Ofthalmia Neonatorum And Neonatal Ocular Infections

Abstract

Abstract

Conjunctivitis in first month of life (ophthalmia neonatorum) is the most common infection in neonatal period. Most ocular infections in the neonatal period areacquired during vaginal delivery and reflect common sexually transmitted diseasesin the community. Etiology includes chemical, chlamydial, bacterial and viral factors, respectively. If left untreated, serious ocular and systemic complications mayoccur. Complications can be avoided if appropriate treatment is initiated on time. Inthis review, it is aimed to discuss upto-date information about diagnosis and treatment of ocular infections in neonatal period.

Keywords

• Ophthalmia neonatorum,neonatal ocular infections,neonatal conjunctivitis

Oftalmia Neonatorum ve Yenidoğan Dönemi Göz Enfeksiyonları

Öz

Öz

Yaşamın ilk ayında olan konjunktivit (oftalmia neonatorum) neonatal periyotta en sık görülen enfeksiyondur. Neonatal dönemdeki çoğu göz enfeksiyonları vajinal doğum sırasında kazanılır ve toplumda sık görülen cinsel yolla bulaşan hastalıklarıyansıtır. Sırasıyla etiyoloji kimyasal, klamidyal, bakteriyel ve viral etkenleri içerir.Tedavi edilmediği durumda ciddi oküler ve sistemik komplikasyonlar görülebilir. Uygun tedavi zamanında başlanırsa komplikasyonlar önlenebilir. Bu derlemede yenidoğan dönemi göz enfeksiyonlarının tanı ve tedavisi üzerine güncel bilgilerin tartışılması amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Oftalmia neonatorum,neonataloküler enfeksiyonlar,neonatalkonjunktivit

Kaynakça

1. 1.Fransen L, Van der Berghep, Mertens A, et al. Incidence andbacterial aetiology of neonatal conjunctivitis. Eur J Pediatr1987; 146: 152-55.
2. 2.Sandstrom KI, Bell TA, Chandler JW, et al. Microbial causesof neonatal conjunctivitis. J Pediatr 1984; 105: 706-11.
3. 3.O’Hara MA. Ophthalmia neonatorum. Pediatr Clin North Am1993; 40: 715-25.
4. 4.Sandtrom I. Etiology and diagnosis of neonatal conjunctivi-tis. Acta Paediatr Scand 1987; 76: 221-75.
5. 5.Hammerschlag MR. Neonatal conjunctivitis. Pediatr Ann 199322: 346-51.
6. 6.1998 guidelines for treatment of sexually transmitted disea-ses. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Re-comm Rep 1998; 47: 1-111.
7. 7.American Academy of Pediatrics. Chlamydial infections. In:Pickering LK, (ed). 2000: Red Book: Report of the Commit-tee on Infectious Diseases, 25th edition. Elk Grove Village,IL: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2000: 208-11.
8. 8.Hammerschlag MR. Chandler JW, Alexander ER, English M,Koutsky L. Longitudinal studies of chlamydial infection in thefirst year of life. Pediatr Infect Dis 1982; 1: 395-401.

