Kolorektal Kanserlerde Epidemiyoloji ve Risk Faktörleri

Öz

Kolorektal kanser, Türkiye’nin 3. en sık goÅNrülen tümoÅNrüdür. Kolon kanserinin riskini

arttıran majoÅNr faktoÅNrler, kolorektal kanserlerin herediter formları, yaş, sporadik kolorektal

kanserin kişisel ve aile oÅNyküsü, inflamatuar barsak hastalığı, abdominal radyasyon

oÅNyküsüdür. Obezite, diabet, sigara kullanımı, alkolun aşırı tüketimi, işlenmiş etin aşırı tüketimi

ve fiziksel aktivitenin yokluğunun dahil olduğu bircok değiştirilebilir potansiyel

faktoÅNr risk faktoÅNrü olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Diğer risk faktoÅNrleri, siyah ırk, cinsiyet, akromegali,

renal transplantasyon veya oÅNyküsünün dahil olduğu faktoÅNrler tanımlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kolon kanser,rektum kanser,risk faktörleri,kolorektal kanser,kolon ve rektum kanser epidemiyoloji

Kaynakça

1. 1. T.C Sağlık Bakanlığı Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu Türkiye Kanser İstatistikleri, Ankara 2015; http://kanser.gov.tr/ Dosya/ca _istatistik /ANA_rapor_2012sooonn.pdf
2. 2. Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin 2015; 65:87.
3. 3. Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, et al. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 2011; 61:69.
4. 4. Parkin DM, Pisani P, Ferlay J. Global cancer statistics . CA Cancer J CLİN 1999;49(1):33.
5. 5. Landis SH, Murray T, Bolden S, Wingo PA. Cancer statistics, 1998. CA Cancer J Clin 1998;48(1):6.
6. 6. Eddy DM. Screening for colorectal cancer. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113:373.
7. 7. Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J, Ward E. Cancer statistics, 2010. CA Cancer J Clin 2010; 60:277.
8. 8. Mamazza J, Gordon PH. The changing distribution of large intestinal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1982; 25:558.

