BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Determination of Meteorological Forest Fire Risks in Mediterranean Climate of Turkey

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 2, 181 - 192, 28.07.2016
https://doi.org/10.18016/ksujns.11183

Öz

Abstract: Located in the Mediterranean climate zone, Turkey is one of the countries where hundreds of forest fires occur every year. Especially the West Taurus is one of the most affected areas. Some fires occur naturally due to the climatic facts. The fires occurring due to negligence or intent also expand their domain largely in the control of climate elements. Therefore, it is of great importance to determine the natural fire risk of the region depending on the climatic factors. In this study, to determine the natural fire risk , the Keetch-Byram Drought Index was used and The Inverse Distance Weighting method was applied to the index results by using the Arc GIS software. Also in our study, the results obtained with the Keetch-Byram Drought Index were compared on a monthly level with the number of fires occurred in 2011 in the same area. Both the accuracy of the Keetch-Byram Drought Index and also distribution of natural fire risk areas in the Western Taurus were determined. According to the findings, during the period from July to November, when drought increases, the values increased based on meteorological conditions. It can be concluded that the risk is particularly high in late summer months (August and September).

Key Words: Keetch-Byram Drought Index, The Western Taurus, Forest Fire, Fire Risk.

 

Türkiye Akdeniz İkliminde Meteorolojik Orman Yangını Riskinin Belirlenmesi

Özet: Akdeniz iklim kuşağı içinde yer alan Türkiye, her yıl yüzlerce orman yangının meydana geldiği ülkelerden biridir. Özellikle Batı Toroslar yangınlardan en çok etkilenen alanların başındadır. Bu yangınların bir kısmı iklimin etkisiyle doğal yollardan meydana gelmektedir. İhmal ya da kasıtla meydana gelen yangınlar ise büyük ölçüde iklim elamanlarının kontrolünde etki alanlarını genişletmektedir. Dolayısıyla bölgenin iklim faktörüne bağlı doğal yangın risk haritasını belirlemek büyük önem taşımaktadır. Çalışmada doğal yangın riskini belirlemek için Akdeniz iklim kuşağında yangın riskini belirlemede güvenirliliği kanıtlanmış olan Keetch-Byram Kuraklık İndeksi tercih edilmiştir. Bu amaçla çalışma sahası sınırları içinde bulunan 24 meteoroloji istasyonunun günlük verileri Keetch-Byram Kuraklık İndeksi’nde değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara Arc GIS programında IDW yöntemi uygulanmış ve çalışma sahasının Keetch-Byram Kuraklık İndeksi’ne göre doğal yangın risk haritası oluşturulmuştur. Ayrıca çalışmada Keetch-Byram Kuraklık İndeksi yöntemiyle elde edilen sonuçlar ile çalışma sahasında 2011 yılında meydana gelmiş olan yangın sayıları aylık düzeyde karşılaştırılmıştır. Böylece hem Keetch-Byram Kuraklık indeksinin doğruluğu test edilmiş hem de Batı Toroslar’daki doğal yangın risk alanlarının dağılışı belirlenmiştir. Bulgulara göre, Temmuz’dan Kasım’a kadar olan devrede, kuraklık arttığında meteorolojik koşullara bağlı olarak değerler de artmaktadır. Meteorolojik kökenli riskin özellikle yaz sonu (Ağustos ve Eylül) yükseldiği söylenebilir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler: Keetch-Byram Kuraklık İndeksi, Batı Toroslar, Orman Yangınları, Yangın Riski.