9. 9.Chen JY. Prophylaxis of ophthalmia neonatorum: compari-son of silver nitrate, tetracycline, erythromycin and noprophylaxis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992; 11: 1026-30.
10. 10.American Academy of Pediatrics. Herpes simplex. In: PickeringLK, Baker CJ, Long SS, et al, (eds). Red book: 2006 report of thecommittee on infectious diseases. 27th ed. Elk Grove Village (IL):American Academy of Pediatrics, 2006: 364-65.
11. 11. Yetman R, Coody D. Conjunctivitis: A practice guideline. JPediatric Health Care 1997; 11: 238-41.
12. 12. Olitsky SE, Nelson LB. Disorders of the conjunctiva. In: Behr-man RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, (eds). Nelson textbook ofpediatrics, 16th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2000: 1911-1913.
13. 13. Cole GF, Davies DP, Austin DJ. Pseudomonas ophthalmianeonatorum: a cause of blindness. Br Med J 1980; 281 (6237):440-41.
14. 14. Traboulsi EI, Shammas IV, Ratl HE, Jarudi NI. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ophthalmia neonatorum. Am J Ophthalmol1984; 98: 801-802.
15. 15. Haas E, Larson B, Ross B, See L. Epidemiology and diagno-sis of hospital-acquired conjunctivitis among neonatal inten-sive care unit patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005; 24:586–89.
16. 16. Jeong IS, Jeong JS, Choi EO. Nosocomial infection in a new-born intensive care unit (NICU), South Korea. BMC Infect Dis2006; 6: 103.
17. 17. Borer A, Livshiz-Riven I, Golan A, et al. Hospital-acquiredconjunctivitis in a neonatal intensive care unit: bacterial etio-logy and susceptibility patterns. Am J Infect Control 2010; 38:650–52.
18. 18. Brito D, Brito CS, Resende DS, do Moreira JO, Abdallah VOS,Filho PPG. Nosocomial infections in a Brazilian neonatal in-tensive care unit: a 4-year surveillance study. Revista da So-ciedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 2010; 43: 633–37.
19. 19. Figueiredo S, João A, Mateus M, Varandas R, Ferraz L. En-dogenous endophthalmitis caused by Pseudomonas aerugino-sa in a preterm infant: a case report. Cases Journal 2009; 2:9304.
20. 20. Mets MB, Holfels E, Boyer KM, et al. Eye manifestation of con-genital toxoplasmosis. Am J Ophthalmol 1996; 122: 309-24.
21. 21. Atmaca LS, Şimşek T, Batıoğlu F. Oküler toxoplasmosis. Ret-Vit 1996; 2: 581-91.
22. 22. Çelebi S, Öcal M. Toksoplazmozis. Güncel Pediatri 2004: 2:152-56.
23. 23. Halilov M, Dürük K, Deniz H. Ophthalmolojide paraziter has-talıklar. T Klin Ophthalmol 2002; 11: 167-76.
24. 24. Ongkosuwito JV, Bosch-Driessen EH, Kijlstra A, Rothova A.Serologic evaluation of patients with primary and recurrentocular toxoplasmosis for evidence of recent infection. Am JOphthalmol 1999; 128; 421-25.
25. 25.Rothova A: Ocular involvement in toxoplasmosis. Br J Opht-halmol 1993; 77: 371-77.
26. 26.Baley JE, Toltzis P. Perinatal viral infections. In: Martin RJ,Fanaroff AA, Walsh MC, (eds). Fanaroff and Martin’s Neo-natal-Perinatal Medicine Diseases of the Fetus and Infant. Phi-ladelphia: Mosby Elsevier, 2006: 840-82.
27. 27.Nassetta L, Kimberlin D, Whitley R. Treatment of congenitalcytomegalovirus infection: implications for future therapeu-tic strategies. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 63: 862-67.
28. 28.Gandhi MK, Khanna R. Human cytomegalovirus: clinical as-pects, immune regulation, and emerging treatments. LancetInfect Dis 2004; 4: 725-38.
29. 29.Levin AV, Zeichner S, Duker JS, Starr SE, Augsburger JJ, Kron-with S. Cytomegalovirus retinitis in an infant with acquiredimmunodeficiency syndrome. Pediatrics 1989; 84: 683–87.
30. 30.Baumal CR, Levin AV, Read SE. Cytomegalovirus retinitis inimmunosuppressed children. Am J Ophthalmol 1999; 127:550–58.
31. 31.Samancı N. Konjenital İnfeksiyonlar. Neonatoloji. DağoğluT, (ed). 1. Baskı. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri Ltd, 2000;709-25.
32. 32.Katz SL, Gershon AA, Hotez PJ. Krugman's Infectious Disea-ses of Children. St Louis: Mosby, 1998: 408-11.
33. 33.Cole FC. Viral infections of the fetus and newborn. In: Avery'sDisease of the Newborn Taeusch HW, Ballard RA, (eds). 7thed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1998: 467-89.
34. 34.Maldorado Y. Rubella. In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jen-son HB, (eds). Nelson’s Textbook of Pediatrics. Philadelphia:WB Saunders, 2000: 952-53.
