Sosyoloji ve Siyasal Araştırmalarda Karşılaştırmalı Yöntem
Yıl 2017,
Sayı: 33, 57 - 86, 30.06.2017
Kemal Aydın
,
Uğur Baran Hanağası
Öz
Karşılaştırmalı yöntemin, sosyal bilimlerde uzun ve saygın bir yeri vardır. Klasik ve modern sosyolojide yapılan önemli çalışmaların bir kısmı karşılaştırmalı yöntemi titizlikle uygulamışlardır. Sosyal bilimlerde, karşılaştırmalı yöntemin uzun ve saygın geçmişine rağmen, bu yöntem sosyal bilimler yöntem kitaplarında yeteri kadar yer almamaktadır. Bu nedenle, bu çalışma karşılaştırmalı yöntemi ana hatları ile incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın ilk iki bölümünde, karşılaştırmalı tarihsel –sosyolojik yöntemin uygulandığı araştırma alanlarına değinilmekte ve gelişim süreci ele alınmaktadır. Üçüncü bölümde, karşılaştırmalı yöntem ile diğer nitel ve nicel yöntemler arasında ki benzer ve farklı yönler tartışılmaktadır. Dördüncü bölümde, karşılaştırmalı araştırma çeşitlerine değinilmekte ve karşılaştırmalı araştırmalarda eşdeğerlik konusu ele alınmaktadır. Beşinci bölümde, karşılaştırmalı araştırmalarda uygulanan Mill’in analitik karşılaştırma usulleri örnekleri ile incelenmektedir. Altıncı bölümde, Boolen Cebiri ile nominal analitik karşılaştırma yöntemine değinilmekte ve son bölümde vaka sırası ve vaka yapısı araştırma tekniklerinin karşılaştırmalı analizlere getirdiği bakış açıları incelenmektedir.
Kaynakça
- Açıkel, Fethi (2011). “Tarihsel Sosyoloji Eşitsiz ve Bileşik Gelişim Sürecinin Kuramsallaştırılması Girişimidir”. Tarihsel Sosyoloji (Ed), Elizabeth Özdalga (2011). Doğu Batı Yayınları. İstanbul.
- Anheier, H. & Katz, H. (2005). “Learning from History? Comparative Historical Methods and Researching Global Civil Society”. Global Civil Society, 6, 288-302.
- Anheier, Helmut and Katz, Hagai (2005) “Learning from History? Comparative Historical Methods and Researching Global Civil Society” Erişim Tarihi: 2017. http://www.gcsknowledgebase.org/wp-content/uploads/20056-11-methods.pdf
- Aygül, Cenk. 2014. “Karşılaştırmalı Siyaset” (Erişim tarihi: 2017). http://poec617. wikispaces.com/file/view/1-+Y%C3%B6ntem.pptx
- Barnes, J.H. 1993. “Ethno: A Methodology for Studying Process Information”. Advances in Consumer Research. 20:63-69.
- Beckfield, Jason. (2003). “Inequality in The World Polity”. American Sociological Review, 68: 401-424.
- Brady, David. (2003). “The Politics of Poverty”. Social Forces,82:557-588.
- Burrage, Michael C, and David Corry. (1981). “At Sixes and Sevens: Occupational Status in The City of London from the 14th to 17th Century”. AmericanSociological Review, 46: 375-392.
- Chang, Mariko Lin. (2004). “Cross-National Variation in Sex Segregation in sixteen Developing Countiries”. American Sociological Review, 69:114-137.
Eder D. Enke Lynne. 1991. “The Structure of Gossip: Opportunities and Constraints on Collective Expression Among Adolescents”. American Sociological Review, Vol. 56, No. 4 (Aug., 1991), pp. 494-508.
- Ergut, Ferdan, Uysal, Ayşen (2012). “Traihsel Sosyoloji: Stratejiler, Sorunsallar ve Paradigmalar”. Dipnot Yayınları, İstanbul.
