BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Long Term Effects Of Developmental Trauma And Associated Neurobiological Mechanisms

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 1, 25 - 42, 01.06.2012
https://doi.org/10.1501/Kriz_0000000331

Öz

Since last century, many authors suggested that traumatic events during development have negative long term consequences regarding mental health of the traumatized individuals. However, probably due to the biological-social dualism that dominated our field, trauma as a social risk factor stayed beyond the focus of quantitative research. Nevertheless, developmental (complex) trauma defined with operational criteria has recently been tested as a risk factor in stuides on gene-environement interactions in psychiatry. These studies suggest that trauma; (i) is a risk factor for many psychiatric disorders; (ii) may interfere with the course and presentation of psychiatric disorders, and; (iii) rather than leading to symtoms of a single psychiatric disorder, may be associated with different - and perhaps specific – clusters of symptoms among different psychiatric disorders. This review focuses on negative long-term consequences of developmental trauma and neurobiological mechanisms associated with these consequences. Identification of these mechanisms is especially important because they; (i) may help to find neurobiological prevention strategies in traumatized risk groups and, (ii) may help to identify neurobiological resilience factors regarding the negative consequences of trauma

Kaynakça

  • A.B.D Ulusal İstismar ve İhmal Veri Sistemi (2009) https://www.childwelfare.gov/ systemwide/statistics/can.cfm
  • Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği (2000) Psikiyatride Hastalıkların Tanımlanması ve Sınıflandırılması Elkitabı, Yeniden Gözden Geçirilmiş Dördüncü Baskı (DSM-IV-TR). İng Çev. Köroğlu E. Hekimler Yayın Birliği, s.200.
  • Amerikan Psychiatric Association. (2013). DSM-5. Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2013, www.dsm5.org
  • Andersen SL, Tomada A, Vincow ES ve ark. (2008) Preliminary Evidence for Sensitive Periods in the Effect of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Regional Brain Development. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 20:292–301.
  • Arborelius L, Owens MJ, Plotsky PM ve ark. (1999) The Role of Corticotropin- Releasing Factor in Depression and Anxiety Disorders. J Endocrinol, 160:1-12.
  • Aslund C, Nordquist N, Comasco E ve ark. (2011) Maltreatment, MAOA, and Delinquency: Sex Differences in Gene- Environment Interaction in A Large Population- Based Cohort of Adolescents. Behav Genet, Mar;41(2):262-72.
  • Baker DG, West SA, Nicholson WE ve ark. (1999) Serial CSF Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Levels and Adrenocortical Activity in Combat Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Am J Psychiatry, 156:585–588.
  • Bartz J, Simeon D, Hamilton H ve ark. (2011) Oxytocin can Hinder Trust and Cooperation in Borderline Personality Disorder. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci, 6(5):556-63.
  • Bartz JA, Zaki J, Bolger N ve ark. (2011) Social Effects of Oxytocin in Humans:Context and Person Matter. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15;7:37-43.
  • Baskak B, Devrimci Özgüven H, Özel Kızıl ET ve ark. (2012) Antisosyal Bireylerde Sağ Yarı Uzaya İlişkin Görsel Dikkat Bozukluğuyla Öfkenin İlişkisi. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 23(3):171-77.
  • Bradley RG, Binder EB, Epstein MP ve ark. (2008) Influence of Child Abuse on Adult Depression:Moderation by the Corticotropin- Releasing Hormone Receptor Gene. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 65(2): 190–200.
  • Bretherton I, Munholland KA. (1999) Internal Working Models in Attachment Relationships: A Construct Revisited. In Cassidy J, Shaver PR. Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research and Clinical Applications. New York: Guilford Press, pp. 89–114.
  • Brunner HG, Nelen M, Breakefield XO ve ark. (1993) Abnormal Behavior Associated with A Point Mutation in The Structural Gene for Monoamine Oxidase A. Science, Oct 22;262(5133):578-80.
  • Brüne M (2012) Does The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Polymorphism (rs2254298) Confer 'Vulnerability' for Psychopathology or 'Differential Susceptibility'? Insights from Evolution. BMC Med, Apr 17;10:38.
  • Buschert J,Hohoff C, Touma C ve ark. (2013) S100B Overexpression Increases Behavioral and Neural Plasticity in Response to The Social Environment During Adolescence. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47: 1791-799.
  • Carlson EB, Dalenberg CJ. (2000) A Conceptual Framework for the Impact of Traumatic Experiences Trauma, Violence, Abuse, 1 (4) 4-28.
