Sustainable Health Tourism in Türkiye: A PESTLE Analysis of Opportunities and Challenges
Öz
Purpose: Health tourism in Türkiye has experienced rapid expansion, driven by cost advantages, advanced healthcare infrastructure, and government-led initiatives such as the mandatory HealthTürkiye portal introduced in 2025. The sector contributes significantly to national economic growth, with medical tourism revenues projected to reach approximately USD 4.5–5 billion by 2026, while overall tourism revenues exceeded USD 65 billion in 2025. Despite this growth, sustainability concerns including environmental impacts associated with travel and resource consumption, social equity risks, and regulatory vulnerabilities pose challenges to long-term sectoral viability. In light of these developments, this study aims to analyze the dynamics shaping sustainable health tourism in Türkiye within a holistic framework.
Method: This study employs the PESTLE framework to analyze the political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental determinants of sustainable health tourism in Türkiye. The analysis is based on secondary data obtained from reports and datasets published by the OECD, the World Health Organization, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TURKSTAT), and relevant national policy documents.
Findings: The findings reveal substantial opportunities, including strengthened digital integration, institutional coordination, and investments in green healthcare innovations. However, the sector faces critical challenges such as increasing carbon footprints linked to international travel, pressure on the domestic healthcare workforce, and the need for stronger regulatory oversight. Social considerations, particularly equitable access to healthcare services and resource allocation, remain central to sustainability debates.
Practical Implications: Sustaining Türkiye’s competitive position in health tourism requires integrated and multi-sectoral policy approaches that balance economic growth with environmental stewardship and social responsibility. Aligning national strategies with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals could enhance Türkiye’s positioning as a global leader in ethical and resilient health tourism.
Originality/Scientific Contribution: This study is one of the few that examines sustainable health tourism in Türkiye through a comprehensive PESTLE framework. By integrating political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental dimensions of sustainability, it offers an original contribution to the literature and provides actionable recommendations for policymakers.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
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- Lubowiecki-Vikuk, A., & Machnik, A. (2020). Sustainable medical tourism: Conceptual framework. In W. Leal Filho, T. Wall, A. M. Azul, L. Brandli, & P. G. Özuyar (Eds.), Good health and well-being. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69627-0_112-1
- Ministry of Health, Republic of Türkiye. (2025). Health tourism regulations, statistics, and HealthTürkiye portal report. https://www.saglik.gov.tr/
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- Pehlivanoğlu, F., & Ergün, E. (2025). Türkiye’de sağlık turizminin gelişimini etkileyen kritik unsurlar: DEMATEL yaklaşımıyla ampirik bir analiz. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 50, 92-106. https://doi.org/10.35343/kosbed.1771664
Ayrıntılar
Birincil Dil
İngilizce
Konular
Sürdürülebilir Turizm
Bölüm
Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar
Yayımlanma Tarihi
30 Eylül 2026
Gönderilme Tarihi
20 Şubat 2026
Kabul Tarihi
22 Eylül 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı
Yıl 2026 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2