Kaynakça

  • Ainuddin, N. A., Ampun, J. 2008. Temporal Analysis of the Keetch–Byram Drought Index in Malaysia: Implication for forest fire management, Journal of Applied Sciences, 8(21), 3991–3994, doi:10.3923/jas.2008.3991.3994.
  • Alexander, M. E. 1990. Computer Calculation of the Keetch-Byram Drought Index Programmers Beware, Fire Management Notes, 51(4), 23-25.
  • Atalay, İ. 1989. Vejetasyon Coğrafyasının Esasları, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Basımevi, İzmir.
  • Avcı, M. 2005. Çeşitlilik ve Endemizm Açısından Türkiye'nin Bitki Örtüsü. İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Coğrafya Bölümü Coğrafya Dergisi, 13, 27-55.
  • Ayanz, J. M., Moreno, J. M., Camia, A. 2013. Analysis of large fires in European Mediterranean landscapes: Lessons Learned and Perspectives. Forest Ecology and Management, 294, 11-22.
  • Barbour, M.G., Minnich, R.A. 1990. The Myth of Chaparral Convergence, Israel Journal of Botany, 39, 453-463, doi:10.1080/0021213X.1990.10677168.
  • Boer, M. M., Sadler, R. J., Wittkuhn, R. S., McCaw, L., Grierson, P. F. 2009. Long-term Impacts of Prescribed Burning on Regional Extent and Incidence of Wildfires-Evidence from 50 Years of Active Fire Management in Sw Australian Forests, For. Ecol. Manage, 259, 132–142, doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.10.005.
  • Buchholz, G., Weidemann, D. 2000. The Use of Simple Fire Danger Rating System as A Tool For Early Warming in Forestry, International Forest Fire News, 23, 32–36.
  • Burgan, R. E. 1988. 1988 Revisions to the 1978 National Fire-Danger Rating System, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Research Paper, SE-273, Asheville, North Carolina.
  • Caccamo, G., Chisholm, L., Bradstock, R. A., Puotinen, M. L. 2012. Monitoring Live Fuel Moisture Content of Heathland, Shrubland and Sclerophyll Forest in South-Eastern Australia Using MODIS Data, International Journal of Wildland Fire, 21, 257–269, doi:10.1071/WF11024.
  • Camia, A., Amatulli, G. 2009. Weather Factors and Fire Danger in the Mediterranean. in Earth Observation of Wildland Fires in Mediterranean Ecosystems, edited by E. Chuvieco, pp. 71-82, Springer, Berlin.
  • Cao, Z., Haklay, M., Cheng, T. 2010. IDW Implementation in Map Calculus and Commercial GIS Products, Accuracy 2010 Symposium, 141-144, Leicester.
  • Crane, W. 1982. Computing Grassland and Forest Fire Behaviour, Relative Humidity and Drought Index by Pocket Calculator, Australian Forestry, 45(1), 89-97, doi:10.1080/00049158.1982.10674339.
  • Dolling, K., Chu, P. S., Fujioka, F. 2005. A Climatological Study of the Keetch/Byram Drought Index and Fire Activity in the Hawaiian Islands, Gric. For. Meteorol., 133, 17–27, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.07.016.
  • Erinç, S. 1996. Klimatoloji ve Methodları. Alfa Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • European Commission. 2014. Forest Fires in Europe, Middle East and North Africa 2013, Publications Office of the European Unio, Luxembourg.
  • Feidas, H. C., Certalis, C., Lagouvardos, C. 2002. Temporal Simulation of Diurnal Temperature and Relative Humidity Evolution at a Forested Mountainous Site in Attica Greece, International Journal of Wildland Fire, 11, 95–106, doi:10.1071/WF02019.
  • Finkele, K., Mills, G. A., Beard, G., Jones, D. A. 2006. National Gridded Drought Factors and Comparison of Two Soil Moisture Deficit Formulations Used in Prediction Of Forest Fire Danger Index in Australia, Aust. Meteorol. Mag., 55, 183–197.