  • Carsten KW (2012) Oxytocin, Attachment, Betrayal and Self-Interest:A Commentary on ‘‘Oxytocin Modulates the Link Between Adult Attachment and Cooperation Through Reduced Betrayal Aversion’’. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37:1106—1110.
  • Caspi A, Sugden K, Moffitt TE ve ark. (2003) Influence of Life Stress on Depression: Moderation by A Polymorphism in the 5-HTT Gene. Science, Jul 18;301(5631):386-9.
  • Champagne FA, Weaver IC, Diorio J ve ark. (2006) Maternal Care Associated with Methylation of The Estrogen Receptor-alpha1b Promoter and Estrogen Receptor-alpha Expression in The Medial Preoptic Area of Female Offspring. Endocrinology, Jun;147(6):2909-15.
  • Cloitre M, Stolbach BC, Herman JL ve ark. (2009) A Developmental Approach to Complex PTSD: Childhood and Adult Cumulative Trauma as Predictors of Symptom Complexity. J Trauma Stress, 22:399–408.
  • Coric V, Feldman HH, Oren DA ve ark. (2010) Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Active Comparator and Placebo-Controlled Trial of A Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor-1 Antagonist in Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Depress Anxiety, May;27(5):417-25.
  • Cougle JR, Timpano KR, Sarchs-Ericsson N ve ark. (2010) Examining the Unique Relationships Between Anxiety Disorder and Childhood Physical and Sexual Abuse in The National Comorbidity Survey-Replication. Psychiatry Res, 177:150-155.
  • Courtis CA. Understanding Complex Trauma, Complex Reaction and Treatment Approaches. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training Copyright 2004 by the Educational Publishing Foundation 2004, Vol. 41, No. 4, 412–425
  • Çuhadaroğlu F. (2001) Kendilik patolojisi belirtisi olarak kimlik kargaşası. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 12(4):309-314.
  • Dannlowski U, Stuhrmann A, Beutelmann A ve ark. (2012) Limbic Scars: Long-Term Consequences of Childhood Maltreatment Revealed by Functional and Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Biological Psychiatry, 71, pp. 286–293
  • De Quervain DJ. (2008) Glucocorticoid- Induced Reduction of Traumatic Memories:Implications for the Treatment of PTSD. Prog Brain Res, 167:239-47.
  • Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D ve ark. (1998) Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. Am J Prev Med, 14(4): 245-258.
  • Francis DD, Caldji C, Champagne F ve ark. (1999) The Role of Corticotropin- Releasing Factor-Norepinephrine Systems in Mediating the Effects of Early Experience on the Development of Behavioral and Endocrine Responses to Stress. Biological Psychiatry, 46:1153–1166.
  • Frewen PA, Pain C, Dozois DJ ve ark. (2006) Alexithymia in PTSD: Psychometric and fMRI Studies. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1071:397– 400.
  • Goodfellow NM, Benekareddy M, Vaidya VA ve ark. (2009) Layer II/III of the Prefrontal Cortex: Inhibition by the Serotonin 5-HT1A Receptor in Development and Stress. J Neurosci, August 12;29(32): 10094–10103.
  • Grant MM, White D, Hadley J ve ark. (2014) Early Life Trauma and Directional Brain Connectivity within Major Depression. Hum Brain Mapp, Apr 15.
  • Guillaume S, Perroud N, Jollant F ve ark. (2013) HPA Axis Genes may Modulate the Effect of Childhood Adversities on Decision- Making in Suicide Attempters. J Psychiatr Res, Feb;47(2):259-65.
  • Ising M, Depping AM, Siebertz A ve ark. (2008) Polymorphisms in the FKBP5 Gene Region Modulate Recovery from Psychosocial Stress in Healthy Controls. Eur J Neurosci, 28, 389—398.
  • Kamen C, Bergstrom J, Koopman C ve ark. (2012) Relationships Among Childhood Trauma, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Dissociation in Men Living with HIV/AIDS. J Trauma Dissociation, 13:102–114.
  • Koenen KC, Aiello AE, Bakshis E ve ark. (2009) Modification of the Association Between Serotonin Transporter Genotype and Risk of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adults by County-Level Social Environment. Am J Epidemiol, Mar 15;169(6):704-11
  • Koenen KC, Saxe G, Purcell S ve ark. (2005) Polymorphisms in FKBP5 are Associated with Peritraumatic Dissociation in Medically Injured Children. Mol Psychiatry, 10, 1058—1059.
