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BÖLGESELLEŞME VE TİCARET AKIMLARI: LİTERATÜR İNCELEMESİ

Yıl 2011, Sayı: 22, 84 - 110, 01.12.2011

Öz

1980’lerin ikinci yarısından beri gündemde olan bölgeselleşme yeni bir fenomen değildir. 1860 yılında imzalanan İngiltere-Fransa ticaret anlaşmasıyla başlayan ikili ticaret anlaşmaları ağı 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Avrupa’da oluşan serbest ticaret düzenine katkı sağlamıştır. İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası EEC’nin 1957’de Avrupa’da kurulması bölgeselleşmenin dünyanın gelişmekte olan bölgelerine yayılmasına neden olmuştur. Aynı zamanda bu dönemde ekonomik bütünleşme teorisi de gelişmiştir. Bu çalışma bölgeselleşme süreçlerini ve bölgeselleşmenin ticaret akımları üzerindeki etkilerini irdeleyen ampirik çalışmaları değerlendirmeyi hedeflemektedir. Birçok çalışma bölgeselleşmenin ticaret akımları üzenindeki etkisini analiz etmek için çekim modelini kullanmıştır. Bu çalışmalar, farklı sonuçlar raporlamışlardır. Farklılaşan bu etkiler, çalışmaların yöntemi, veri seti, dönemi, bağımlı ve bağımsız değişkenlerinden kaynaklanabilir

