Öz
Introduction: Maslach and Jackson,
defined three dimensions of burnout syndrome;
emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and
personal accomplishment. Maslach Burnout
Inventory is a widely used instrument
consisting of three subscales reflecting the
dimensions of the burnout syndrome. Turkish
form of Maslach Burnout Inventory has been
validated and used in several studies
investigating burnout levels in different
samples.This study aimed to identify the factor
structure of the Turkish form of Maslach
Burnout Inventory in caregivers of patients with
chronic psychiatric disorders.
Method: The study sample consisted of
the caregivers of outpatients with DSM-IV
schizophrenia (n=40) and Alzheimer’s type of
dementia (n=44) who were admitted to the
Department of Psychiatry at Ankara University
School of Medicine. All of the subjects were
administered a socidemographic questionnaire
and the Turkish form of Maslach Burnout
Inventory. Principal component analysis and
varimax rotation were used for factor analysis.
Results: Mean age of the caregivers was
53.6±14.8. Most of them were females (%71).
Mean Emotional Exhaustion Subscale score of
the caregivers was 12.4± 8.1, mean
Depersonalization Subscale score was 2.9±
2.8 and mean Personal Accomplishment
Subscale scores was 14.23±8.8. Factor
analysis yielded a 5-factor model; “personal
accomplishment” explained 24%, “emotional
exhaustion” explained 23% and “depersonalization”
explained 10% of the total
variance. Each one of the the fourth and the
fifth factors consisted of one item from the
Depersonalization subscale and explained 7%
and 6% of total variance, respectively.
Conclusion: The factor structure of the
Turkish version of the Maslach Burnout
Inventory in caregivers of chronic psychiatric
patients is similar to the original factor structure
of the instrument. Depersonalization subscale
scores of the group were lower than expected,
which might have resulted with the distribution
of the items into three factors. Therefore, this
instrument can be used for the investigation of
burnout syndrome in the caregivers of patients
with chronic psychiatric disorders like
schizophrenia and dementia.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği (2000) Ruhsal Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal Elkitabı, Dördüncü Baskı Yeniden Gözden Geçirilmiş Tam Metin (DSM-IV- TR), Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği, Washington DC.
- Angermeyer MC, Bull N, Bernert S, et. al. (2006) Burnout of caregivers: a comparison between partners of psychiatric patients and nurses. Arch Psychiatr Nurs., 20:158-165.
- Baronet AM (1999) Factors associated with caregiver burden in mental illness: a critical review of the research literature. Clin Psychol Rev,19:819-841.
- Beckstead JW (2002) Confirmatory factor analysis of the Maslach Burnout Inventory among Florida nurses. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 39: 785– 792.
- Clausen JA, Yarrow MR (1995) The impact of mental illness on the family. Journal of Social Issues, 11:3–64.
- Cuijpers P, Stam H (2000) Burnout among relatives of psychiatric patients attending psychoeducational support groups. Psychiatr Serv., 51:375-9.
- Densten LI (2001) Re-Thinking Burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior,22: 833-847.
- Ergin C (1992) Validation study of the Turkish form of Maslach Burnout Inventory in doctors and nurses. Congress Book of VII. National Congress of Psychology. Turkish Association of Psychology, Ankara, 143–154.
- Freudenburger HJ (1974) Staff burnout. Journal of Social Issues, 30: 159-165.
- Galanakis M, Moraitou M, Garivaldis FJ et. al. (2009) Factorial Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) in Greek Midwives Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 4: 52- 70.
- Iwanacki EF, Scwabb RL (1981) A cross validation study of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 41: 1167-1174.
- Jones SL, Roth D, Jones PK (1995) Effect of demographic and behavioral variables on burden of caregivers of chronic mentally ill persons. Psychiatr Serv, 46:141–145.
- Kokkinos CM (2006). Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Maslach Burnout Inventory- Educators Survey among elementary and secondary school teachers in Cyprus. Stress and Health, 22: 25-33.
- Lauber C, Eichenberger A, Luginbuhl P et. al. (2003) Determinants of burden in caregivers of patients with exacerbating schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry, 18:285–289.