35. 35.Zimmerman LE. Pathogenesis of rubella cataract. ArchOphthalmol 1965; 73: 761.
36. 36.Alfano JE. Ocular aspects of maternal rubella syndrome. TransAmer Acad Ophthal Otolaryng 1996; 70: 235-66.
37. 37.Givens KT, Lee DA, Jones T, Ilstrup DM. Ophthalmic mani-festations and associated systemic disorder. Br J Ophthalmol1993; 77: 358-86.
38. 38.Zimmerman LE. Histopathologic basis for ocular manifesta-tions of congenital rubella syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 1968;65: 837-62.
39. 39.Swan C. Congenital malformations in infants following ma-ternal rubella in pregnancy. Trans Ophthal Soc Aust 1944;4: 182-49.
40. 40.Long JC, Danelson RW. Cataract and other congenital defectsin infants following rubella in the mother. Arch Ophthalmol1945; 34: 24-27.
41. 41.Mann I. Developmental Abnormalities of the Eye. Philadelp-hia; JB Lippincot; 1957.
42. 42.Morlet C. Rubella retinitis in Western Australia. TransOphthal Soc Aust 1949; 9: 212-14.
43. 43.Marks EO. Pigmentary abnormalities in children congenitallydeaf following maternal German measles. Br J Ophthalmol1947; 31: 119.
44. 44.Hamilton JB, Philips F, Palfreyman CR. Rubella retinitis inTasmania. Trans Ophthal Soc Aust 1948; 8: 114-18.
45. 45.Gregg NM. Congenital cataract following German measlesin the mother. Trans Ophthal Soc Aust 1941; 3: 35-46.
46. 46.O'Neill JF. Strabismus in congenital rubella. Arch Ophthal-mol 1967; 77: 450-54.
47. 47.Meitsch K, Enders G, Wolinsky JS, Faber R, Pustowit B. Therole of rubella-immunoblot and a rubella peptide-EIA for thediagnosis of congenital rubella syndrome during the prena-tal and newborn periods. J Med Virol 1997; 51: 280-83.
48. 48.Thordsen JE, Harris L, Hubbard GB III. Pediatric endopht-halmitis: a 10-year consecutive series. Retina 2008; 28: S3–S7.
49. 49.Saiman L, Ludington E, Pfaller M, et al. Risk factors for can-didemia in NICU patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000; 19:319–24.
50. 50.Saiman L, Ludington E, Dawson J, et al. Risk factors for can-didemia species colonization of neonatal intensive care unitpatients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001; 20: 1119–24.
51. 51.Lopez-Sastre JB, Gil D, Coto-Coballo MD, et al. Neonatal in-vasive candidiasis: a prospective multicenter study of 118 ca-ses. Am J Perinatol 2003; 20: 153–63.
52. 52.Leibovitz E, Iuster-Reicher A, Amitai M, Mogilner B. Syste-mic candidial infections associated with use of peripheral ve-nous catheters in neonates: a 9-year experience. Clin InfectDis 1992; 14: 485–91.
53. 53.Yancey MK, Duff P, Kubilis P, Clark P, Frentzen BH. Risk fac-tors for neonatal sepsis. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 87: 188–94.
54. 54.Sparks JR, Recchia FM, Weitkamp JH. Endogenous group Bstreptococcal endophthalmitis in a preterm infant. J Perina-tol 2007; 27: 392–94.
55. 55.Ness T, Pelz K, Hansen LL. Endogenous endophthalmitis: mic-roorganisms, disposition and prognosis. Acta OphthalmolScand 2007; 85: 852–56.
56. 56.Wu Z, Uzcategui N, Chung M, Song J, Lim JI. Group B strep-tococcal endogenous endophthalmitis in a neonate. Retina2006; 26: 472–73.
57. 57.Wasserman BN, Sondhi N, Carr BL. Pseudomonas-inducedbilateral endophthalmitis with corneal perforation in a neo-nate. J AAPOS 1999; 3: 183–84.
58. 58.Friedlander SM, Raphaelian PV, Granet DB, Goldbaum MH.Bilateral endogenous Escherichia coli endophthalmitis in aneonate with meningitis. Retina 1996; 16: 341–42.
59. 59.Moshfeghi AA, Charalel RA, Hernandez-Boussard T, MortonJM, Moshfeghi DM. Declining incidence of neonatal endopht-halmitis in the United States. Am J Ophthalmol 2011; 151:59–65.
60. 60.Baley JE, Annable WL, Kliegman RM. Candida endophthal-mitis in the premature infant. J Pediatr 1981; 98: 458–61.
61. 61.Fisher RG, Karlowicz MG, Lall-Trail J. Very low prevalen-ce of endophthalmitis in very low birthweight infants who sur-vive candidemia. J Perinatol 2005; 25: 408–11.
62. 62.Parke DW II, Jones DB, Gentry LO. Endogenous endophthal-mitis among patients with candidemia. Ophthalmology 1982;89: 789–96.
63. 63.Brooks RG. Prospective study of Candida endophthalmitis inhospitalized patients with candidemia. Arch Intern Med1989; 149: 2226–28.
64. 64.Chapman RL, Faix RG. Persistently positive cultures and out-come in invasive neonatal candidiasis. Pediatr Infect Dis J2000; 19: 822–27