Kaynakça

  • Aitken, Norman D. (1973), ―The Effect of the EEC and EFTA on European Trade: A Temporal Cross-Section Analysis‖, The American Economic Review, 63 (5), 881–892.
  • Baldwin, Richard (1997), ―The Causes of Regionalism‖, The World Economy, 20 (7), 865-888.
  • Baldwin, Richard (1999), ―A Domino Theory of Regionalism‖, [(Eds) J. Bhagwati vd. (1999), Trad- ing Blocs Alternative Approaches to Analyzing Preferential Trade Agreements, The MIT Press, London] içinde 479-502.
  • Baldwin, Richard (2006), ―Multilateralising Regionalism: Spaghetti Bowls as Building Blocs on the Path to Global Free Trade‖, The World Economy, 29 (11), 1451-1518.
  • Baldwin, Richard (2007), ―Managing the Noodle Bowl: The Fragility of East Asian Regionalism‖, Asian Development Bank Working Paper Series on Regional Integration, 7 http://www.adb.org/documents/papers/regional-economic-integration/WP07-Baldwin.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 29.09.2011).
  • Baldwin, Richard (2008a), ―Big-Think Regionalism: A Critical Survey‖, National Bureau of Eco- nomic Research (NBER) Working Paper, 14056.
  • Baldwin, Richard (2008b), ―Lessons from The European Spaghetti Bowl‖, Multilateralising Asian September Regionalism Conference, 18-19, Tokyo, Japan, http://www.adbi.org/files/2008.09.18.cpp.baldwin.european.spaghetti.bowl.presentation.pdf (Erişim Traihi: 01.07.2011).
  • Bayraktutan, Yusuf (2004),‖ Global Ekonomide Temel Yönelimler ve Mekansal Faktörler‖, İkti- sat, İşletme ve Finans, 19 (217), 110-123.
  • Bayraktutan, Yusuf (2010), Global Ekonomide Bütünleşme Trendleri Bölgeselleşme ve Küresel- leşme, 6. Baskı, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım Tic. Ltd. Şti, Ankara.
  • Bergstrand, Jeffrey H. (1985), ―The Gravity Equation in International Trade: Some Microeco- nomic Foundations and Empirical Evidence‖, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 67 (3), 474–481.
  • Bhagwati, Jagdish (1968), ―Trade Liberalization among LDCs, Trade Theory and GATT Rules‖, [(Eds) J., N., Wolf (1997), Value, Capital and Growth, Oxford University Press, Oxford] içinde 21-43.
  • Bhagwati, Jagdish (1991), The World Trading System at Risk, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
  • Bhagwati, Jagdish (1993), ―Regionalism and Multilateralism: An Overview‖, [(Eds) J. De Melo; A. Panagariya (1993), New Dimensions in Regional Integration, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge] içinde 22-51.
  • Bhagwati, Jagdish (1995), ―U.S. Trade Policy: The Infatuation with Free Trade Areas‖, [(Eds) J. Bhagwati; A. O. Krueger (1995), The Dangerous Drift to Preferential Trade Agreements, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Washington DC]
  • Bhagwati, Jagdish and Panagariya, Arvind (1996), ―The Theory of Preferential Trade Agree- ments: Historical Evolution and Current Trends‖, The American Economic Review, 86 (2), 82- 87.
  • Bouzas, Roberto (2005), ―The ―New Regionalism‖ and the Free Trade Area of the Americas: A Less Benevolent View‖, CEPAL Review, 85, 7-18.
  • Burfisher, Mary E. ve diğerleri (2003), ―Regionalism: Old and New, Theory and Practice‖,The International Agricultural Trade Research Consortium (IATRC) Conference, June 23-26, Capri, Italy.
  • Bussière, Matthieu vd. (2005) ―Trade Integration of Central and Eastern European Countries Lessons from a Gravity Model‖, European Central Bank (ECB) Working Paper Series, 545.
  • Carrere, Celine (2006), ―Revisiting the Effects of Regional Trade Agreements on Trade Flows with Proper Specification of The Gravity Model‖, European Economic Review, 50 (2), 223- 247.
  • Clarete, Ramon vd. (2003), ―Asian Regionalism and Its Effects on Trade in the 1980s and 1990s‖, Journal of Asian Economics, 14 (1), 91-129.
  • Cooper, C. A and Massell B., F. (1965), ―Towards a General Theory of Customs Union for Devel- oping Countries‖, The Journal of Political Economy, 73 (5), 461-476.