Heise, D.R. 1991. “Event Structure Analysis: A Qualitative Model of Quantitative Research, in Fielding, N.G. and Lee, R.M. (eds.). Using Computers in Oualitative Research. 136-163. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- Karşılaştırmalı Metot (2014). http://www.sosyolojisi.com/psikolojiye-giris/yazar/7-sosyolog.html?start=572.
Kohn, Melvin L. (1987). “Cross-National Reserach as an Analytic Strategy”. American Sociological Review, 52: 713-731.
- Lieberson, Stanley. 1991. “Small N’s and Big Conclusions: An Examination of the Reasoning in Comparative Studies Based on a Small Number of Cases”. Social Forces, 70 (2) 307-320.
- Marx, Antony W. (1998). “Making Race and Nation: A Comparision of the United States, South Africa and Brasil”. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Mahoney, James ve Rueschemeyer, Dietrich. (2003). “Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences”. Cambridge University Press.
- Tutorial: Mill’s Methods: Tutorial. (Erişim tarihi:2017):http://philosophy.hku.hk /think/sci/mill.php
Mill’s Methods: Logics and Decision Making http://mechanism.ucsd.edu/~mitch/ teaching/w10/phil12/lectures/Phil12_W10_Mill's_methods(2-22-2010).pdf (Erişim tarihi: 2014).
- Mill, John Stuart. 1858. A system of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive. New York : Harper & Brothers. First Published in 1843.
- Moller, Stephanie, D. Bradley, E. Huber, F. Nielsen and J. Stephens. (2003). Determinants of Relative Poverty in Advanced Capitalist Democracies. American Sociological Review, 68: 22-52
- Moore, Barrington. (2012). “Diktatörlüğün ve Demokrasinin Toplumsal kökenleri”. İmge Yayınları. Çeviren: (Şirin Tekeli) Orjinal Adı: (Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in The Making of The Modern World) (1966). Boston.
- Neuman, W. Lawrence (2006). “Social Research Methods, Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches” 6. Edition of Pearson Education Inc. Allyn Bacon, USA
- Neuman, W. Lawrence (2013). “Toplumsal Araştırma Yöntemleri: Nitel ve Nicel Yaklaşımlar” 6. Baskı. Çeviren, Özge, Sedef, Yayın Odası, Ankara (2006).
- Özdalga, Elisabeth. (Ed). (2011). “Bir Tasavvur ve Ustalık Olarak Tarihsel Sosyoloji”“Tarihsel Sosyoloji”. Doğu Batı Yayınları. İstanbul.
- Przeworski ve Tune, (1973). “Equivelence in Crossnational Research. in Comparative Reseach Methods”, Edited by D. Warwick and S. Osherson. Prentice Hall.
- Ragin, Charles. (1989). “The Comparative Method”. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Ragin, Charles. (1994a). Consructing Social Reserach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
- Ragin, Charles ve Sonnett, Jhon. (2004). “Between Complexity and Parsimony: Limited Diversity, Counterfactual Cases and Comparative Analysis” Erişim tarihi: 2017: http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/soc237/papers/ragin.pdf
- Ragin, Charles . 2014. “Masterclass: Qualitative Comparative Analysis”: (Erişim tarihi: 2014) http://www.socsci.uci.edu/~cragin/fsQCA/
- Sartori, Giovanni. (1991). “Comparing and Miscomparing”. Journal of Theoretical Politics 3(3): 243-257.
- Sartori, G. (1994) “Compare Why and How: Comparing, Miscomparing and The Comparative Method”, in M. Dogan and A. Kazancigil (eds.), Comparing Nations: Concepts, Strategies, Substance. Oxford: Blackwell.
- Schofer, Evan (2004). “Cross-National Differences in the Expansionof Science. 1970-1990” Social Forces 83:215-248.
- Skocpol, Theda. (1979) “States and Social Revolution: A Comparative Analyses of France, Russia & Chine”. Cambridge University Press.
- Skocpol, Theda. (2004). “Devletler ve Toplumsal Devrimler” Çeviren, S. Erdem Türközü, İmge Kitapevi Yayınları.
