Gelecek ile ilgili tutumlar birçok
psikopatolojinin gelişiminde önemli rol oynar. Bu
tutumlardan birisi de umutsuzluktur. Bu yazıda
depresyon ve intiharın psikopatolojisinde rol
oynayan umutsuzluk kavramı gözden geçirildi
Kaynakça
Abramson LY ve ark. (1978) Learned helpnesness in
human: Critique and formulation. J Abnormal Psychology, 87:
49-74
Beck AT (1963) Thinking a depressıon. Arch Gen
Psychiatry, 9: 324-333
Beck AT (1967) Depression: Clinical, experimental and the
theoritical aspects. New York, Hoeber Medical Division, Harper
and Row
Beck AT ve ark. (1974) The measurement of pessimism.
The hopelessness scale. J Consult Clin Psychology, 42:
861-865
Beck AT ve ark. (1975) Hopelessness and suicidal
behavior: An overvievv. J Am Med Association, 243: 1146-1149
Beck AT (1979) Cognitive therapy of depression: A
treatment Manual. New York, Guilford Press
Bibring E (1953) The mechanism of depression. İn
Greenacre eds. Affective Disorders. New York International
University Press
Baumeister RF (1990) Suicide as escape from şelf.
Psychological Revievv, 97: 90-113
Cole DA (1988) Hopelessness, social desirability,
depression and parasuicide in two college samples j Consult
Clin Psychology, 56: 131-136
Costin F, Draguns JG (1989) Abnormal Psychology.
Patterns, issues, interventions, New York, John VVİley and Sons
Inc.
Dyer JAT, Kreitman N (1984) Hopelessness, depression
and suicidal ıntent in parasuicide. Br J Psychiatry, 144: 127-133
Fenichel O (1945) The psycoanalytic theory of neurosis.
(Çev. Tuncer S 1975) izmir, Ege Üniversitesi Matbaası
Freud S (1957) Mouming and melancholia. İn Starchey, J.
eds. The standart edition of the complete psychological vvorks
of Sigmound Freud, Vol 12, London Hogarth Press
Gerber K ve ark. (1981) Indirect self-destructive behavior in
chronic hemodialysis patients. İn Baumeister, R.F. (1990)
Suicide as escape from şelf. Psychological Revievv, 97: 90-113
Kaplan Hl, Sadock BJ (1985) Modern Synopsis of
Compherensive textbook of Psychiatry. 4 th. ed., Baltimore,
VVilIiams and VVİlkins
Melges FT (1969) Types of hopelessness in psychological
process. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 20: 690-699
Minkoff K ve ark. (1973) Hopelessness, depression and
attempted suicide. Am J Psychiatry, 130: 455-459
Öztürk MO (1985) Psikoanaliz ve psikoterapi. Ankara,
Sevinç Matbaası
Pokorny AD ve ark. (1975) Hopelessness and attempted
suicide: A reconsideration. Am J Psychiatry, 132: 954-956
Raineri WF ve ark. (1987) Relationship of depression,
hopelessness and dysfunctional attitudes to suicidal ideation in
psychiatric patients. Psychological Reports, 61: 967-975
Rideout E, Montemuro M (1986) Hope, morale and
adaptation in patient with chronic heart failure. j Adv Nursing,
11:429-438
Velioğlu S, Peker G (1989) Depresyonların psikopatolojisi
ile ego kavramının irdelenmesi. İn Adam, E. eds. Depresif
Hastalıklar. İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi
Psikiyatri Ana Bilim Dalı Mezuniyet sonrası Eğitim Çalışmaları,
İstanbul
VVeissman MM (1974) The epidemiology of suicide
attempts. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 30: 737-746
VVetzel RD (1976) Hopelessness, depression and suicide.
Arch Gen Psychiatry, 33:1069-1073
Attitudes toward the future play a
central role in many psychopathological conditions.
One such attitude is hopelessness. The role of
hopelessness as an underlying dynamic in
depression and suicide is reviewed in this articl
Kaynakça
Abramson LY ve ark. (1978) Learned helpnesness in
human: Critique and formulation. J Abnormal Psychology, 87:
49-74
Beck AT (1963) Thinking a depressıon. Arch Gen
Psychiatry, 9: 324-333
Beck AT (1967) Depression: Clinical, experimental and the
theoritical aspects. New York, Hoeber Medical Division, Harper
and Row
Beck AT ve ark. (1974) The measurement of pessimism.
The hopelessness scale. J Consult Clin Psychology, 42:
861-865
Beck AT ve ark. (1975) Hopelessness and suicidal
behavior: An overvievv. J Am Med Association, 243: 1146-1149
Beck AT (1979) Cognitive therapy of depression: A
treatment Manual. New York, Guilford Press
Bibring E (1953) The mechanism of depression. İn
Greenacre eds. Affective Disorders. New York International
University Press
Baumeister RF (1990) Suicide as escape from şelf.
Psychological Revievv, 97: 90-113
Cole DA (1988) Hopelessness, social desirability,
depression and parasuicide in two college samples j Consult
Clin Psychology, 56: 131-136
Costin F, Draguns JG (1989) Abnormal Psychology.
Patterns, issues, interventions, New York, John VVİley and Sons
Inc.
Dyer JAT, Kreitman N (1984) Hopelessness, depression
and suicidal ıntent in parasuicide. Br J Psychiatry, 144: 127-133
Fenichel O (1945) The psycoanalytic theory of neurosis.
(Çev. Tuncer S 1975) izmir, Ege Üniversitesi Matbaası
Freud S (1957) Mouming and melancholia. İn Starchey, J.
eds. The standart edition of the complete psychological vvorks
of Sigmound Freud, Vol 12, London Hogarth Press
Gerber K ve ark. (1981) Indirect self-destructive behavior in
chronic hemodialysis patients. İn Baumeister, R.F. (1990)
Suicide as escape from şelf. Psychological Revievv, 97: 90-113
Kaplan Hl, Sadock BJ (1985) Modern Synopsis of
Compherensive textbook of Psychiatry. 4 th. ed., Baltimore,
VVilIiams and VVİlkins
Melges FT (1969) Types of hopelessness in psychological
process. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 20: 690-699
Minkoff K ve ark. (1973) Hopelessness, depression and
attempted suicide. Am J Psychiatry, 130: 455-459
Öztürk MO (1985) Psikoanaliz ve psikoterapi. Ankara,
Sevinç Matbaası
Pokorny AD ve ark. (1975) Hopelessness and attempted
suicide: A reconsideration. Am J Psychiatry, 132: 954-956
Raineri WF ve ark. (1987) Relationship of depression,
hopelessness and dysfunctional attitudes to suicidal ideation in
psychiatric patients. Psychological Reports, 61: 967-975
Rideout E, Montemuro M (1986) Hope, morale and
adaptation in patient with chronic heart failure. j Adv Nursing,
11:429-438
Velioğlu S, Peker G (1989) Depresyonların psikopatolojisi
ile ego kavramının irdelenmesi. İn Adam, E. eds. Depresif
Hastalıklar. İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi
Psikiyatri Ana Bilim Dalı Mezuniyet sonrası Eğitim Çalışmaları,
İstanbul
VVeissman MM (1974) The epidemiology of suicide
attempts. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 30: 737-746
VVetzel RD (1976) Hopelessness, depression and suicide.
Arch Gen Psychiatry, 33:1069-1073