  • Cosbey, Aaron vd. (2004), ―The Rush to Regionalism: Sustainable Development and Region- al/Bilateral Approaches to Trade and Investment Liberalization‖, Scoping Paper Prepared for the International Development Research Centre, Canada, Winnipeg: International Insti- tute S/11129781931trade_rush_region.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.07.2011). Development
  • http://www.idrc.ca/uploads/user
  • Croce, Enzo vd. (2004), ―Performance of Western Hemisphere Trading Blocs: A Cost-Corrected Gravity Approach‖, IMF Working Paper, WP/04/109.
  • De Melo, Jaime vd. (1992), ―Regional Integration Old and New‖, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 985.
  • Ertürk, Emin (2002), Uluslararası İktisadi Birleşmeler, 3. Baskı, Vipaş A.Ş., İstanbul.
  • Gehrels, Franz (1956-1957), ―Customs Unions from A Single-Country Viewpoint‖, The Review of Economic Studies, 24 (1), 61-64.
  • Genç, Murat Can (2011), Bölgeselleşme ve Bölgeselleşmenin Ticaret Akımları Üzerindeki Etkisinin Çekim Modeli İle Analizi, (Basılmamış Doktora Tezi), KTÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Grilli, Enzo (1997), ―Multilateralism and Regionalism: A Still Difficult Coexistence‖, [(Eds) R. Faini; E. Grilli (1997), Multilateralism and Regionalism after the Uruguay Round, Macmillan Press Ltd., London] içinde 194-233. içinde 1-18.
  • Irwin, Douglas A. (1993), ―Multilateral and Bilateral Trade Policies in the World Trading Sys- tem: An Historical Perspective‖, [(Eds) J. De Melo; A. Panagariya (1993) New Dimensions in Regional Integration, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge] içinde 90-119.
  • Johnson, Harry G. (1965), ―An Economic Theory of Protectionism, Tariff Bargaining and the Formation of Customs Unions‖, The Journal of Political Economy, 73 (3), 256-283.
  • Jugurnath, Bhavish vd. (2007), ―Asia/Pacific Regional Trade Agreements: An Empirical Study‖, Journal of Asian Economics, 18 (6), 974-987.
  • Karluk, S. Rıdvan (2002), Uluslararası Ekonomik Mali ve Siyasal Kuruluşlar, 5. Baskı, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara.
  • Lazer, David (1999), ―The Free Trade Epidemic of the 1860s and Other Outbreaks of Economic Discrimination‖, World Politics, 51 (4), 447-483.
  • Linneman, Hans (1966), An Econometric Study of International Trade Flows, North Holland, Amsterdam.
  • Lipsey, Richard G. (1957), ―The Theory of Customs Unions: Trade Diversion and Welfare‖, Eco- nomica, 24 (93), 40-46.
  • Lipsey, Richard G. (1960), ―The Theory of Customs Unions: A General Survey‖, The Economic Journal, 70 (279), 496-513.
  • Lloyd, Peter (2002), ―New Bilateralism in the Asia–Pacific‖, The World Economy, 25 (9), 1279– 1296.
  • Lloyd, Peter J. and Maclaren, Donald (2004), ―Gains and Losses from Regional Trading Agree- ments: A Survey‖, The Economic Record, 80 (251), 445–467.
  • Mansfield Edward, D. and Milner, Helen V. (1999), ―The New Wave of Regionalism‖, Internation- al Organization, 53 (3), 589–627.
  • Martinez-Zarzoso, Inmaculada and Nowak-Lehmann, Felicitas (2003), ―Augmented Gravity Mod- el: An Empirical Application to Mercosur-European Union Trade Flows‖, Journal of Applied Economics, 6 (2), 291-316.
  • Martinez-Zarzoso, Inmaculada vd. (2009), ―Are Regional Trading Agreements Beneficial? Static and Dynamic Panel Gravity Models‖, North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 20 (1), 46-65.
  • Meade, James E. (1955), The Theory of Customs Union, Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company.
  • Mistry, Percy S. (1995), ―Open Regionalism: Stepping Stone or Millstone toward an Improved Multilateral System?‖, [(Eds) J. J. Teunissen (1995), Regionalism and the Global Economy: The Case of Latin America and the Caribbean, FONDAD, The Hague] içinde 11-25 http://www.fondad.org/uploaded/LAC%20Regionalism/LAC%20Regionalism-Contents- Authors.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.07.2011).