  • Ganatsas, P., Antonis, M., Marianthi, T. 2011. Development of an Adapted Empirical Drought Index to the Mediterranean Conditions For Use In Forestry, Agric. For. Meteorol., 151, 241–250. doi:10.1016/j.agerformet.2010.10.011.
  • Ganteaume, A., Camia, A., Jappiot, M., Ayanz, J. M., Long-Fournel, M., Lampin, C. 2013. A Review of The Main Driving Factors of Forest Fire Ignition Over Europe. Environmental Management, 51, 651-662, doi:10.1007/s00267-012-9961-z.
  • Gillett, N. P., Weaver, A. J., Zwiers, F. W., Flannigan, M. D. 2004. Detecting The Effect of Climate Change on Canadian Forest Fires. Geophysical Research Letters, 31(18), L18211, doi:10.1029/2004GL020876.
  • Goodrick, S. L. 2003. Incorporation of Radar Precipitation Estimates in a Drought, Proceedings of the 2003 Georgia Water Resources, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
  • Groisman, P.Y., Sherstyukov, B. G., Razuvaev, V. N.,Knight, R. W., Enloe, J. G., Stroumentova, N. S., Whitfield, P. H., Forland, E., Hannsen-Bauer, I., Tuomervirta, H.,. Aleksandersson, H., Mescherskaya, A. V., Karl, T. R. 2007. Potential Forest Fire Danger Over Northern Eurasia: Changes During the 20th Century, Global Planet. Change, 56, 371–386, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.07.029.
  • Haim Jr. R. R. 2002. A Review of Twentieth-Century Drought Indices Used in The United States. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 83(8), 1149–1165.
  • Janis, M. J., Johnson, M. B., Forthun, G. 2002. Near-Real Time Mapping of Keetch–Byram Drought Index in the South-Eastern United States, International Journal of Wildland Fire, 11, 281–289, doi:10.1071/WF02013.
  • Keetch, J., Byram, G. 1968. A Drought Index For Forest Fire Control, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Forest Service, U.S.D.A. Forest Seruice Research Paper S E, 38, 1-32.
  • Kurnaz, L. (2014). Kuraklık ve Türkiye, İstanbul Politikalar Merkezi, İstanbul.
  • Kutiel, H., Hirsch-Eshkol., T. R., Türkeş, M. 2001. Sea Level Pressure Patterns Associated with Dry or Wet Monthly Rainfall Conditions in Turkey, Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 69, 39-67, doi:10.1007/s007040170034.
  • Lu, J., Vechhi, G. A., Reichler, T. 2007. Expansion of The Hadley Cell Under Global Warming, Geophysical Research Letters, 34, 1-5, doi:10.1029/2006GL028443.
  • Malevsky-Malevich, S.P., Molkentin, E. K., Nadyozhina, E. D., Shklyarevich, O. B. 2008. An Assessment of Potential Change in Wildfire Activity in The Russian Boreal Forest Zone Induced by Climate Warming During The Twenty-First Century, Clim. Change, 86, 463–474, doi:10.1007/s10584-007-9295-7.
  • Murdiyarso, D., Widodo, M., Suyamto, D. 2002. Fire Risks in Forest Carbon Projects in Indonesia, Science in China. 45, 65–74.
  • Nicholls, N., Gruza, G.V., Jouzel, J., Karl, T.R., Ogallo, L.A., Parker, D.E. 1996. Observed Climate Variability and Change, in Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Chapter 3. pp. 133-192.
  • Niu, R., Zhai, P. 2012. Study on Forest Fire Danger Over Northern China During The Recent 50 Years, Climatic Change, 111, 723-736, doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0198-2.
  • NWC. 2008. 'Drought' Public Fact Sheet. http://www.nws.noaa.gov.