  • Lambe EK, Fillman SG, Webster MJ ve ark. (2011) Serotonin Receptor Expression in Human Prefrontal Cortex: Balancing Excitation and Inhibition Across Postnatal Development. PLoS One, 6(7):e22799
  • Leichsenring F, Leibing E, Kruse J ve ark. (2011 Lancet, Jan 1;377(9759):74-84.
  • Lekman, M, Laje, G, Charney D ve ark. (2008) The FKBP5-Gene in Depression and Treatment Response–—an Association Study in the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) Cohort. Biol Psychiatry, 63(12), 1103—1110.
  • Lysaker PH, Davis LW, Gatton MJ ve ark. (2005) Associations of Anxiety-Related Symptoms with Reported History of Childhood Sexual Abuse in Disorders. J Clin Psychiatry, 66(10):1279-84. Schizophrenia Spectrum
  • Mancini C, Van Ameringen M, MacMillan H (1995) Relationship of Childhood Sexual and Physical Abuse to Anxiety Disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis, 183:309–314.
  • Marmar CR, Weis DS, Metzler TJ ve ark. (1996) Stress Responses of Emergency Services Personnel to the Loma Prieta Earthquake Interstate 880 Freeway Collapse and Control Traumatic Incidents. J Trauma Stress, 9(1): 63-85.
  • Mayer AR, Kosson DS (2000) Handedness and Psychopathy. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol, 13(4):233-8.
  • Mehta D, Binder EB (2012 ) Gene × Environment Vulnerability Factors for PTSD: The HPA-Axis. Neuropharmacology, Feb;62(2):654-62.
  • Morgan CA 3rd, Wang S, Southwick SM ve ark. ( Concentrations in Humans Exposed to Military Survival Training. Biol Psychiatry, May 15;47(10):902-9.
  • Mueller BR, Bale TL (2008) Sex-Specific Programming of Offspring Emotionality After Stress Early in Pregnancy. J Neurosci, Sep 3;28(36):9055-65.
  • Murgatroyd C, Patchev AV, Wu Y ve ark. (2009) Dynamic DNA Methylation Programs Persistent Adverse Effects of Early-Life Stress. Nat Neurosci, Dec;12(12):1559-66.
  • Nadeau SE (2010) Hemispheric Asymmetry: What, Why, and at What Cost? Int Neuropsychol, Soc.;16(4):593-5.
  • Najavits LM, Walsh M (2012) Dissociation, PTSD, and Substance Abuse: An Empirical Study. J Trauma Dissociation, 13:115–126.
  • Nakao T, Matsumoto T, Morita M ve ark. (2013 ) The Degree of Early Life Stress Predicts Decreased Medial Prefrontal Activations and the Shift from Internally to Externally Guided Decision Making: An Exploratory NIRS Study during Resting State and Self-Oriented Task. Front Hum Neurosci, Jul 3;7:339.
  • Nestler EJ, Barrot M, DiLeone RJ ve ark. (2002) Neurobiology of Depression. Neuron, 34:13-25.
  • New AS, Mercedes M, Rodriguez P ve ark. (2012) Personality Disorder. February - Volume 42 · Issue 2: 65-71.
  • Perry BD (2003) Effect of Traumatic Event on Children. The ChildTrauma Academy. Houston, Tx
  • Pitman RK, Sanders KM ve ark. (2002) Pilot Study of Secondary Prevention of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with Propranolol. Biol Psychiatry, 51:189-192.
  • Raine A, O’Brien M, Smiley N ve ark. (1990) Reduced Lateralization in Verbal Dichotic Listening in Adolescent Psychopaths. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99:272–277.
  • Resnick HS, Yehuda R, Pitman RK ve ark. (1990) Effect of Previous Trauma on Acute Plasma Cortisol Level Following Rape. Am J Psychiatry, 152:1675-1677.
  • Roth TL, Sweatt JD (2011 ) Epigenetic Mechanisms and Environmental Shaping of the Brain During Sensitive Periods of Development. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, April;52(4): 398–408.
  • Sajdyk TJ, Johnson PL, Leitermann RJ ve ark. (2008 ) Neuropeptide Y in the Amygdala Induces Long-Term Resilience to Stress- Induced Reductions in Social Responses but not Hypothalamic-Adrenal-Pituitary Axis Activity or Hyperthermia. J Neurosci, Jan 23;28(4):893-903.
  • Sarro EC, Sullivan RM, Barr G (2014) Unpredictable Neonatal Stress Enhances Adult Anxiety and Alters Amygdala Gene Expression Related to Serotonin and GABA. Neuroscience, Jan 31;258:147-61.
