Journal of Hydrology, 521, pp. 410–423.
4. [4] Liu F., Song X., Yang L., Han D., Zhang Y., Ma Y., Bu H., 2015a. The role of anthropogenic and natural factors in shaping the geochemical evolution of groundwater in the Subei Lake basin, Ordos energy base, northwestern China. Science of The Total Environment, 538, pp. 327–340.
5. [5] Martos-Rosillo S., Moral F., 2015. Hydrochemical changes due to intensive use of groundwater in the carbonate aquifers of Sierra de Estepa (Seville, southern Spain), Journal of Hydrology, 528, pp. 249–263.
6. [6] Niu B., Wang H., Loáiciga H.A., Hong S., Shao W. 2017. Temporal Variations of Groundwater Quality in The Western Jianghan Plain, China. Science of the Total Environment, 578, pp. 542–550.
7. [7] Kurilić S.M., Ulniković V.P., Marić N., Vasiljević M., 2015. Assessment of typical natural processes and human activities' impact on the quality of drinking water. Environmental Monitoring & Assessment 187, pp. 659.
8. [8] Sahraei Parizi H., Samani N., 2013. Geochemical evolution and quality assessment of water resources in the Sarcheshmeh copper mine area (Iran) using multivariate statistical techniques. Environmental Earth Sciences, 69, pp. 1699–1718.

9. [9] Wang X., Ji H., Wang Q., Liu X., Huang D., Yao X., Chen G., 2016. Divisions based on groundwater chemical characteristics and discrimination of water inrush sources in the Pingdingshan coalfield. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75, pp. 1–11.
10. [10] Adewoyin O.O., Kayode O.T., Omeje O., Odetunmibi O.A., 2019. Risk assessment of heavy metal and trace elements contamination in groundwater in some parts of Ogun state, Cogent Engineering, 6 (1), pp. 1632555.
11. [11] Abraham M.R., Susan T.B., 2017. Water contamination with heavy metals and trace elements from Kilembe copper mine and tailing sites in Western Uganda; implications for domestic water quality, Chemosphere, 169, pp. 281–287.
12. [12] Zaidi F.K., Nazzal, Y., Jafri, M.K., Naeem, M., Ahmed, I., 2015. Reverse ion exchange as a major process controlling the groundwater chemistry in an arid environment: a case study from northwestern Saudi Arabia. Environmental Monitoring & Assessment, 187 (10), pp. 607.
13. [13] Abdel-Satar A.M., Manal H., Waed A.K., Alahmad R., Yousef W.M., Alsomadi H.R., Iqbal T., 2017. Quality assessment of groundwater and agricultural soil in Hail region, Saudi Arabia, Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 43, pp. 55-64.
14. [14] Gunes G., 2019. The Change of Physicochemical Properties of Bartın River in Rainy and Dry Period. Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Engineering Journal Of Science And Engineering, 21(63), pp. 761-774.
15. [15] ISO 5667-3:2018 Water quality Sampling Part 3: Preservation and handling of water samples. [Internet] https://www.iso.org/standard/72370.html.
16. [16] APHA, 2012. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. 22nd ed. Washington, American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation. DC: American Public Health Association.
17. [17] Tirkey P., Bhattacharya T., Chakraborty S., Baraik S. 2017. Assessment of groundwater quality and associated health risks: A case study of Ranchi city, Jharkhand, India. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 5, pp. 85–100.
18. [18] Khan S.M., Kumar A.R., 2013. Geogenic assessment of water quality index for the groundwater in Tiruchengode Taluk, Namakkal District, Tamilnadu, India. Chemical Science Transactions, 2 (3), pp. 1021–1027.
19. [19] Sowrabha J., Narayana J., 2014. Assessment of ground water quality using for drinking purpose in Shivamogga Town, Karnataka, India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 3 (12), pp. 381. 38.
20. [20] WHO, 2011. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 4th ed. Geneva, Switzerland.
21. [21] TS 266, 2013. Regulation on Water Intended for Human Consumption. Official Gazette Date/Number: 07.03.2013/28580.
22. [22] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 1986. Quality Criteria for Water (Gold Book). EPA 440/5-86-001. Washington D.C.