  • Pellizzaro, G., Cesaraccio, C., Duce, P., Ventura, A., Zara, P. 2007. Relationships Between Seasonal Patterns of Live Fuel Moisture And Meteorological Drought Indices For Mediterranean Shrubland Species, International Journal of Wildland Fire, 16, 232–241, doi:10.1071/WF06081.
  • Petritsch, R., Hasenauer, H. 2014. Climate Input Parameters For Real-Time Online Risk Assessment, Natural Hazards, 70, 1749-1762, doi:10.1007/s11069-011-9880-y.
  • Pook, E. W., Gill, A. M. 1993. Variation of Live and Dead Fine Fuel Moisture in Pinus Radiata Plantations of The Australian Capital Territory, International Journal of Wildland Fire, 3, 155–168, doi:10.1071/WF9930155.
  • Pourghasemi, H. R., Beheshtirad, M., Pradhan, B. 2014. A Comparative Assessment of Prediction Capabilities of Modified Analytical Hierarchy Process (M-AHP) and Mamdani Fuzzy Logic Models Using Netcad-GIS For Forest Fire Susceptibility Mapping, Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 1-25, doi:10.1080/19475705.2014.984247.
  • Pourtaghi, Z. S., Pourghasemi, H. R., Rossi, M. 2015. Forest Fire Susceptibility Mapping in the Minudasht forests, Golestan province, Iran, Environmental Earth Science, 73, 1515–1533, doi:10.1007/s12665-014-3502-4.
  • Pradhan, B., Suliman, M. D., Awang, M. A. 2007. Forest Fire Susceptibility and Risk Mapping Using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems (GIS), Disaster Prev. and Manage., 16(3), 344–352, doi:10.1108/09653560710758297.
  • Tanoğlu, A. 1943. Türkiye'nin Kuraklik İndisleri, Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 1, 36-41.
  • Taufika, M., Setiawan, B. I., Van Lanen, H. A. J. 2015. Modification of a Fire Drought Index For Tropical Wetland Ecosystems by Including Water Table Depth, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 203, 1-10, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.12.006.
  • Tavşanoğlu, Ç., Gürkan, B. 2006. Akdeniz Havzasında Bitkilerin Kuraklık ve Yangına Uyumları, Ot Sistematik Botanik Dergisi, 11(11), 19-132.
  • -
  • Tomczak , M. 1998. Spatial Interpolation and Its Uncertainty Using Automated Anisotropic Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) - Cross-Validation/Jackknife Approach, Journal of Geographic Information and Decision Analysis, 2(2), 18-30.
  • Trabaud, L. 1994. Postfire Plant Community Dynamics in the Mediterranean Basin, In The Role of Fire in Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems, edited by J. M. Moreno, and W. C. Oechel, pp. 1-15, Springer-Verlag, New York.
  • Trouet, V. A. 2006. Fire-climate Interactions in Forests of The American Pacific Coast. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L18704, doi:10.1029/2006GL027502.
  • Türkeş, M., Erlat, E. 2003. Precipitation Changes And Variability in Turkey Linked To The North Atlantic Oscillation During The Period 1930-2000, International Journal of Climatology, 23, 1771-1796, doi:10.1002/joc.962.
  • Türkeş, M. 2010. Klimatoloji ve Meteoroloji, Kriter Yayınevi, İstanbul.
  • Türkeş, M., Altan, G. 2014. Türkiye’de 2011’de Oluşan Orman Yangınlarının Klimatolojik Çözümlemesi ve Hidroklimatik, Yüzey Hava ve Yüksek Atmosfer Koşullari İle Bağlantıları, International Journal of Human Sciences, 11(1), 145-176.
  • Vilen, T., Fernandes, P. M. 2011. Forest Fires in Mediterranean Countries: CO2 Emissions and Mitigation Possibilities Through Prescribed Burning, Environmental Management, 48, 558-567, doi:10.1007/s00267-011-9681-9.
Yıl 2016, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 2, 181 - 192, 28.07.2016
https://doi.org/10.18016/ksujns.11183