  • Schelling G, Kilger E, Roozendaal B ve ark. (2004) Stress Doses of Hydrocortisone, Traumatic Memories, and Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Patients After Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Study. Biol Psychiatry, 55:627-633.
  • Schenkel LS, Spaulding WD, Dilillo D ve ark. (2005) Histories of Childhood Maltreatment in Schizophrenia: Relationships with Premorbid Functioning, Symptomatology, and Cognitive Deficits. Schizophr Res, Jul 15;76(2-3):273-86.
  • Sher L. (2008) The Concept of Post- Traumatic Mood Disorder and Its Implications for Adolescent Suicidal Behavior. Minerva Pediatr, 60:1393–1399.
  • Sherin JE, Nemeroff CB (2011) Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder: The Neurobiological Impact of Psychological Trauma. Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 13(3):263- 78.
  • Shin LM, Rauch SL, Pitman RK (2006) Amygdala, Medial Prefrontal Cortex, and Hippocampal Function in PTSD. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1071:67-79.
  • Simon NM, Herlands NN, Marks EH ve ark. (2009) Childhood Maltreatment Linked to Greater Symptom Severity and Poorer Quality of Life and Function in Social Anxiety Disorder. Depress Anxiety, 26:1027–1032.
  • Southwick SM, Bremner JD, Rasmusson A ve ark. (1999) Role of Norepinephrine in The Pathophysiology and Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Biol Psychiatry, 46:1192-1204.
  • Stahl SM (2008) Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Teicher M, Anderson S, Polcari A (2002) Developmental Neurobiology of Childhood Stress and Trauma. Psychiatr Clin North Am, 25:397–426.
  • Teicher MH, Anderson CM, Polcari A (2012) Childhood Maltreatment is Associated with Reduced Volume in the Hippocampal Subfields CA3, Dentate Gyrus, and Subiculum Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, pp. 563–572. Teicher MH, Samson JA (2013) Childhood Maltreatment and Psychopathology: A Case for Ecophenotypic Variants as Clinically and Neurobiologically Distinct Subtypes. Am J Psychiatry, Oct 1;170(10):1114-33.
  • Thompson BL, Erickson K, Schulkin J ve ark. (2004) Corticosterone Facilitates Retention of Contextually Conditioned Fear and Increases CRH mRNA Expression in the Amygdala. Behav Brain Res, 2;149(2):209-15.
  • Tottenham N, Hare TA, Millner A ve ark. (2011 ) Elevated Amygdala Response to Faces Following Early Deprivation. Dev Sci, Mar;14(2):190-204.
  • Van der Kolk BA (2005) Developmental Trauma Disorder: Toward a Rational Diagnosis for Children with Complex Trauma Histories. Psychiatr Ann, 35:401–408.
  • Van Harmelen AL, van Tol MJ, van der Wee NJ ve ark. (2010 ) Reduced Medial Prefrontal Cortex Volume in Adults Reporting Childhood Emotional Maltreatment. Biol Psychiatry, 1;68(9):832-8.
  • Varese F, Smeets F, Drukker M ve ark. (2012 ) Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis: A Meta-Analysis of Patient- Control, Prospective and Cross-Sectional Cohort Studies. Schizophr Bull, Jun;38(4):661- 71.
  • Verhoeven FEA, Booij L, Kruijt AW ve ark. (2012) The Effects of MAOA Genotype, Childhood Trauma, and Sex on Trait and State-Dependent Aggression. Brain and Behavior, 2(6): 806–813.
  • Waelde L, Koopman C, Spiegel D (1999) Symptoms of Acute Stress Didorder and PTSD Following Traumatic Exposure to A Flood. Manuscript submitted for publication.
  • Widom CS, Dumon TK, Czaja SJ (2007) A Prospective Investigation of Major Depressive Disorder and Comorbidity in Abused and Negleted Children Grown up. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 64:49-56.
  • Yehuda R, McFarlane AC, Shalev AY (1998) Predicting the Development of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder from The Acute Response to A Traumatic Event. Biol Psychiatry, 44:1305-1313.
  • Yehuda R (2006) Advances in Understanding Neuroendocrine Alterations in PTSD and Their Therapeutic Implications. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1071:137-166.
