Barok Dönem İtalyan Operasında Arya Formunun Gelişim Süreci

Öz

Barok Dönem İtalyan opera aryaları, bestelendikleri dönemde zengin bir repertuvar oluşturmuş ve günümüze kadar ulaşarak klasik müzik tarihinde önemli bir yer edinmiştir. Bu çalışmada, İtalyan operasında ortaya çıkan arya formunun Erken, Orta ve Geç Barok Dönem’deki gelişim süreci incelenmiştir. Araştırmada da capo arya formunun özellikleri ve Barok Dönem’deki arya söyleme stilleri hakkında bilgi verilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Verilerin toplanmasında literatür taraması yapılarak nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman analizi kullanılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında Barok Dönem boyunca arya formunun gelişiminde bestecilerin ve farklı opera ekollerinin etkisi açıklanmıştır. Yapılan incelemede, erken dönem opera aryalarının konuşma tarzında icra edildiği ve metnin ön plânda tutulduğu görülmüştür. Bu süreçte, arya ve reçitatif arasındaki farklar belirginleştikçe, arya söyleme stillerinin sınıflandırıldığı ve sanatçıların doğaçlama yeteneklerini sergiledikleri arya türlerinin ortaya çıktığı anlaşılmıştır. Barok Dönem’in sonunda, form olarak en olgun hâline kavuşan da capo aryaları, İtalyan operalarının müzikal yapısına önemli bir katkı sağlamıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Barok Dönem
• İtalyan Operası
• Arya Formu

The Development Process of the Aria Form in Italian Opera in the Baroque Period

Öz

Baroque Italian opera arias created a rich repertoire in the period in which they were composed and have survived to the present day, occupying an important place in the history of classical music. In this study, the development process of the aria form that emerged in Italian opera in the Early, Middle and Late Baroque Periods was examined. The aim of the study was to provide information about the characteristics of the da capo aria form and the aria singing styles in the Baroque Period. In the collection of data, a literature review was conducted and document analysis, a qualitative research method, was used. Within the scope of the study, the influence of composers and different opera schools on the development of the aria form during the Baroque Period was explained. In the examination, it was seen that early opera arias were performed in the spoken style and the text was kept in the foreground. In this process, as the differences between aria and recitative became clear, it was understood that aria singing styles were classified and aria types emerged in which artists demonstrated their improvisational skills. At the end of the Baroque Period, da capo arias, which reached their most mature form, made an important contribution to the musical structure of Italian operas.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Baroque Period
• Italian Opera
• Aria Form

Kaynakça

1. Burney, C., Mercer, F. (1957). A general history of music: from the earliest ages to the present period (1789). (No Title). google scholar
2. Büke, A., Sonakın, I. M. (2021). Müziği yaratanlar Barok Dönem. Epsilon Yayınevi. google scholar
3. Caccini, G. (2019). Nuove Musiche. Brilliant Classics, [CD Kitapçığı]. google scholar
4. Carlton, R. A. (2000). Florentine Humanism and the Birth of Opera: The Roots of Operatic “Conventions”. International review of the aesthetics and sociology of music. google scholar
5. Carter, T. (2005). The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Music. T. Carter & J. Butt (Eds.), Renaissance, Mannerism, Baroque (pp.1-10). Cambridge University Press https://assets.cambridge.org/97805217/92738/excerpt/9780521792738_excerpt.pdf google scholar
6. Charlton, D. (t.y.). Johann Adolf Hasse [Classical Net]. http://www.classical.net/music/comp.lst/acc/hasse.php google scholar
7. Çubukçu, E. Ö. (t.y.). “Arie Antiche” eşliği çalışmaları. Ankara Üniversitesi Açık Ders Malzemeleri.https://acikders.ankara.edu.tr/pluginfile.php/103215/mod_resource/content/0/Arie%20Antiche.pdf google scholar
8. Drummond, P. (1972). The Concertos of Johann Adolf Hasse. In Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association, Vol. 99, pp. 91-103. https:// www.jstor.org/stable/766157?seq=1 google scholar

9. Fuller, N. (2022). Siroe re di Persia (Hasse). [The Opera Scribe]. https://operascribe.com/2022/12/12/223-siroe-re-di-persia-hasse/ google scholar
10. Grout, D. J. (1961). A Short History of Opera. Colombia University Press, New York. google scholar
11. Houser, R. M. (1964). The origin and development of the Italian Aria in the Baroque Period (Master’s theses, Central Washington University. google scholar
12. Lewis, A. (1959). Handel and the Aria. Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association. https://www.jstor.org/stable/766229 google scholar
13. O’Brien, G. (1948). The Golden Age of Italian Music. Jarrolds, London. google scholar
14. Palisca, C. V. (1989). The Florentine Camerata: documentary studies and translations. Yale Univ. Press. google scholar
15. Robinson, M. F. (1961). The Aria in Opera Seria, 1725-1780. İn Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association. https://www.jstor.org/stable/766201?seq=1 google scholar
16. Schonberg, H. C. (2013). Büyük Besteciler. Doğan Kitap google scholar
17. Strohm, R. (2021). Operatic Pasticcios in 18th-Century Europe. B. Över, G. zur Nieden (Eds.), Italian pasticcio opera, 1700-1750 practices and repertoires (pp. 45-67). Transcript Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783839448854-004 google scholar
18. Thomas, A. D. (2019). The Oxford Handbook of the Baroque. J.D. Lyons (Eds.), Baroque Opera. Oxford University Press. https:// www.amazon.ca/Oxford-Handbook-Baroque-Commonwealth-Professor/dp/0190678445?asin=0190678445&revisionId=&format= 4&depth=1 google scholar
19. Vodicka, J. D. (2013). Carl Heinrich Graun’s Weihnachtsoratorium: A Musical Analysis and Conductors’s Guide (A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia). https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/vodicka_jason_d_201308_dma.pdf google scholar
20. Yoo, H. (2015). Using baroque techniques to teach improvisation in your classroom. Music Edicators Journal. DOI: 10.1177/0027432115590859. google scholar