Bir Halk Sağlığı Sorunu Olarak Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı: Genç Akademisyenler Üzerindeki Psikolojik Etkileri

Abstract

Amaç: Akıllı telefonlar, yeni uygulamaların geliştirilmesi ile günlük yaşamın ayrılmaz bir parçası haline gelmiş ve insanların bunlara bağımlı hale gelmesine neden olmuştur. Bu çalışma, bir üniversite hastanesinde çalışan araştırma görevlileri arasında akıllı telefon bağımlılığı düzeylerini ve bunları etkileyen faktörleri incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Yöntem: Çalışmaya toplam 171 kadın ve 129 erkek araştırma görevlisi katılmıştır. Veriler, araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen bir anket ile Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılık Skalası (ATBS), Beck Depresyon Envanteri (BDE) ve Beck Anksiyete Envanteri (BAE) kullanılarak yüz yüze görüşmeler yoluyla toplanmıştır. Veriler SPSS kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular: Katılımcıların ortalama yaşı 29,6 ± 3,8 yıl idi. ATBS’de ortalama puan 70,84 ± 25,03 idi. Kendilerini akıllı telefon bağımlısı olarak tanımlayan katılımcılar, tanımlamayanlara kıyasla önemli ölçüde daha yüksek ATBS puanı aldı. Ayrıca, akıllı telefon bağımlılığı düzeyleri ile BDE ve BAE puanları arasında güçlü bir pozitif korelasyon vardı, bu da akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ile depresyon ve anksiyete semptomları arasında bir bağlantı olduğunu göstermekteydi. Sonuç: Akıllı telefon bağımlılığı, depresyon ve anksiyete gibi ciddi psikolojik durumlarla ilişkili olabilecek, dikkate değer bir halk sağlığı sorunu olarak görünmektedir.

Keywords

• Davranışsal Bağımlılık
• Cep Telefonu Kullanımı
• Depresyon
• Anksiyete

Smartphone Addiction as a Public Health Concern: Psychological Impacts among Young Academicians

Abstract

Objective: Although smartphones have become an integral part of daily life through the development of new applications, they have led people to become dependent on them. In this study, we aim to investigate the levels of smartphone addiction and the factors influencing it among assistants working at a university hospital. Method: A total of 171 female and 129 male assistants participated in the study. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a questionnaire developed by the researchers, along with the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS), the Beck Depression Inventory for Primary Care (BDI-PC), and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). The data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: The average age of participants was 29.6 ± 3.8 years. The mean score on the SAS was 70.84 ± 25.03. Participants who self-identified as being addicted to their smartphones had significantly higher SAS scores compared to those who did not. Moreover, there was a strong positive correlation between smartphone addiction levels and scores on both the BDI-PC and BAI, indicating a link between smartphone addiction and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Conclusions: Smartphone addiction appears to be a noteworthy public health concern that may be associated with serious psychological conditions such as depression and anxiety.

Keywords

• Behavioral Addiction
• Mobile Phone Use
• Depression
• Anxiety

References

1. 1. Kuang W. Mobile Phone Media and Its Public Opinion Management. Social Media in China. 2018;21:175-208. 2. Burucuoğlu M. Meslek Yüksekokulu Öğrencilerinin Nomofobi Düzeyleri Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Karabuk University Journal of Institute of Social Sciences. 2017;7:482-9.
2. 3. Bozkurt H, Sahin S, Zoroglu S. İnternet Bağımlılığı: Güncel Bir Gözden Geçirme. Journal of Contemporary Medicine. 2016;6(3):235-47.
3. 4. https://www.who.int/teams/mental-health-and-substance-use/alcohol-drugs-and-addictive-behaviours/terminology 2013.
4. 5. Grant JE, Potenza MN, Weinstein A, Gorelick DA. Introduction to behavioral addictions. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2010;36(5):233-41.
5. 6. Kapoor N. Types of Behavioral Addictions: Impact and Prevalence. 2023. p. 48-62.
6. 7. Chebbi P, Koong K, Liu L, Rottman R. Some Observations On Internet Addiction Disorder Research. J Info Sys Educ. 2000;11(3-4):97-104
7. 8. Alavi SS, Alaghemandan H, Maracy MR, Jannatifard F, Eslami M, Ferdosi M. Impact of addiction to internet on a number of psychiatric symptoms in students of isfahan universities, iran, 2010. Int J Prev Med. 2012;3(2):122-7. 9. Derevensky JL, Hayman V, Lynette G. Behavioral Addictions: Excessive Gambling, Gaming, Internet, and Smartphone Use Among Children and Adolescents. Pediatric Clinics of North America. 2019;66(6):1163-82.
8. 10. Olivencia-Carrión MA, Ferri-García R, Rueda MDM, Jiménez-Torres MG, López-Torrecillas F. Temperament and characteristics related to nomophobia. Psychiatry Res. 2018;266:5-10.