- Lowyck B, De Hert M, Peeters E et. al. (2004) A study of the family burden of 150 family members of schizophrenic patients. Eur Psychiatry, 19:395–401.
- Roick C, Heider D, Toumi M, et. al. (2006). The impact of caregivers' characteristics, patients' conditions and regional differences on family burden in schizophrenia: a longitudinal analysis.Acta Psychiatr Scand., 114:363-74.
- Maslach, C. & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The Measurement of Experience Burnout. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 2, 99-113.
- Maslach C, Jackson SE, Leiter MP (1996) Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual, 3rd Edition. Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc., Palo Alto, CA.
- Maurin JT, Boyd CB(1990) Burden of mental illness on the family: a critical review. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 2: 99–107.
- Montgomery JRJ, Gonyea JG, Hooyman NR (1985) Caregiving and the experience of subjective and objective burden. Fam Relat, 34:19-26.
- Poghosyan L, Aiken LH, Sloane DM (2009) Factor structure of the Maslach burnout inventory: an analysis of data from large scale cross-sectional surveys of nurses from eight countries.Int J Nurs Stud.,46:894-902.
- Yilmaz A, Turan E, Gundogar D (2009) Predictors of burnout in the family caregivers of Alzheimer's disease: evidence from Turkey. Australas J Ageing, 28:16-21.
- Yuen M, Lau PS, Shek DT et. al. (2002) Confirmatory factor analysis and reliability of the Chinese version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory among guidance teachers in Hong Kong. Psychol Rep., 91:1081-6.
Öz
Maslach ve Jackson tarafından duygusal
tükenme, duyarsızlaşma ve kişisel başarı hissi
olmak üzere tükenmişlik üç bileşeniyle
tanımlanmıştır. Maslach Tükenmişlik Envanteri
tükenmişliğin bileşenlerini değerlendiren üç alt
ölçekten oluşan bu alanda yaygın olarak
kullanılan bir ölçektir. Ölçeğin Türkçe formunun
geçerlilik çalışması yapılmış ve farklı
örneklerde tükenmişlik şiddetinin değerlendirilmesinde
kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmada,
kronik psikiyatrik hastalıkları bulunan kişilere
bakımveren hasta yakınlarında Maslach
Tükenmişlik Envanteri’nin Türkçe formunun
faktör yapısının araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: Çalışmanın örneklemini Ankara
Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Psikiyatri Anabilim
Dalı’na ayaktan başvuran ve DSM-IV-TR tanı
ölçütlerine göre Şizofreni (n=40) ve Alzheimer
Tipi Demans (n=44) tanısı alan hastalara
bakımveren hasta yakınları oluşturmuştur. Tüm
katılımcılara sosyodemografik veri formu ve
Maslach Tükenmişlik Envanteri uygulanmıştır.
Ölçeğin 22 maddesine Temel Bileşenler Analizi
ve varimaks rotasyonu kullanılarak faktör
analizi uygulanmıştır.
Bulgular:Bakımverenlerin yaş ortalamaları
53.6±14.8 olup, çoğu (%71) kadındır.
Grubun ortalama Duygusal Tükenme Altölçeği
puanı 12.4± 8, ortalama Duyarsızlaşma
Altölçeği puanı 2.9± 2.8 ve ortalama Kişisel
Başarı Hissi Altölçeği puanı 14.23±8.8 olarak
bulunmuştur. Faktör analizinde 5 faktörlü bir
model elde edilmiştir; “Kişisel Başarı Hissi”
faktörü varyansın %24’ünü, “Duygusal
Tükenme” faktörü varyansın %23’ünü ve
“Duyarsızlaşma” faktörü varyansın %10’unu
açıklamıştır. Dördüncü ve beşinci faktörler ise
“Duyarsızlaşma Altölçeği’ne ait iki maddeden
oluşmuş ve varyansın %7 ve %6’sını
açıklamışlardır.
Sonuç: Kronik psikiyatrik hastaların
bakımverenlerinde Maslach Tükenmişlik
Envanteri’nin Türkçe formunun faktör yapısı
ölçeğin orijinal faktör yapısı ile benzer
bulunmuştur. Grubun Duyarsızlaşma Altölçeği’nden
aldığı puanlar düşük olduğu için
maddelerin üç faktöre dağıldığı düşünülmüştür.