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Ainuddin, N. A., Ampun, J. 2008. Temporal Analysis of the Keetch–Byram Drought Index in Malaysia: Implication for forest fire management, Journal of Applied Sciences, 8(21), 3991–3994, doi:10.3923/jas.2008.3991.3994.
  • Alexander, M. E. 1990. Computer Calculation of the Keetch-Byram Drought Index Programmers Beware, Fire Management Notes, 51(4), 23-25.
  • Atalay, İ. 1989. Vejetasyon Coğrafyasının Esasları, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Basımevi, İzmir.
  • Avcı, M. 2005. Çeşitlilik ve Endemizm Açısından Türkiye'nin Bitki Örtüsü. İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Coğrafya Bölümü Coğrafya Dergisi, 13, 27-55.
  • Ayanz, J. M., Moreno, J. M., Camia, A. 2013. Analysis of large fires in European Mediterranean landscapes: Lessons Learned and Perspectives. Forest Ecology and Management, 294, 11-22.
  • Barbour, M.G., Minnich, R.A. 1990. The Myth of Chaparral Convergence, Israel Journal of Botany, 39, 453-463, doi:10.1080/0021213X.1990.10677168.
  • Boer, M. M., Sadler, R. J., Wittkuhn, R. S., McCaw, L., Grierson, P. F. 2009. Long-term Impacts of Prescribed Burning on Regional Extent and Incidence of Wildfires-Evidence from 50 Years of Active Fire Management in Sw Australian Forests, For. Ecol. Manage, 259, 132–142, doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.10.005.
  • Buchholz, G., Weidemann, D. 2000. The Use of Simple Fire Danger Rating System as A Tool For Early Warming in Forestry, International Forest Fire News, 23, 32–36.
  • Burgan, R. E. 1988. 1988 Revisions to the 1978 National Fire-Danger Rating System, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Research Paper, SE-273, Asheville, North Carolina.
  • Caccamo, G., Chisholm, L., Bradstock, R. A., Puotinen, M. L. 2012. Monitoring Live Fuel Moisture Content of Heathland, Shrubland and Sclerophyll Forest in South-Eastern Australia Using MODIS Data, International Journal of Wildland Fire, 21, 257–269, doi:10.1071/WF11024.
  • Camia, A., Amatulli, G. 2009. Weather Factors and Fire Danger in the Mediterranean. in Earth Observation of Wildland Fires in Mediterranean Ecosystems, edited by E. Chuvieco, pp. 71-82, Springer, Berlin.
  • Cao, Z., Haklay, M., Cheng, T. 2010. IDW Implementation in Map Calculus and Commercial GIS Products, Accuracy 2010 Symposium, 141-144, Leicester.
  • Crane, W. 1982. Computing Grassland and Forest Fire Behaviour, Relative Humidity and Drought Index by Pocket Calculator, Australian Forestry, 45(1), 89-97, doi:10.1080/00049158.1982.10674339.
  • Dolling, K., Chu, P. S., Fujioka, F. 2005. A Climatological Study of the Keetch/Byram Drought Index and Fire Activity in the Hawaiian Islands, Gric. For. Meteorol., 133, 17–27, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.07.016.
  • Erinç, S. 1996. Klimatoloji ve Methodları. Alfa Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • European Commission. 2014. Forest Fires in Europe, Middle East and North Africa 2013, Publications Office of the European Unio, Luxembourg.
  • Feidas, H. C., Certalis, C., Lagouvardos, C. 2002. Temporal Simulation of Diurnal Temperature and Relative Humidity Evolution at a Forested Mountainous Site in Attica Greece, International Journal of Wildland Fire, 11, 95–106, doi:10.1071/WF02019.
  • Finkele, K., Mills, G. A., Beard, G., Jones, D. A. 2006. National Gridded Drought Factors and Comparison of Two Soil Moisture Deficit Formulations Used in Prediction Of Forest Fire Danger Index in Australia, Aust. Meteorol. Mag., 55, 183–197.
  • Ganatsas, P., Antonis, M., Marianthi, T. 2011. Development of an Adapted Empirical Drought Index to the Mediterranean Conditions For Use In Forestry, Agric. For. Meteorol., 151, 241–250. doi:10.1016/j.agerformet.2010.10.011.
  • Ganteaume, A., Camia, A., Jappiot, M., Ayanz, J. M., Long-Fournel, M., Lampin, C. 2013. A Review of The Main Driving Factors of Forest Fire Ignition Over Europe. Environmental Management, 51, 651-662, doi:10.1007/s00267-012-9961-z.
  • Gillett, N. P., Weaver, A. J., Zwiers, F. W., Flannigan, M. D. 2004. Detecting The Effect of Climate Change on Canadian Forest Fires. Geophysical Research Letters, 31(18), L18211, doi:10.1029/2004GL020876.
  • Goodrick, S. L. 2003. Incorporation of Radar Precipitation Estimates in a Drought, Proceedings of the 2003 Georgia Water Resources, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
  • Groisman, P.Y., Sherstyukov, B. G., Razuvaev, V. N.,Knight, R. W., Enloe, J. G., Stroumentova, N. S., Whitfield, P. H., Forland, E., Hannsen-Bauer, I., Tuomervirta, H.,. Aleksandersson, H., Mescherskaya, A. V., Karl, T. R. 2007. Potential Forest Fire Danger Over Northern Eurasia: Changes During the 20th Century, Global Planet. Change, 56, 371–386, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.07.029.
  • Haim Jr. R. R. 2002. A Review of Twentieth-Century Drought Indices Used in The United States. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 83(8), 1149–1165.
  • Janis, M. J., Johnson, M. B., Forthun, G. 2002. Near-Real Time Mapping of Keetch–Byram Drought Index in the South-Eastern United States, International Journal of Wildland Fire, 11, 281–289, doi:10.1071/WF02013.