  • Nebioğlu, Hüsamettin (1997), ―Bölgeselleşme Hareketleri Bağlamında 21. Yüzyılda Türkiye‖, Dev- let Planlama Teşkilatı, Ankara http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/ab/nebioglh/bolge.html (Erişim Tari- hi: 29.09.2011).
  • Panagariya, Arvind (1999), ―The Regionalism Debate: An Overview‖, The World Economy, 22 (4), 477-511.
  • Panagariya, Arvind and Srinivasan, T. N. (1998), ―The New Regionalism: a Benign or Malign Growth?‖, [(Eds) J. Bhagwati; M. Hirsch (1998), The Uruguay Raund and Beyond, Springer- Verlag, Berlin] içinde 221-240.
  • Papazoglou, Christos vd. (2006), ―A Gravity Model Forecast of the Potential Trade Effects of EU Enlargement: Lessons from 2004 and Path-dependency in Integration‖, The World Econ- omy, 29 (8), 1077-1089.
  • Pomfret, Richard (1997), The Economies of Regional Trading Arrangements, Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Pusterla, Fazia (2006), ―Regional Integration Agreements: Impact, Geography and Efficiency‖, European Trade Study Group (ETSG) Eight Annual Conference, 7-9 September, Vienna, Aus- tria, http://www.etsg.org/ETSG2006/papers/PUSTERLA.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.07.2011).
  • Recalde, María Luisa vd. (2008), ―Gravity Equation and Trade Agreements: A Different Econo- metric Approach‖, Revista de Economía y Estadística, XLVI (2), 83-104.
  • Rojid, Sawkut (2006), ―COMESA Trade Potential: A Gravity Approach‖, Applied Economics Let- ters, 13 (14), 947-951.
  • Ruiz-Dana, Alejandra ve diğerleri (2007), ―Regional Integration, Trade and Conflict in Latin America‖, 29.09.2011). (Erişim Tarihi:
  • Sandberg, H. Mikael vd. (2006), ―History, Regionalism, and CARICOM Trade: A Gravity Model Analysis‖, Journal of Development Studies, 42 (5), 795-811.
  • Seyidoğlu, Halil (2009), Uluslararası İktisat: Teori Politika ve Uygulama, 17. Baskı, Güzem Can Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Snape, Richard H. (1996), ―Trade Discrimination–Yesterday's Problem?‖, The Economic Record, 72 (219), 381-396.
  • Soloaga, Isidro and Winters, Alan L. (1999), ―How Has Regionalism in the 1990s Affected Trade?‖, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 2156.
  • Tinbergen, Jan (1962), Shaping the World Economy: Suggestions for an International Economic Policy, The Twentieth Century Fund, New York.
  • Trotignon, Jerome (2009), ―Are the New Trading Blocs Building or Stumbling Blocks? A Gravity Model Using Panel Data‖, Groupe d’Analyse et de Théorie Économique (GATE) Working Paper, 09-33.
  • Tumbarello, Patrizia (2006), ―Are Regional Trade Agreements in Asia Stumbling or Building Blocks? Some Implications for the Mekong Countries‖, Accelerating Development in the Me- kong Region—the Role of Economic Integration Seminar, June 26–27, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
  • Viner, Jacob (1950), The Customs Union Issue, New York: Carnegie Endowment For Interna- tional Peace.
  • Whalley, John (1996), ―Why Do Countries Seek Regional Trade Agreements?‖, National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper, 5552.
  • Whalley, John (2008), ―Recent Regional Agreements: Why So Many, Why So Much Variance in Form, Why Coming So Fast, and Where Are They Headed?‖, The World Economy, 31 (4), 517-532. WTO (2010a), ―Regional Trade Agreements: Facts And Figures‖, http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/region_e/regfac_e.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 03.11.2010).
  • WTO (2010b), ―List of all RTAs‖, http://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicAllRTAList.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 03.11.2010).
  • WTO (2011), ―Some Figures on Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the GATT/WTO and in Force‖, http://rtais.wto.org/UI/publicsummarytable.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 28.09.2011).