  • Yüksel N (2002) Panik Bozukluğunun Nörobiyolojisi. Klinik psikiyatri, Ek 3:14-21

Gelişimsel travmanın uzun dönem etkileri ve bunlara aracılık eden nörobiyolojik mekanizmalar

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 1, 25 - 42, 01.06.2012
https://doi.org/10.1501/Kriz_0000000331

Öz

Geçtiğimiz yüzyıldan beri pek çok yazar gelişimsel travmanın ruh sağlığı bakımından olumsuz sonuçları olabileceğine dikkat çekmiştir. Buna karşın gelişimsel travmalar, psikiyatride uzun yıllar hüküm süren biyolojik – sosyal ayrımı nedeniyle araştırmaların ufkunun dışında kalmıştır. Son yıllarda operasyonel ölçütlerle tanımlanan gelişimsel (karmaşık) travma, gen-çevre etkileşimini araştıran kantitatif çalışmalarda bir maruziyet etmeni olarak ele alınmaya başlanmıştır. Bu araştırmalar, travmanın; (i) pek çok ruhsal hastalık için bir risk etmeni olduğuna, (ii) ruhsal hastalıkların gidişini etkilediğine, (iii) tek bir ruhsal hastalığın belirtilerini yordamaktan çok, birden fazla ruhsal hastalığın belirti kümeleriyle ilişkili, kendine dair bir semptomatolojisinin olabileceğine işaret etmiştir. Bu gözden geçirme yazısı gelişimsel travmanın uzun dönem olumsuz sonuçlarına ve bunlara hangi

Kaynakça

  • A.B.D Ulusal İstismar ve İhmal Veri Sistemi (2009) https://www.childwelfare.gov/ systemwide/statistics/can.cfm
  • Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği (2000) Psikiyatride Hastalıkların Tanımlanması ve Sınıflandırılması Elkitabı, Yeniden Gözden Geçirilmiş Dördüncü Baskı (DSM-IV-TR). İng Çev. Köroğlu E. Hekimler Yayın Birliği, s.200.
  • Amerikan Psychiatric Association. (2013). DSM-5. Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2013, www.dsm5.org
  • Andersen SL, Tomada A, Vincow ES ve ark. (2008) Preliminary Evidence for Sensitive Periods in the Effect of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Regional Brain Development. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 20:292–301.
  • Arborelius L, Owens MJ, Plotsky PM ve ark. (1999) The Role of Corticotropin- Releasing Factor in Depression and Anxiety Disorders. J Endocrinol, 160:1-12.
  • Aslund C, Nordquist N, Comasco E ve ark. (2011) Maltreatment, MAOA, and Delinquency: Sex Differences in Gene- Environment Interaction in A Large Population- Based Cohort of Adolescents. Behav Genet, Mar;41(2):262-72.
  • Baker DG, West SA, Nicholson WE ve ark. (1999) Serial CSF Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Levels and Adrenocortical Activity in Combat Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Am J Psychiatry, 156:585–588.
  • Bartz J, Simeon D, Hamilton H ve ark. (2011) Oxytocin can Hinder Trust and Cooperation in Borderline Personality Disorder. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci, 6(5):556-63.
  • Bartz JA, Zaki J, Bolger N ve ark. (2011) Social Effects of Oxytocin in Humans:Context and Person Matter. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15;7:37-43.
  • Baskak B, Devrimci Özgüven H, Özel Kızıl ET ve ark. (2012) Antisosyal Bireylerde Sağ Yarı Uzaya İlişkin Görsel Dikkat Bozukluğuyla Öfkenin İlişkisi. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 23(3):171-77.
  • Bradley RG, Binder EB, Epstein MP ve ark. (2008) Influence of Child Abuse on Adult Depression:Moderation by the Corticotropin- Releasing Hormone Receptor Gene. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 65(2): 190–200.
  • Bretherton I, Munholland KA. (1999) Internal Working Models in Attachment Relationships: A Construct Revisited. In Cassidy J, Shaver PR. Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research and Clinical Applications. New York: Guilford Press, pp. 89–114.
  • Brunner HG, Nelen M, Breakefield XO ve ark. (1993) Abnormal Behavior Associated with A Point Mutation in The Structural Gene for Monoamine Oxidase A. Science, Oct 22;262(5133):578-80.
  • Brüne M (2012) Does The Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Polymorphism (rs2254298) Confer 'Vulnerability' for Psychopathology or 'Differential Susceptibility'? Insights from Evolution. BMC Med, Apr 17;10:38.
  • Buschert J,Hohoff C, Touma C ve ark. (2013) S100B Overexpression Increases Behavioral and Neural Plasticity in Response to The Social Environment During Adolescence. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47: 1791-799.
  • Carlson EB, Dalenberg CJ. (2000) A Conceptual Framework for the Impact of Traumatic Experiences Trauma, Violence, Abuse, 1 (4) 4-28.
  • Carsten KW (2012) Oxytocin, Attachment, Betrayal and Self-Interest:A Commentary on ‘‘Oxytocin Modulates the Link Between Adult Attachment and Cooperation Through Reduced Betrayal Aversion’’. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37:1106—1110.