  • Keetch, J., Byram, G. 1968. A Drought Index For Forest Fire Control, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Forest Service, U.S.D.A. Forest Seruice Research Paper S E, 38, 1-32.
  • Kurnaz, L. (2014). Kuraklık ve Türkiye, İstanbul Politikalar Merkezi, İstanbul.
  • Kutiel, H., Hirsch-Eshkol., T. R., Türkeş, M. 2001. Sea Level Pressure Patterns Associated with Dry or Wet Monthly Rainfall Conditions in Turkey, Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 69, 39-67, doi:10.1007/s007040170034.
  • Lu, J., Vechhi, G. A., Reichler, T. 2007. Expansion of The Hadley Cell Under Global Warming, Geophysical Research Letters, 34, 1-5, doi:10.1029/2006GL028443.
  • Malevsky-Malevich, S.P., Molkentin, E. K., Nadyozhina, E. D., Shklyarevich, O. B. 2008. An Assessment of Potential Change in Wildfire Activity in The Russian Boreal Forest Zone Induced by Climate Warming During The Twenty-First Century, Clim. Change, 86, 463–474, doi:10.1007/s10584-007-9295-7.
  • Murdiyarso, D., Widodo, M., Suyamto, D. 2002. Fire Risks in Forest Carbon Projects in Indonesia, Science in China. 45, 65–74.
  • Nicholls, N., Gruza, G.V., Jouzel, J., Karl, T.R., Ogallo, L.A., Parker, D.E. 1996. Observed Climate Variability and Change, in Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Chapter 3. pp. 133-192.
  • Niu, R., Zhai, P. 2012. Study on Forest Fire Danger Over Northern China During The Recent 50 Years, Climatic Change, 111, 723-736, doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0198-2.
  • NWC. 2008. 'Drought' Public Fact Sheet. http://www.nws.noaa.gov.
  • Pellizzaro, G., Cesaraccio, C., Duce, P., Ventura, A., Zara, P. 2007. Relationships Between Seasonal Patterns of Live Fuel Moisture And Meteorological Drought Indices For Mediterranean Shrubland Species, International Journal of Wildland Fire, 16, 232–241, doi:10.1071/WF06081.
  • Petritsch, R., Hasenauer, H. 2014. Climate Input Parameters For Real-Time Online Risk Assessment, Natural Hazards, 70, 1749-1762, doi:10.1007/s11069-011-9880-y.
  • Pook, E. W., Gill, A. M. 1993. Variation of Live and Dead Fine Fuel Moisture in Pinus Radiata Plantations of The Australian Capital Territory, International Journal of Wildland Fire, 3, 155–168, doi:10.1071/WF9930155.
  • Pourghasemi, H. R., Beheshtirad, M., Pradhan, B. 2014. A Comparative Assessment of Prediction Capabilities of Modified Analytical Hierarchy Process (M-AHP) and Mamdani Fuzzy Logic Models Using Netcad-GIS For Forest Fire Susceptibility Mapping, Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 1-25, doi:10.1080/19475705.2014.984247.
  • Pourtaghi, Z. S., Pourghasemi, H. R., Rossi, M. 2015. Forest Fire Susceptibility Mapping in the Minudasht forests, Golestan province, Iran, Environmental Earth Science, 73, 1515–1533, doi:10.1007/s12665-014-3502-4.
  • Pradhan, B., Suliman, M. D., Awang, M. A. 2007. Forest Fire Susceptibility and Risk Mapping Using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems (GIS), Disaster Prev. and Manage., 16(3), 344–352, doi:10.1108/09653560710758297.
  • Tanoğlu, A. 1943. Türkiye'nin Kuraklik İndisleri, Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 1, 36-41.
  • Taufika, M., Setiawan, B. I., Van Lanen, H. A. J. 2015. Modification of a Fire Drought Index For Tropical Wetland Ecosystems by Including Water Table Depth, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 203, 1-10, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.12.006.
  • Tavşanoğlu, Ç., Gürkan, B. 2006. Akdeniz Havzasında Bitkilerin Kuraklık ve Yangına Uyumları, Ot Sistematik Botanik Dergisi, 11(11), 19-132.
  • -
  • Tomczak , M. 1998. Spatial Interpolation and Its Uncertainty Using Automated Anisotropic Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) - Cross-Validation/Jackknife Approach, Journal of Geographic Information and Decision Analysis, 2(2), 18-30.
  • Trabaud, L. 1994. Postfire Plant Community Dynamics in the Mediterranean Basin, In The Role of Fire in Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems, edited by J. M. Moreno, and W. C. Oechel, pp. 1-15, Springer-Verlag, New York.
  • Trouet, V. A. 2006. Fire-climate Interactions in Forests of The American Pacific Coast. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L18704, doi:10.1029/2006GL027502.
  • Türkeş, M., Erlat, E. 2003. Precipitation Changes And Variability in Turkey Linked To The North Atlantic Oscillation During The Period 1930-2000, International Journal of Climatology, 23, 1771-1796, doi:10.1002/joc.962.
  • Türkeş, M. 2010. Klimatoloji ve Meteoroloji, Kriter Yayınevi, İstanbul.
  • Türkeş, M., Altan, G. 2014. Türkiye’de 2011’de Oluşan Orman Yangınlarının Klimatolojik Çözümlemesi ve Hidroklimatik, Yüzey Hava ve Yüksek Atmosfer Koşullari İle Bağlantıları, International Journal of Human Sciences, 11(1), 145-176.
  • Vilen, T., Fernandes, P. M. 2011. Forest Fires in Mediterranean Countries: CO2 Emissions and Mitigation Possibilities Through Prescribed Burning, Environmental Management, 48, 558-567, doi:10.1007/s00267-011-9681-9.
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Forestry Engineering
Yazarlar