- Skocpol, Theda and Somers Margaret. 1980. “The Use of Comparative History in Macrosocial Inquiry”. Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 22, No. 2. pp. 174-197.
- Skocpol, Theda (1985). “Tarihsel Sosyoloji: Bloch’tan Wallerstein’e Görüşler ve Yöntemler” 3. Baskı, Çeviren, Fethi, Ahmet. Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları. İstanbul (2011).
- Sung, Hung-En (2003). “Fairer Sex of Fairer System? Gender and Corruption Revisited” Social Forces 82: 703-723.
- Tepegöz, Ahmet Selim. (2014). “Jhon Stuart Mill ve Metodolojisi”.http://www. ismailekinci.com/pages.asp Pagem=John+Stuart+Mill+Ve+Metodolojisi&cat_id=20&cat2_id=18&wid=657. (Erişim Tarihi: 2017)
- Tilly, Charles. (1984). “Big Structures, Large Processes, Huge Comparision”. Russel Sage Foundation: New York.
- Tocqueville, Alexis. (1994). “Amerika’da Demokrasi”. Yetkin Basım ve Yayıncılık.
- Tutorial SO5. (2014). “Mill’s Methods”. file:///D:/Critical%20thinking%20web.htm. (Erişim Tarihi: 2017).
Tsutsui, Kiyoteru, and Christine Min Wotipka. (2004). “Global Civil Society and International Human Rights Movement”. Social Forces, 83:587-620.
- Waldner, David. (1999). “State Building and Late Development”, Cornell University Press.
- Waldner, David. (1996). “The Formation of Precocious Keynseian States: Class Coalitions, State Building and Economic Development in Syria and Turkey”. Unpublished Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
- Weil, Fredrick. D. (1885). “The Variable Effects of Education on Liberal Attitudes”. American Sociological Review, 50: 458-474.
University of California, San Diago. (2014). “Mill’s Methods http://mechanism.ucsd.edu/ ~mitch/teaching/w10/phil12/lectures/Phil12_W10_Mill's_methods(2-22-2010).pdf (Erişim tarihi: 2017).
- University of Haifa. 2013. “The Logic of Comparative Research.” Retrieved March 23, 2017 (http://poli.haifa.ac.il/~levi/mlogic.html). (Erişim Tarihi 2017).
- Yamaguchi, Kazuo. (1991).” Event History Analysis”, Sage Publication.
Comparative Historical Research Method in Sociology and Political Science
Yıl 2017,
Sayı: 33, 57 - 86, 30.06.2017
Kemal Aydın
,
Uğur Baran Hanağası
Öz
Comparative method has a long and distinguished place in social sciences research methods. Some of the important researches carried out in both classical and modern sociology have applied the comparative method. Despite its prestigious place in social sciences research methods, this method does not hold enough space among the social science research methods and techniques books. Therefore, in this article, we aim to introduce various dimensions of comparative historical methods. This study consists of seven chapters: Within the first two chapters, we outline a brief history of the comparative historical research method and research questions that are appropriate for comparative historical research. In chapter three, we compare and contrast the similarities and differences between the comparative historical method and other qualitative and quantitative research methods and techniques. Chapter five will continue by identifying four types of comparative research. Principles of Mill’s analytical methods of comparision are outlined with specific examples in chapter five. In chapter six, we examine the applications of Boolen Algebra in the nominal comparative method. In the last chapter we discuss the event structure and event history analysis which brings new insight into the comparative method.
Kaynakça
- Açıkel, Fethi (2011). “Tarihsel Sosyoloji Eşitsiz ve Bileşik Gelişim Sürecinin Kuramsallaştırılması Girişimidir”. Tarihsel Sosyoloji (Ed), Elizabeth Özdalga (2011). Doğu Batı Yayınları. İstanbul.
- Anheier, H. & Katz, H. (2005). “Learning from History? Comparative Historical Methods and Researching Global Civil Society”. Global Civil Society, 6, 288-302.