  • Caspi A, Sugden K, Moffitt TE ve ark. (2003) Influence of Life Stress on Depression: Moderation by A Polymorphism in the 5-HTT Gene. Science, Jul 18;301(5631):386-9.
  • Champagne FA, Weaver IC, Diorio J ve ark. (2006) Maternal Care Associated with Methylation of The Estrogen Receptor-alpha1b Promoter and Estrogen Receptor-alpha Expression in The Medial Preoptic Area of Female Offspring. Endocrinology, Jun;147(6):2909-15.
  • Cloitre M, Stolbach BC, Herman JL ve ark. (2009) A Developmental Approach to Complex PTSD: Childhood and Adult Cumulative Trauma as Predictors of Symptom Complexity. J Trauma Stress, 22:399–408.
  • Coric V, Feldman HH, Oren DA ve ark. (2010) Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Active Comparator and Placebo-Controlled Trial of A Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor-1 Antagonist in Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Depress Anxiety, May;27(5):417-25.
  • Cougle JR, Timpano KR, Sarchs-Ericsson N ve ark. (2010) Examining the Unique Relationships Between Anxiety Disorder and Childhood Physical and Sexual Abuse in The National Comorbidity Survey-Replication. Psychiatry Res, 177:150-155.
  • Courtis CA. Understanding Complex Trauma, Complex Reaction and Treatment Approaches. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training Copyright 2004 by the Educational Publishing Foundation 2004, Vol. 41, No. 4, 412–425
  • Çuhadaroğlu F. (2001) Kendilik patolojisi belirtisi olarak kimlik kargaşası. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 12(4):309-314.
  • Dannlowski U, Stuhrmann A, Beutelmann A ve ark. (2012) Limbic Scars: Long-Term Consequences of Childhood Maltreatment Revealed by Functional and Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Biological Psychiatry, 71, pp. 286–293
  • De Quervain DJ. (2008) Glucocorticoid- Induced Reduction of Traumatic Memories:Implications for the Treatment of PTSD. Prog Brain Res, 167:239-47.
  • Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D ve ark. (1998) Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. Am J Prev Med, 14(4): 245-258.
  • Francis DD, Caldji C, Champagne F ve ark. (1999) The Role of Corticotropin- Releasing Factor-Norepinephrine Systems in Mediating the Effects of Early Experience on the Development of Behavioral and Endocrine Responses to Stress. Biological Psychiatry, 46:1153–1166.
  • Frewen PA, Pain C, Dozois DJ ve ark. (2006) Alexithymia in PTSD: Psychometric and fMRI Studies. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1071:397– 400.
  • Goodfellow NM, Benekareddy M, Vaidya VA ve ark. (2009) Layer II/III of the Prefrontal Cortex: Inhibition by the Serotonin 5-HT1A Receptor in Development and Stress. J Neurosci, August 12;29(32): 10094–10103.
  • Grant MM, White D, Hadley J ve ark. (2014) Early Life Trauma and Directional Brain Connectivity within Major Depression. Hum Brain Mapp, Apr 15.
  • Guillaume S, Perroud N, Jollant F ve ark. (2013) HPA Axis Genes may Modulate the Effect of Childhood Adversities on Decision- Making in Suicide Attempters. J Psychiatr Res, Feb;47(2):259-65.
  • Ising M, Depping AM, Siebertz A ve ark. (2008) Polymorphisms in the FKBP5 Gene Region Modulate Recovery from Psychosocial Stress in Healthy Controls. Eur J Neurosci, 28, 389—398.
  • Kamen C, Bergstrom J, Koopman C ve ark. (2012) Relationships Among Childhood Trauma, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Dissociation in Men Living with HIV/AIDS. J Trauma Dissociation, 13:102–114.
  • Koenen KC, Aiello AE, Bakshis E ve ark. (2009) Modification of the Association Between Serotonin Transporter Genotype and Risk of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adults by County-Level Social Environment. Am J Epidemiol, Mar 15;169(6):704-11
  • Koenen KC, Saxe G, Purcell S ve ark. (2005) Polymorphisms in FKBP5 are Associated with Peritraumatic Dissociation in Medically Injured Children. Mol Psychiatry, 10, 1058—1059.
  • Lambe EK, Fillman SG, Webster MJ ve ark. (2011) Serotonin Receptor Expression in Human Prefrontal Cortex: Balancing Excitation and Inhibition Across Postnatal Development. PLoS One, 6(7):e22799
  • Leichsenring F, Leibing E, Kruse J ve ark. (2011 Lancet, Jan 1;377(9759):74-84.