23. [23] Raju N.J., Patel P., Gurung D., Ramb P., Gossel W., Wycisk P., 2015. Geochemical assessment Richardof groundwater quality in the Dun valley of central Nepal using chemometric method and geochemical modelling. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 1, pp. 135–145.
24. [24] Ayers, R.S., Westcot, D.W. 1985. Water quality for agriculture. Irrigation and drainage, Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. Rome, 29, pp. 1-117.
25. [25] Water Pollution Control Regulation Administrative Procedures Communiqué – Legislation. Published in the Official Gazette dated 7 January 1991 and numbered 20748.
26. [26] Kulinkina A.V., Kosinski K.C., Plummer J.D., Durant J.L., Bosompem K.M., Adjei M.N., Griffiths J.K., Gute D.M., Naumova E.N., 2017. Indicators of improvedwater access in the context of schistosomiasis transmission in rural Eastern Region, Ghana. Science of The Total Environment, 579, pp. 1745–55.
27. [27] Masocha M., Dube T., Dube T. 2019. Integrating microbiological and physico-chemical parameters for enhanced spatial prediction of groundwater quality in Harare. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 112, 125–133.
28. [28] Umezawa Y., Hosono T., Onodera S.i., Siringan F., Buapeng S., Delinom R., Yoshimizu C., Tayasu I., Nagata T., Taniguchi M., 2009. Erratum to “Sources of nitrate and ammonium contamination in groundwater under developing Asian megacities”. Science of The Total Environment 407, pp. 3219–3231.
29. [29] Ağca N., Karanlık, S., Ödemiş B., 2014. Assessment of ammonium, nitrate, phosphate, and heavy metal pollution in groundwater from Amik Plain, southern Turkey. Environmental Monitoring & Assessment, 186, pp. 5921–5934.
30. [30] Nalbantcilar M.T., Pinarkara S.Y., 2016. Public health risk assessment of groundwater contamination in Batman, Turkey. Journal of Water and Health, 14 (4), pp. 650-661.
31. [31] Lutterodt G., Miyittah M.K., Addy B., Ansa E.D.O., Takase M., 2021. Groundwater pollution assessment in a coastal aquifer in Cape Coast, Ghana. Heliyon, 7, pp. e06751.
32. [32] Elangovan N.S., Lavanya V., Arunthathi S., 2018. Assessment of groundwater contamination in a suburban area of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 20, pp. 2609–21.
33. [33] Sarath-Prasanth S.V., Magesh N.S., Jitheshlal K.V., Chandrasekar N., Gangadhar K. 2012. Evaluation of groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural use in the coastal stretch of Alappuzha District, Kerala, India. Applied Water Science, 2, pp. 165–175.
34. [34] McArthur J.M., Sikdar P.K., Hoque M.A., Ghosal U., 2012. Waste-water impacts on groundwater: Cl/Br ratios and implications for arsenic pollution of groundwater in the Bengal Basin and Red River Basin, Vietnam. Science of The Total Environment, 437, pp. 390–402.
35. [35] Sawyer G.N., McCarthy D.L., 1967. Chemistry of sanitary engineers, 2nd edn. Mc Graw Hill, New York, p 518.
36. [36] Popek E., 2018. Sampling and Analysis of Environmental Chemical Pollutants, 2 th ed., Walnut Creek, California, USA.
37. [37] Bennett L.E., and Drikas M., 1993. The evaluation of colour in natural waters. Water Research, 27 (7), pp. 1209-1218.
38. [38] Richards L.A., 1954. Diagnosis and Improvement of saline and alkali soils. Agric. Handbook 60, USDA & IBH Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, India. 98- 99.
39. [39] Dufor C.N., Becker E., 1964. Public water supplies of the100 largestcities in the United States, 1962: U.S. Geological Survey, Water-Supply Paper, pp. 1812.
40. [40] Doneen, L.D., 1964. Notes on water quality in agriculture, Published as a water science and engineering paper 4001, Department of Water Science and Engineering, University of California, 1964.
41. [41] Sahraei Parizi H., Samani N., 2013. Geochemical evolution and quality assessment of water resources in the Sarcheshmeh copper mine area (Iran) using multivariate statistical techniques. Environmental Earth Sciences, 69, pp. 1699–1718.