- Anheier, Helmut and Katz, Hagai (2005) “Learning from History? Comparative Historical Methods and Researching Global Civil Society” Erişim Tarihi: 2017. http://www.gcsknowledgebase.org/wp-content/uploads/20056-11-methods.pdf
- Aygül, Cenk. 2014. “Karşılaştırmalı Siyaset” (Erişim tarihi: 2017). http://poec617. wikispaces.com/file/view/1-+Y%C3%B6ntem.pptx
- Barnes, J.H. 1993. “Ethno: A Methodology for Studying Process Information”. Advances in Consumer Research. 20:63-69.
- Beckfield, Jason. (2003). “Inequality in The World Polity”. American Sociological Review, 68: 401-424.
- Brady, David. (2003). “The Politics of Poverty”. Social Forces,82:557-588.
- Burrage, Michael C, and David Corry. (1981). “At Sixes and Sevens: Occupational Status in The City of London from the 14th to 17th Century”. AmericanSociological Review, 46: 375-392.
- Chang, Mariko Lin. (2004). “Cross-National Variation in Sex Segregation in sixteen Developing Countiries”. American Sociological Review, 69:114-137.
Eder D. Enke Lynne. 1991. “The Structure of Gossip: Opportunities and Constraints on Collective Expression Among Adolescents”. American Sociological Review, Vol. 56, No. 4 (Aug., 1991), pp. 494-508.
- Ergut, Ferdan, Uysal, Ayşen (2012). “Traihsel Sosyoloji: Stratejiler, Sorunsallar ve Paradigmalar”. Dipnot Yayınları, İstanbul.
Heise, D.R. 1991. “Event Structure Analysis: A Qualitative Model of Quantitative Research, in Fielding, N.G. and Lee, R.M. (eds.). Using Computers in Oualitative Research. 136-163. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- Karşılaştırmalı Metot (2014). http://www.sosyolojisi.com/psikolojiye-giris/yazar/7-sosyolog.html?start=572.
Kohn, Melvin L. (1987). “Cross-National Reserach as an Analytic Strategy”. American Sociological Review, 52: 713-731.
- Lieberson, Stanley. 1991. “Small N’s and Big Conclusions: An Examination of the Reasoning in Comparative Studies Based on a Small Number of Cases”. Social Forces, 70 (2) 307-320.
- Marx, Antony W. (1998). “Making Race and Nation: A Comparision of the United States, South Africa and Brasil”. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Mahoney, James ve Rueschemeyer, Dietrich. (2003). “Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences”. Cambridge University Press.
- Tutorial: Mill’s Methods: Tutorial. (Erişim tarihi:2017):http://philosophy.hku.hk /think/sci/mill.php
Mill’s Methods: Logics and Decision Making http://mechanism.ucsd.edu/~mitch/ teaching/w10/phil12/lectures/Phil12_W10_Mill's_methods(2-22-2010).pdf (Erişim tarihi: 2014).
- Mill, John Stuart. 1858. A system of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive. New York : Harper & Brothers. First Published in 1843.
- Moller, Stephanie, D. Bradley, E. Huber, F. Nielsen and J. Stephens. (2003). Determinants of Relative Poverty in Advanced Capitalist Democracies. American Sociological Review, 68: 22-52
- Moore, Barrington. (2012). “Diktatörlüğün ve Demokrasinin Toplumsal kökenleri”. İmge Yayınları. Çeviren: (Şirin Tekeli) Orjinal Adı: (Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in The Making of The Modern World) (1966). Boston.
- Neuman, W. Lawrence (2006). “Social Research Methods, Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches” 6. Edition of Pearson Education Inc. Allyn Bacon, USA
- Neuman, W. Lawrence (2013). “Toplumsal Araştırma Yöntemleri: Nitel ve Nicel Yaklaşımlar” 6. Baskı. Çeviren, Özge, Sedef, Yayın Odası, Ankara (2006).
- Özdalga, Elisabeth. (Ed). (2011). “Bir Tasavvur ve Ustalık Olarak Tarihsel Sosyoloji”“Tarihsel Sosyoloji”. Doğu Batı Yayınları. İstanbul.