Gülşen Kum

Mehmet Sönmez

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Temmuz 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kum, G., & Sönmez, M. (2016). Determination of Meteorological Forest Fire Risks in Mediterranean Climate of Turkey. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(2), 181-192. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksujns.11183
AMA Kum G, Sönmez M. Determination of Meteorological Forest Fire Risks in Mediterranean Climate of Turkey. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi. Temmuz 2016;19(2):181-192. doi:10.18016/ksujns.11183
Chicago Kum, Gülşen, ve Mehmet Sönmez. “Determination of Meteorological Forest Fire Risks in Mediterranean Climate of Turkey”. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 19, sy. 2 (Temmuz 2016): 181-92. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksujns.11183.
EndNote Kum G, Sönmez M (01 Temmuz 2016) Determination of Meteorological Forest Fire Risks in Mediterranean Climate of Turkey. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 19 2 181–192.
IEEE G. Kum ve M. Sönmez, “Determination of Meteorological Forest Fire Risks in Mediterranean Climate of Turkey”, KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 19, sy. 2, ss. 181–192, 2016, doi: 10.18016/ksujns.11183.
ISNAD Kum, Gülşen - Sönmez, Mehmet. “Determination of Meteorological Forest Fire Risks in Mediterranean Climate of Turkey”. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 19/2 (Temmuz 2016), 181-192. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksujns.11183.
JAMA Kum G, Sönmez M. Determination of Meteorological Forest Fire Risks in Mediterranean Climate of Turkey. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi. 2016;19:181–192.
MLA Kum, Gülşen ve Mehmet Sönmez. “Determination of Meteorological Forest Fire Risks in Mediterranean Climate of Turkey”. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 19, sy. 2, 2016, ss. 181-92, doi:10.18016/ksujns.11183.
Vancouver Kum G, Sönmez M. Determination of Meteorological Forest Fire Risks in Mediterranean Climate of Turkey. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi. 2016;19(2):181-92.