REGIONALISM AND TRADE FLOWS: LITERATURE REVIEW

Yıl 2011, Sayı: 22, 84 - 110, 01.12.2011

Öz

Regionalism has been on the agenda since second half of the 1980s is not a new phenomenon. Network of bilateral commercial treaty that started Anglo-French treaty signed in 1860 has contributed to the move an open trade regime in Europe in the second half nineteenth century. After World War II, establishment of EEC in Europe in 1957 has caused to regionalism spread developing part of the world. At the same time in during this period economic integration theory has developed. This paper aims to explain the processes of regionalism to assess empirical studies analyzing effects of regionalism on trade flows. Many papers have used gravity model in order to analyses the impact of regionalism on trade flows. These papers have reported very different results. The different impacts can be result from papers’ methods, data sets, time periods, depended and independent variables

Kaynakça

  • Aitken, Norman D. (1973), ―The Effect of the EEC and EFTA on European Trade: A Temporal Cross-Section Analysis‖, The American Economic Review, 63 (5), 881–892.
  • Baldwin, Richard (1997), ―The Causes of Regionalism‖, The World Economy, 20 (7), 865-888.
  • Baldwin, Richard (1999), ―A Domino Theory of Regionalism‖, [(Eds) J. Bhagwati vd. (1999), Trad- ing Blocs Alternative Approaches to Analyzing Preferential Trade Agreements, The MIT Press, London] içinde 479-502.
  • Baldwin, Richard (2006), ―Multilateralising Regionalism: Spaghetti Bowls as Building Blocs on the Path to Global Free Trade‖, The World Economy, 29 (11), 1451-1518.
  • Baldwin, Richard (2007), ―Managing the Noodle Bowl: The Fragility of East Asian Regionalism‖, Asian Development Bank Working Paper Series on Regional Integration, 7 http://www.adb.org/documents/papers/regional-economic-integration/WP07-Baldwin.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 29.09.2011).
  • Baldwin, Richard (2008a), ―Big-Think Regionalism: A Critical Survey‖, National Bureau of Eco- nomic Research (NBER) Working Paper, 14056.
  • Baldwin, Richard (2008b), ―Lessons from The European Spaghetti Bowl‖, Multilateralising Asian September Regionalism Conference, 18-19, Tokyo, Japan, http://www.adbi.org/files/2008.09.18.cpp.baldwin.european.spaghetti.bowl.presentation.pdf (Erişim Traihi: 01.07.2011).
  • Bayraktutan, Yusuf (2004),‖ Global Ekonomide Temel Yönelimler ve Mekansal Faktörler‖, İkti- sat, İşletme ve Finans, 19 (217), 110-123.
  • Bayraktutan, Yusuf (2010), Global Ekonomide Bütünleşme Trendleri Bölgeselleşme ve Küresel- leşme, 6. Baskı, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım Tic. Ltd. Şti, Ankara.
  • Bergstrand, Jeffrey H. (1985), ―The Gravity Equation in International Trade: Some Microeco- nomic Foundations and Empirical Evidence‖, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 67 (3), 474–481.
  • Bhagwati, Jagdish (1968), ―Trade Liberalization among LDCs, Trade Theory and GATT Rules‖, [(Eds) J., N., Wolf (1997), Value, Capital and Growth, Oxford University Press, Oxford] içinde 21-43.
  • Bhagwati, Jagdish (1991), The World Trading System at Risk, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
  • Bhagwati, Jagdish (1993), ―Regionalism and Multilateralism: An Overview‖, [(Eds) J. De Melo; A. Panagariya (1993), New Dimensions in Regional Integration, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge] içinde 22-51.
  • Bhagwati, Jagdish (1995), ―U.S. Trade Policy: The Infatuation with Free Trade Areas‖, [(Eds) J. Bhagwati; A. O. Krueger (1995), The Dangerous Drift to Preferential Trade Agreements, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Washington DC]
  • Bhagwati, Jagdish and Panagariya, Arvind (1996), ―The Theory of Preferential Trade Agree- ments: Historical Evolution and Current Trends‖, The American Economic Review, 86 (2), 82- 87.
  • Bouzas, Roberto (2005), ―The ―New Regionalism‖ and the Free Trade Area of the Americas: A Less Benevolent View‖, CEPAL Review, 85, 7-18.
  • Burfisher, Mary E. ve diğerleri (2003), ―Regionalism: Old and New, Theory and Practice‖,The International Agricultural Trade Research Consortium (IATRC) Conference, June 23-26, Capri, Italy.
  • Bussière, Matthieu vd. (2005) ―Trade Integration of Central and Eastern European Countries Lessons from a Gravity Model‖, European Central Bank (ECB) Working Paper Series, 545.