9. 9. Jung I, Gurzu S, Turdean GS. Current status of familial gastrointestinal polyposis syndromes. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2015 Nov 15;7(11):347-55.
10. 10. Burt RW, DiSario JA, Cannon-Albright L. Genetics of colon cancer: impact of inheritance on colon cancer risk. Annu Rev Med 1995; 46:371.
11. 11. Rustgi AK. Herediter gastrointestinal polyposis and nonpolyposis syndromes. N Engl. J Med 1994;331(25):1694.
12. 12. Sieber OM, Lipton L, Crabtree M, et al. Multiple colorectal adenomas, classic adenomatous polyposis, and germ-line mutations in MYH. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:791.
13. 13. Sampson JR, Dolwani S, Jones S, et al. Autosomal recessive colorectal adenomatous polyposis due to inherited mutations of MYH. Lancet 2003; 362:39.
14. 14. Wang L, Baudhuin LM, Boardman LA, et al. MYH mutations in patients with attenuated and classic polyposis and with young- onset colorectal cancer without polyps. Gastroenterology 2004; 127:9.
15. 15. Tannergård P, Lipford JR, Kolodner R, et al. Mutation screening in the hMLH1 gene in Swedish hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer families. Cancer Res 1995; 55:6092.
16. 16. Gryfe R, Kim H, Hsieh ET, et al. Tumor microsatellite instability and clinical outcome in young patients with colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:69.
17. 17. Parry S, Win AK, Parry B, et al. Metachronous colorectal cancer risk for mismatch repair gene mutation carriers: the advantage of more extensive colon surgery. Gut 2011; 60:950.
18. 18. Marra G, Boland CR. DNA repair and colorectal cancer.Gastroenterol Clin.Nort. Am.1996;25(4):755.
19. 19. Atkin WS, Morson BC, Cuzick J. Long-term risk of colorectal cancer after excision of rectosigmoid adenomas. N Engl J Med 1992; 326:658.
20. 20. Tuohy TM, Rowe KG, Mineau GP, et al. Risk of colorectal cancer and adenomas in the families of patients with adenomas: a population-based study in Utah. Cancer 2014; 120:35.
21. 21. Van Der Kraak L, Gros P, Beauchemin N.Colitis-associated colon cancer: Is it in your genes? World J Gastroenterol. 2015 Nov 7;21(41):11688-99. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i41.11688.
22. 22. Ekbom A, Helmick C, Zack M, Adami HO. Ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer. A population-based study. N Engl J Med 1990; 323:1228.
23. 23. Akınoglu A, Haznedar HM. Gastrointestinal Kanal Kanserleri. Saglıker Y (Eds). Harrıson İç Hastalıkları Prensipleri, 15 th ed. Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri, 2004; 581-84.
24. 24. Choi PM, Zelig MP. Similarity of colorectal cancer in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: implications for carcinogenesis and prevention. Gut 1994; 35:950.
25. 25. Henderson TO, Oeffinger KC, Whitton J, et al. Secondary gastrointestinal cancer in childhood cancer survivors: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2012; 156:757.
26. 26. Nottage K, McFarlane J, Krasin MJ, et al. Secondary colorectal carcinoma after childhood cancer. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30:2552.
27. 27. http://www.survivorshipguidelines.org/pdf/ColorectalCancer. pdf (Accessed on June 19, 2012).
28. 28. Baxter NN, Tepper JE, Durham SB, et al. Increased risk of rectal cancer after prostate radiation: a population-based study. Gastroenterology 2005; 128:819.
29. 29. Laken SJ, Petersen GM, Gruber SB, et al. Familial colorectal cancerin Ashkenazim due to a hypermutable tract in APC. Nat Genet 1997;17(1):79.
30. 30. Weber W, Laffer U, Metzger U. Adjuvantportal liver infusion with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin in colorectal cancer. Anticancer Res 1993;13(5c):1839.
31. 31. Schoenfeld P, Cash B, Flood A, et al. Colonoscopic screening of average-risk women for colorectal neoplasia. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:2061.
32. 32. Delhougne B, Deneux C, Abs R, et al. The prevalence of colonic polyps in acromegaly: a colonoscopic and pathological study in 103 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80:3223.
33. 33. Ilova skaia IA. Colorectal neo- and dysplasia in acromegaly. Eksp Klin Gastroenterol. 2014;(7):32-7.
34. 34. Melmed S, Colao A, Barkan A, et al. Guidelines for acromegaly management: an update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:1509.
35. 35. Park JM, Choi MG, Kim SW, et al. Increased incidence of colorectal malignancies in renal transplant recipients: a case control study. Am J Transplant 2010; 10:2043.
36. 36. Webster AC, Craig JC, Simpson JM, et al. Identifying high risk groups and quantifying absolute risk of cancer after kidney transplantation: a cohort study of 15,183 recipients. Am J Transplant 2007; 7:2140.
37. 37. Karahalios A, English DR, Simpson JA. Weight change and risk of colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 2015; 181:832.
38. 38. Moghaddam AA, Woodward M, Huxley R. Obesity and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of 31 studies with 70,000 events. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007 Dec;16(12):2533-47.
39. 39. Mills KT, Bellows CF, Hoffman AE, Kelly TN, Gagliardi G. Diabetes mellitus and colorectal cancer prognosis: a metaanalysis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2013 Nov;56(11):1304-19.
40. 40. Yuhara H, Steinmaus C, Cohen SE, et al. Is diabetes mellitus an independent risk factor for colon cancer and rectal cancer? Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106:1911.
41. 41. Koenuma M, Yamori T, Tsuruo T. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 stimulate proliferation of metastatic variants of colon carcinoma 26. Jpn J Cancer Res 1989; 80:51.
42. 42. Dehal AN, Newton CC, Jacobs EJ, et al. Impact of diabetes mellitus and insulin use on survival after colorectal cancer diagnosis: the Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30:53.
43. 43. Kim E, Coelho D, Blachier F. Review of the association between meat consumption and risk of colorectal cancer. Nutr Res. 2013 Dec;33(12):983-94. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013. 07.018. Epub 2013 Oct 7.
44. 44. MacLennan R, Macrae F, Bain C, et al. Randomized trial of intake of fat, fiber, and beta carotene to prevent colorectal adenomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87:1760.
45. 45. Bouvard V, Loomis D, Guyton KZ, et al. Carcinogenicity of consumption of red and processed meat. Lancet Oncol 2015.
46. 46. Guyatt, G. A false alarm on red meat and cancer. Financial Times November 24, 2015. Article available online at http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/42259e20-92b5-11e5-bd82- c1fb87bef7af.html#axzz3tIOCzQWB (Accessed on December 03, 2015).
47. 47. Botteri E, Iodice S, Bagnardi V, et al. Smoking and colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2008; 300:2765.
48. 48. Pande M, Lynch PM, Hopper JL, et al. Smoking and colorectal cancer in Lynch syndrome: results from the Colon Cancer Family Registry and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:1331.
49. 49. Fedirko V, Tramacere I, Bagnardi V, et al. Alcohol drinking and colorectal cancer risk: an overall and dose-response metaanalysis of published studies. Ann Oncol 2011; 22:1958.
50. 50. Harnack L, Jacobs DR Jr, Nicodemus K, et al. Relationship of folate, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and methionine intake to incidence of colorectal cancers. Nutr Cancer 2002; 43:152.
51. 51. Gillessen S, Templeton A, Marra G, et al. Risk of colorectal cancer in men on long-term androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010; 102:1760.
52. 52. Lagergren J, Ye W, Ekbom A. Intestinal cancer after cholecystectomy: is bile involved in carcinogenesis? Gastroenterology 2001; 121:542.
53. 53. Tocchi A, Basso L, Costa G, et al. Is there a causal connection between bile acids and colorectal cancer? Surg Today 1996; 26:101.
54. 54. Chan AO, Jim MH, Lam KF, et al. Prevalence of colorectal neoplasm among patients with newly diagnosed coronary artery disease. JAMA 2007; 298:1412.
55. 55. Stewart M, Macrae FA, Williams CB. Neoplasia and ureterosigmoidostomy: a colonoscopy survey. Br J Surg 1982; 69:414.
56. 56. Brose MS, Rebbeck TR, Calzone KA, et al. Cancer risk estimates for BRCA1 mutation carriers identified in a risk evaluation program. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94:1365.
57. 57. Singh H, Nugent Z, Demers A, et al. Risk of colorectal cancer after diagnosis of endometrial cancer: a population-based study. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:2010.
58. 58. Burnett-Hartman AN, Newcomb PA, Potter JD. Infectious agents and colorectal cancer: a review of Helicobacter pylori, Streptococcus bovis, JC virus, and human papillomavirus. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:2970.