- Przeworski ve Tune, (1973). “Equivelence in Crossnational Research. in Comparative Reseach Methods”, Edited by D. Warwick and S. Osherson. Prentice Hall.
- Ragin, Charles. (1989). “The Comparative Method”. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Ragin, Charles. (1994a). Consructing Social Reserach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
- Ragin, Charles ve Sonnett, Jhon. (2004). “Between Complexity and Parsimony: Limited Diversity, Counterfactual Cases and Comparative Analysis” Erişim tarihi: 2017: http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/soc237/papers/ragin.pdf
- Ragin, Charles . 2014. “Masterclass: Qualitative Comparative Analysis”: (Erişim tarihi: 2014) http://www.socsci.uci.edu/~cragin/fsQCA/
- Sartori, Giovanni. (1991). “Comparing and Miscomparing”. Journal of Theoretical Politics 3(3): 243-257.
- Sartori, G. (1994) “Compare Why and How: Comparing, Miscomparing and The Comparative Method”, in M. Dogan and A. Kazancigil (eds.), Comparing Nations: Concepts, Strategies, Substance. Oxford: Blackwell.
- Schofer, Evan (2004). “Cross-National Differences in the Expansionof Science. 1970-1990” Social Forces 83:215-248.
- Skocpol, Theda. (1979) “States and Social Revolution: A Comparative Analyses of France, Russia & Chine”. Cambridge University Press.
- Skocpol, Theda. (2004). “Devletler ve Toplumsal Devrimler” Çeviren, S. Erdem Türközü, İmge Kitapevi Yayınları.
- Skocpol, Theda and Somers Margaret. 1980. “The Use of Comparative History in Macrosocial Inquiry”. Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 22, No. 2. pp. 174-197.
- Skocpol, Theda (1985). “Tarihsel Sosyoloji: Bloch’tan Wallerstein’e Görüşler ve Yöntemler” 3. Baskı, Çeviren, Fethi, Ahmet. Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları. İstanbul (2011).
- Sung, Hung-En (2003). “Fairer Sex of Fairer System? Gender and Corruption Revisited” Social Forces 82: 703-723.
- Tepegöz, Ahmet Selim. (2014). “Jhon Stuart Mill ve Metodolojisi”.http://www. ismailekinci.com/pages.asp Pagem=John+Stuart+Mill+Ve+Metodolojisi&cat_id=20&cat2_id=18&wid=657. (Erişim Tarihi: 2017)
- Tilly, Charles. (1984). “Big Structures, Large Processes, Huge Comparision”. Russel Sage Foundation: New York.
- Tocqueville, Alexis. (1994). “Amerika’da Demokrasi”. Yetkin Basım ve Yayıncılık.
- Tutorial SO5. (2014). “Mill’s Methods”. file:///D:/Critical%20thinking%20web.htm. (Erişim Tarihi: 2017).
Tsutsui, Kiyoteru, and Christine Min Wotipka. (2004). “Global Civil Society and International Human Rights Movement”. Social Forces, 83:587-620.
- Waldner, David. (1999). “State Building and Late Development”, Cornell University Press.
- Waldner, David. (1996). “The Formation of Precocious Keynseian States: Class Coalitions, State Building and Economic Development in Syria and Turkey”. Unpublished Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
- Weil, Fredrick. D. (1885). “The Variable Effects of Education on Liberal Attitudes”. American Sociological Review, 50: 458-474.
University of California, San Diago. (2014). “Mill’s Methods http://mechanism.ucsd.edu/ ~mitch/teaching/w10/phil12/lectures/Phil12_W10_Mill's_methods(2-22-2010).pdf (Erişim tarihi: 2017).
- University of Haifa. 2013. “The Logic of Comparative Research.” Retrieved March 23, 2017 (http://poli.haifa.ac.il/~levi/mlogic.html). (Erişim Tarihi 2017).
- Yamaguchi, Kazuo. (1991).” Event History Analysis”, Sage Publication.