  • Carrere, Celine (2006), ―Revisiting the Effects of Regional Trade Agreements on Trade Flows with Proper Specification of The Gravity Model‖, European Economic Review, 50 (2), 223- 247.
  • Clarete, Ramon vd. (2003), ―Asian Regionalism and Its Effects on Trade in the 1980s and 1990s‖, Journal of Asian Economics, 14 (1), 91-129.
  • Cooper, C. A and Massell B., F. (1965), ―Towards a General Theory of Customs Union for Devel- oping Countries‖, The Journal of Political Economy, 73 (5), 461-476.
  • Cosbey, Aaron vd. (2004), ―The Rush to Regionalism: Sustainable Development and Region- al/Bilateral Approaches to Trade and Investment Liberalization‖, Scoping Paper Prepared for the International Development Research Centre, Canada, Winnipeg: International Insti- tute S/11129781931trade_rush_region.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.07.2011). Development
  • http://www.idrc.ca/uploads/user
  • Croce, Enzo vd. (2004), ―Performance of Western Hemisphere Trading Blocs: A Cost-Corrected Gravity Approach‖, IMF Working Paper, WP/04/109.
  • De Melo, Jaime vd. (1992), ―Regional Integration Old and New‖, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 985.
  • Ertürk, Emin (2002), Uluslararası İktisadi Birleşmeler, 3. Baskı, Vipaş A.Ş., İstanbul.
  • Gehrels, Franz (1956-1957), ―Customs Unions from A Single-Country Viewpoint‖, The Review of Economic Studies, 24 (1), 61-64.
  • Genç, Murat Can (2011), Bölgeselleşme ve Bölgeselleşmenin Ticaret Akımları Üzerindeki Etkisinin Çekim Modeli İle Analizi, (Basılmamış Doktora Tezi), KTÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Grilli, Enzo (1997), ―Multilateralism and Regionalism: A Still Difficult Coexistence‖, [(Eds) R. Faini; E. Grilli (1997), Multilateralism and Regionalism after the Uruguay Round, Macmillan Press Ltd., London] içinde 194-233. içinde 1-18.
  • Irwin, Douglas A. (1993), ―Multilateral and Bilateral Trade Policies in the World Trading Sys- tem: An Historical Perspective‖, [(Eds) J. De Melo; A. Panagariya (1993) New Dimensions in Regional Integration, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge] içinde 90-119.
  • Johnson, Harry G. (1965), ―An Economic Theory of Protectionism, Tariff Bargaining and the Formation of Customs Unions‖, The Journal of Political Economy, 73 (3), 256-283.
  • Jugurnath, Bhavish vd. (2007), ―Asia/Pacific Regional Trade Agreements: An Empirical Study‖, Journal of Asian Economics, 18 (6), 974-987.
  • Karluk, S. Rıdvan (2002), Uluslararası Ekonomik Mali ve Siyasal Kuruluşlar, 5. Baskı, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara.
  • Lazer, David (1999), ―The Free Trade Epidemic of the 1860s and Other Outbreaks of Economic Discrimination‖, World Politics, 51 (4), 447-483.
  • Linneman, Hans (1966), An Econometric Study of International Trade Flows, North Holland, Amsterdam.
  • Lipsey, Richard G. (1957), ―The Theory of Customs Unions: Trade Diversion and Welfare‖, Eco- nomica, 24 (93), 40-46.
  • Lipsey, Richard G. (1960), ―The Theory of Customs Unions: A General Survey‖, The Economic Journal, 70 (279), 496-513.
  • Lloyd, Peter (2002), ―New Bilateralism in the Asia–Pacific‖, The World Economy, 25 (9), 1279– 1296.
  • Lloyd, Peter J. and Maclaren, Donald (2004), ―Gains and Losses from Regional Trading Agree- ments: A Survey‖, The Economic Record, 80 (251), 445–467.
  • Mansfield Edward, D. and Milner, Helen V. (1999), ―The New Wave of Regionalism‖, Internation- al Organization, 53 (3), 589–627.
  • Martinez-Zarzoso, Inmaculada and Nowak-Lehmann, Felicitas (2003), ―Augmented Gravity Mod- el: An Empirical Application to Mercosur-European Union Trade Flows‖, Journal of Applied Economics, 6 (2), 291-316.
  • Martinez-Zarzoso, Inmaculada vd. (2009), ―Are Regional Trading Agreements Beneficial? Static and Dynamic Panel Gravity Models‖, North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 20 (1), 46-65.
  • Meade, James E. (1955), The Theory of Customs Union, Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company.
  • Mistry, Percy S. (1995), ―Open Regionalism: Stepping Stone or Millstone toward an Improved Multilateral System?‖, [(Eds) J. J. Teunissen (1995), Regionalism and the Global Economy: The Case of Latin America and the Caribbean, FONDAD, The Hague] içinde 11-25 http://www.fondad.org/uploaded/LAC%20Regionalism/LAC%20Regionalism-Contents- Authors.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.07.2011).