Dolayısıyla bu ölçek, şizofreni ve demans gibi
kronik psikiyatrik hastalara bakımveren
yakınlarında tükenmişlik sendromunun değerlendirilmesinde
kullanılabilir
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği (2000) Ruhsal Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal Elkitabı, Dördüncü Baskı Yeniden Gözden Geçirilmiş Tam Metin (DSM-IV- TR), Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği, Washington DC.
- Angermeyer MC, Bull N, Bernert S, et. al. (2006) Burnout of caregivers: a comparison between partners of psychiatric patients and nurses. Arch Psychiatr Nurs., 20:158-165.
- Baronet AM (1999) Factors associated with caregiver burden in mental illness: a critical review of the research literature. Clin Psychol Rev,19:819-841.
- Beckstead JW (2002) Confirmatory factor analysis of the Maslach Burnout Inventory among Florida nurses. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 39: 785– 792.
- Clausen JA, Yarrow MR (1995) The impact of mental illness on the family. Journal of Social Issues, 11:3–64.
- Cuijpers P, Stam H (2000) Burnout among relatives of psychiatric patients attending psychoeducational support groups. Psychiatr Serv., 51:375-9.
- Densten LI (2001) Re-Thinking Burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior,22: 833-847.
- Ergin C (1992) Validation study of the Turkish form of Maslach Burnout Inventory in doctors and nurses. Congress Book of VII. National Congress of Psychology. Turkish Association of Psychology, Ankara, 143–154.
- Freudenburger HJ (1974) Staff burnout. Journal of Social Issues, 30: 159-165.
- Galanakis M, Moraitou M, Garivaldis FJ et. al. (2009) Factorial Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) in Greek Midwives Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 4: 52- 70.
- Iwanacki EF, Scwabb RL (1981) A cross validation study of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 41: 1167-1174.
- Jones SL, Roth D, Jones PK (1995) Effect of demographic and behavioral variables on burden of caregivers of chronic mentally ill persons. Psychiatr Serv, 46:141–145.
- Kokkinos CM (2006). Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Maslach Burnout Inventory- Educators Survey among elementary and secondary school teachers in Cyprus. Stress and Health, 22: 25-33.
- Lauber C, Eichenberger A, Luginbuhl P et. al. (2003) Determinants of burden in caregivers of patients with exacerbating schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry, 18:285–289.
- Lowyck B, De Hert M, Peeters E et. al. (2004) A study of the family burden of 150 family members of schizophrenic patients. Eur Psychiatry, 19:395–401.
- Roick C, Heider D, Toumi M, et. al. (2006). The impact of caregivers' characteristics, patients' conditions and regional differences on family burden in schizophrenia: a longitudinal analysis.Acta Psychiatr Scand., 114:363-74.
- Maslach, C. & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The Measurement of Experience Burnout. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 2, 99-113.
- Maslach C, Jackson SE, Leiter MP (1996) Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual, 3rd Edition. Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc., Palo Alto, CA.
- Maurin JT, Boyd CB(1990) Burden of mental illness on the family: a critical review. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 2: 99–107.
- Montgomery JRJ, Gonyea JG, Hooyman NR (1985) Caregiving and the experience of subjective and objective burden. Fam Relat, 34:19-26.
- Poghosyan L, Aiken LH, Sloane DM (2009) Factor structure of the Maslach burnout inventory: an analysis of data from large scale cross-sectional surveys of nurses from eight countries.Int J Nurs Stud.,46:894-902.
- Yilmaz A, Turan E, Gundogar D (2009) Predictors of burnout in the family caregivers of Alzheimer's disease: evidence from Turkey. Australas J Ageing, 28:16-21.
- Yuen M, Lau PS, Shek DT et. al. (2002) Confirmatory factor analysis and reliability of the Chinese version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory among guidance teachers in Hong Kong. Psychol Rep., 91:1081-6.
Ayrıntılar
| Diğer ID | JA83FR22PS |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Eylül 2010 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 1 Eylül 2010 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2010 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 3 |