  • Lekman, M, Laje, G, Charney D ve ark. (2008) The FKBP5-Gene in Depression and Treatment Response–—an Association Study in the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) Cohort. Biol Psychiatry, 63(12), 1103—1110.
  • Lysaker PH, Davis LW, Gatton MJ ve ark. (2005) Associations of Anxiety-Related Symptoms with Reported History of Childhood Sexual Abuse in Disorders. J Clin Psychiatry, 66(10):1279-84. Schizophrenia Spectrum
  • Mancini C, Van Ameringen M, MacMillan H (1995) Relationship of Childhood Sexual and Physical Abuse to Anxiety Disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis, 183:309–314.
  • Marmar CR, Weis DS, Metzler TJ ve ark. (1996) Stress Responses of Emergency Services Personnel to the Loma Prieta Earthquake Interstate 880 Freeway Collapse and Control Traumatic Incidents. J Trauma Stress, 9(1): 63-85.
  • Mayer AR, Kosson DS (2000) Handedness and Psychopathy. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol, 13(4):233-8.
  • Mehta D, Binder EB (2012 ) Gene × Environment Vulnerability Factors for PTSD: The HPA-Axis. Neuropharmacology, Feb;62(2):654-62.
  • Morgan CA 3rd, Wang S, Southwick SM ve ark. ( Concentrations in Humans Exposed to Military Survival Training. Biol Psychiatry, May 15;47(10):902-9.
  • Mueller BR, Bale TL (2008) Sex-Specific Programming of Offspring Emotionality After Stress Early in Pregnancy. J Neurosci, Sep 3;28(36):9055-65.
  • Murgatroyd C, Patchev AV, Wu Y ve ark. (2009) Dynamic DNA Methylation Programs Persistent Adverse Effects of Early-Life Stress. Nat Neurosci, Dec;12(12):1559-66.
  • Nadeau SE (2010) Hemispheric Asymmetry: What, Why, and at What Cost? Int Neuropsychol, Soc.;16(4):593-5.
  • Najavits LM, Walsh M (2012) Dissociation, PTSD, and Substance Abuse: An Empirical Study. J Trauma Dissociation, 13:115–126.
  • Nakao T, Matsumoto T, Morita M ve ark. (2013 ) The Degree of Early Life Stress Predicts Decreased Medial Prefrontal Activations and the Shift from Internally to Externally Guided Decision Making: An Exploratory NIRS Study during Resting State and Self-Oriented Task. Front Hum Neurosci, Jul 3;7:339.
  • Nestler EJ, Barrot M, DiLeone RJ ve ark. (2002) Neurobiology of Depression. Neuron, 34:13-25.
  • New AS, Mercedes M, Rodriguez P ve ark. (2012) Personality Disorder. February - Volume 42 · Issue 2: 65-71.
  • Perry BD (2003) Effect of Traumatic Event on Children. The ChildTrauma Academy. Houston, Tx
  • Pitman RK, Sanders KM ve ark. (2002) Pilot Study of Secondary Prevention of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with Propranolol. Biol Psychiatry, 51:189-192.
  • Raine A, O’Brien M, Smiley N ve ark. (1990) Reduced Lateralization in Verbal Dichotic Listening in Adolescent Psychopaths. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99:272–277.
  • Resnick HS, Yehuda R, Pitman RK ve ark. (1990) Effect of Previous Trauma on Acute Plasma Cortisol Level Following Rape. Am J Psychiatry, 152:1675-1677.
  • Roth TL, Sweatt JD (2011 ) Epigenetic Mechanisms and Environmental Shaping of the Brain During Sensitive Periods of Development. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, April;52(4): 398–408.
  • Sajdyk TJ, Johnson PL, Leitermann RJ ve ark. (2008 ) Neuropeptide Y in the Amygdala Induces Long-Term Resilience to Stress- Induced Reductions in Social Responses but not Hypothalamic-Adrenal-Pituitary Axis Activity or Hyperthermia. J Neurosci, Jan 23;28(4):893-903.
  • Sarro EC, Sullivan RM, Barr G (2014) Unpredictable Neonatal Stress Enhances Adult Anxiety and Alters Amygdala Gene Expression Related to Serotonin and GABA. Neuroscience, Jan 31;258:147-61.
  • Schelling G, Kilger E, Roozendaal B ve ark. (2004) Stress Doses of Hydrocortisone, Traumatic Memories, and Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Patients After Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Study. Biol Psychiatry, 55:627-633.