  • Nebioğlu, Hüsamettin (1997), ―Bölgeselleşme Hareketleri Bağlamında 21. Yüzyılda Türkiye‖, Dev- let Planlama Teşkilatı, Ankara http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/ab/nebioglh/bolge.html (Erişim Tari- hi: 29.09.2011).
  • Panagariya, Arvind (1999), ―The Regionalism Debate: An Overview‖, The World Economy, 22 (4), 477-511.
  • Panagariya, Arvind and Srinivasan, T. N. (1998), ―The New Regionalism: a Benign or Malign Growth?‖, [(Eds) J. Bhagwati; M. Hirsch (1998), The Uruguay Raund and Beyond, Springer- Verlag, Berlin] içinde 221-240.
  • Papazoglou, Christos vd. (2006), ―A Gravity Model Forecast of the Potential Trade Effects of EU Enlargement: Lessons from 2004 and Path-dependency in Integration‖, The World Econ- omy, 29 (8), 1077-1089.
  • Pomfret, Richard (1997), The Economies of Regional Trading Arrangements, Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Pusterla, Fazia (2006), ―Regional Integration Agreements: Impact, Geography and Efficiency‖, European Trade Study Group (ETSG) Eight Annual Conference, 7-9 September, Vienna, Aus- tria, http://www.etsg.org/ETSG2006/papers/PUSTERLA.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.07.2011).
  • Recalde, María Luisa vd. (2008), ―Gravity Equation and Trade Agreements: A Different Econo- metric Approach‖, Revista de Economía y Estadística, XLVI (2), 83-104.
  • Rojid, Sawkut (2006), ―COMESA Trade Potential: A Gravity Approach‖, Applied Economics Let- ters, 13 (14), 947-951.
  • Ruiz-Dana, Alejandra ve diğerleri (2007), ―Regional Integration, Trade and Conflict in Latin America‖, 29.09.2011). (Erişim Tarihi:
  • Sandberg, H. Mikael vd. (2006), ―History, Regionalism, and CARICOM Trade: A Gravity Model Analysis‖, Journal of Development Studies, 42 (5), 795-811.
  • Seyidoğlu, Halil (2009), Uluslararası İktisat: Teori Politika ve Uygulama, 17. Baskı, Güzem Can Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Snape, Richard H. (1996), ―Trade Discrimination–Yesterday's Problem?‖, The Economic Record, 72 (219), 381-396.
  • Soloaga, Isidro and Winters, Alan L. (1999), ―How Has Regionalism in the 1990s Affected Trade?‖, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 2156.
  • Tinbergen, Jan (1962), Shaping the World Economy: Suggestions for an International Economic Policy, The Twentieth Century Fund, New York.
  • Trotignon, Jerome (2009), ―Are the New Trading Blocs Building or Stumbling Blocks? A Gravity Model Using Panel Data‖, Groupe d’Analyse et de Théorie Économique (GATE) Working Paper, 09-33.
  • Tumbarello, Patrizia (2006), ―Are Regional Trade Agreements in Asia Stumbling or Building Blocks? Some Implications for the Mekong Countries‖, Accelerating Development in the Me- kong Region—the Role of Economic Integration Seminar, June 26–27, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
  • Viner, Jacob (1950), The Customs Union Issue, New York: Carnegie Endowment For Interna- tional Peace.
  • Whalley, John (1996), ―Why Do Countries Seek Regional Trade Agreements?‖, National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper, 5552.
  • Whalley, John (2008), ―Recent Regional Agreements: Why So Many, Why So Much Variance in Form, Why Coming So Fast, and Where Are They Headed?‖, The World Economy, 31 (4), 517-532. WTO (2010a), ―Regional Trade Agreements: Facts And Figures‖, http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/region_e/regfac_e.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 03.11.2010).
  • WTO (2010b), ―List of all RTAs‖, http://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicAllRTAList.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 03.11.2010).
  • WTO (2011), ―Some Figures on Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the GATT/WTO and in Force‖, http://rtais.wto.org/UI/publicsummarytable.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 28.09.2011).
Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA37VG34HD
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Murat Can Genç Bu kişi benim

Metin Berber Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2011
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2011 Sayı: 22

Kaynak Göster

APA Genç, M. C., & Berber, M. (2011). BÖLGESELLEŞME VE TİCARET AKIMLARI: LİTERATÜR İNCELEMESİ. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(22), 84-110.

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