9. 11. Bhattacharya S, Bashar MA, Srivastava A, Singh A. NOMOPHOBIA: NO MObile PHone PhoBIA. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019;8(4):1297-300.
10. 12. Türen U, Erdem H, Kalkın G. Mobil telefon yoksunluğu korkusu (nomofobi) yayılımı: Türkiye’den üniversite öğrencileri ve kamu çalışanları örneklemi. Bilişim Teknolojileri Dergisi. 2017;10(1):1-12.
11. 13. Volk RJ, Pace TM, Parchman ML. Screening for depression in primary care patients: Dimensionality of the Short Form of the Beck Depression Inventory. Psychological Assessment. 1993;5(2):173-81.
12. 14. Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1988;56(6):893-7.
13. 15. Kwon M, Lee JY, Won WY, Park JW, Min JA, Hahn C, et al. Development and validation of a smartphone addiction scale (SAS). PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56936.
14. 16. Upadhayay N, Guragain S. Internet use and its addiction level in medical students. Advances in Medical Education and Practice. 2017;8:641-7.
15. 17. Demirci K, Orhan H, Demirdas A, Akpinar A, Sert H. Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale in a Younger Population. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bulteni. 2014;24:226-34.
16. 18. Akturk Z, Dagdeviren H, Türe M, Tuglu C. Birinci basamak için Beck depresyon tarama ölçeği’nin Türkçe çeviriminin geçerlik ve güvenirliği.Türk Aile Hek Derg 2005; 9(3): 117-122.
17. 19. Ulusoy M, hisli sahin N, Erkmen H. Turkish Version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric Properties. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy:An International Quarterly. 1998;12(2):163-72.
18. 20. Billieux J, Maurage P, Lopez-Fernandez O, Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD. Can Disordered Mobile Phone Use Be Considered a Behavioral Addiction? An Update on Current Evidence and a Comprehensive Model for Future Research. Current Addiction Reports. 2015;2(2):156-62.
19. 21. Elhai JD, Dvorak RD, Levine JC, Hall BJ. Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. J Affect Disord. 2017;207:251-9.
20. 22. Yildirim C, Correia A-P. Exploring the dimensions of nomophobia: Development and validation of a self-reported questionnaire. Computers in Human Behavior. 2015;49:130-7.
21. 23. Panova T, Carbonell X. Is smartphone addiction really an addiction? J Behav Addict. 2018;7(2):252-9.
22. 24. Twenge JM, Joiner TE, Rogers ML, Martin GN. Increases in Depressive Symptoms, Suicide-Related Outcomes, and Suicide Rates Among U.S. Adolescents After 2010 and Links to Increased New Media Screen Time. Clinical Psychological Science. 2018;6(1):3-17.
23. 25. Demirci K, Akgönül M, Akpinar A. Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students. J Behav Addict. 2015;4(2):85-92.
24. 26. Wang M, Li R, Xie Y, Wan Y, Wu X, Tao F, et al. The bidirectional associations between smartphone multitasking and anxiety symptoms among Chinese college students. J Behav Addict. 2025;14(2):929-40.
25. 27. Archou R, Ouadrhiri M, Amazian M, Mouhoute N, Touil D, Aalouane R, et al. The relationship between smartphone addiction and anxiety: a cross-sectional study among Moroccan nursing students. Pan Afr Med J. 2025;50:47.
26. 28. Aker S, Şahin MK, Sezgin S, Oğuz G. Psychosocial Factors Affecting Smartphone Addiction in University Students. J Addict Nurs. 2017;28(4):215-9.
27. 29. Roberts JA, David ME. Technology Affordances, Social Media Engagement, and Social Media Addiction: An Investigation of TikTok, Instagram Reels, and YouTube Shorts. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2025;28(5):318-25.
28. 30. Mou Q, Zhuang J, Wu Q, Zhong Y, Dai Q, Cao X, et al. Social media addiction and academic engagement as serial mediators between social anxiety and academic performance among college students. BMC Psychol. 2024;12(1):190.
29. 31. Gezgin D, Şahin Y, Yildirim S. Sosyal Ağ Kullanıcıları Arasında Nomofobi Yaygınlığının Çeşitli Faktörler Açısından İncelenmesi. Eğitim Teknolojisi Kuram ve Uygulama. 2017;7(1):1-15.
30. 32. Prasad M, Patthi B, Singla A, Gupta R, Saha S, Kumar JK, et al. Nomophobia: A Cross-sectional Study to Assess Mobile Phone Usage Among Dental Students. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017;11(2):Zc34-zc9.
31. 33. Oktay E, Çelik AK, Akbaba A. Internet ve Cep Telefonu Kullanımının Lojistik Regresyon Yardımıyla Analizi: Atatürk Üniversitesi Lisans Öğrencileri Örneği. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies. 2013;6:479-96.
32. 34. Mascia ML, Agus M, Penna MP. Emotional Intelligence, Self-Regulation, Smartphone Addiction: Which Relationship With Student Well-Being and Quality of Life? Frontiers in Psychology. 2020;11:375.
33. 35. Yadav R, Arora S, Phalswal U, Dixit P. Smartphone Addiction, Insomnia, Loneliness, and Self-Esteem Among Nursing Students: A Correlation Study. Florence Nightingale J Nurs. 2025;33:1-7.
34. 36. Liu Q, Huang J, Zhou Z. Self-expansion via smartphone and smartphone addiction tendency among adolescents: A moderated mediation model. Children and Youth Services Review. 2020;119:105590.
35. 37. Brand M, Young KS, Laier C, Wölfling K, Potenza MN. Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2016;71:252-66.