  • Schenkel LS, Spaulding WD, Dilillo D ve ark. (2005) Histories of Childhood Maltreatment in Schizophrenia: Relationships with Premorbid Functioning, Symptomatology, and Cognitive Deficits. Schizophr Res, Jul 15;76(2-3):273-86.
  • Sher L. (2008) The Concept of Post- Traumatic Mood Disorder and Its Implications for Adolescent Suicidal Behavior. Minerva Pediatr, 60:1393–1399.
  • Sherin JE, Nemeroff CB (2011) Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder: The Neurobiological Impact of Psychological Trauma. Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 13(3):263- 78.
  • Shin LM, Rauch SL, Pitman RK (2006) Amygdala, Medial Prefrontal Cortex, and Hippocampal Function in PTSD. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1071:67-79.
  • Simon NM, Herlands NN, Marks EH ve ark. (2009) Childhood Maltreatment Linked to Greater Symptom Severity and Poorer Quality of Life and Function in Social Anxiety Disorder. Depress Anxiety, 26:1027–1032.
  • Southwick SM, Bremner JD, Rasmusson A ve ark. (1999) Role of Norepinephrine in The Pathophysiology and Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Biol Psychiatry, 46:1192-1204.
  • Stahl SM (2008) Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Teicher M, Anderson S, Polcari A (2002) Developmental Neurobiology of Childhood Stress and Trauma. Psychiatr Clin North Am, 25:397–426.
  • Teicher MH, Anderson CM, Polcari A (2012) Childhood Maltreatment is Associated with Reduced Volume in the Hippocampal Subfields CA3, Dentate Gyrus, and Subiculum Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, pp. 563–572. Teicher MH, Samson JA (2013) Childhood Maltreatment and Psychopathology: A Case for Ecophenotypic Variants as Clinically and Neurobiologically Distinct Subtypes. Am J Psychiatry, Oct 1;170(10):1114-33.
  • Thompson BL, Erickson K, Schulkin J ve ark. (2004) Corticosterone Facilitates Retention of Contextually Conditioned Fear and Increases CRH mRNA Expression in the Amygdala. Behav Brain Res, 2;149(2):209-15.
  • Tottenham N, Hare TA, Millner A ve ark. (2011 ) Elevated Amygdala Response to Faces Following Early Deprivation. Dev Sci, Mar;14(2):190-204.
  • Van der Kolk BA (2005) Developmental Trauma Disorder: Toward a Rational Diagnosis for Children with Complex Trauma Histories. Psychiatr Ann, 35:401–408.
  • Van Harmelen AL, van Tol MJ, van der Wee NJ ve ark. (2010 ) Reduced Medial Prefrontal Cortex Volume in Adults Reporting Childhood Emotional Maltreatment. Biol Psychiatry, 1;68(9):832-8.
  • Varese F, Smeets F, Drukker M ve ark. (2012 ) Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis: A Meta-Analysis of Patient- Control, Prospective and Cross-Sectional Cohort Studies. Schizophr Bull, Jun;38(4):661- 71.
  • Verhoeven FEA, Booij L, Kruijt AW ve ark. (2012) The Effects of MAOA Genotype, Childhood Trauma, and Sex on Trait and State-Dependent Aggression. Brain and Behavior, 2(6): 806–813.
  • Waelde L, Koopman C, Spiegel D (1999) Symptoms of Acute Stress Didorder and PTSD Following Traumatic Exposure to A Flood. Manuscript submitted for publication.
  • Widom CS, Dumon TK, Czaja SJ (2007) A Prospective Investigation of Major Depressive Disorder and Comorbidity in Abused and Negleted Children Grown up. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 64:49-56.
  • Yehuda R, McFarlane AC, Shalev AY (1998) Predicting the Development of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder from The Acute Response to A Traumatic Event. Biol Psychiatry, 44:1305-1313.
  • Yehuda R (2006) Advances in Understanding Neuroendocrine Alterations in PTSD and Their Therapeutic Implications. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1071:137-166.
  • Yüksel N (2002) Panik Bozukluğunun Nörobiyolojisi. Klinik psikiyatri, Ek 3:14-21
Toplam 80 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA65UG49UB
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Sümeyra Fırat Bu kişi benim

Bora Baskak Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2012
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Haziran 2012
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2012 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Fırat, S., & Baskak, B. (2012). Gelişimsel travmanın uzun dönem etkileri ve bunlara aracılık eden nörobiyolojik mekanizmalar. Kriz Dergisi, 20(1), 25-42. https://doi.org/10.1501/Kriz_0000000331