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Yenidoğan Bebeğin Beslenmesinde Temel Prensipler

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 1 - 13, 30.03.2016

Öz

Öz 

Sağlıklı term bebeklerde olduğu gibi prematüre  ve hasta term bebeklerde de en ideal besin anne sütüdür. Mümkün olan en kısa sürede anne sütü verilmesi amaçlanmalıdır. Yenidoğan yoğun bakım ünitelerinde beslenme desteğinin uygun şekilde sağlanabilmesi hem kısa hem de uzun dönemde morbidite ve mortalite üzerine önemli etkilere sahiptir. Birçok çalışmada erken enteral veya oral beslenmenin  kısa ve uzun dönem gelişmedeki önemi vurgulanmıştır. Ancak tüm çabalara karşın intrauterin dönemdeki büyümeye erişecek büyüme hızını yakalamak her zaman mümkün olmamaktadır. Yenidoğan bebekler için en uygun beslenme şekli kendi annesi tarafından emzirilmesi iken bunu sağılmış anne sütünün yapay bir yöntemle verilmesi (kaşık,kap veya biberon), donör anne sütü ve  formula kullanımı izlemektedir.  Prematüre bebeklerde bazen anne sütü yetersiz kalmakta mineralizasyon  ve yeterli büyüme için güçlendirme yapılması gerekmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Kaynaklar 1.Curtis M, Rigo J. The nutrition of prematüre infants. . EarlyHum Dev 2012;88:28:5-7. 2.American Academy of Pediatrics Commitee on Nutritions. Nut-ritional needs of low –birth-weight infants. Pediatrics1985;76:976-86. 3.American Academy of Pediatrics . Section on Breastfeeding. Breastfeedind and the use of human milk recommendatinsfor high-risk infants . Pediatrics 2005;115(2):496-506. 4.Premji SS, Chessell L. Continuous nasogastric milk feedingversus intermittent bolus milk feeding for premature infantsless than 1500 grams. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;11CD001819. 5.Dani C, Pratesi S, Barp J. Continuous milk feding versus in-termittent feding in prematüre infants. . Early Hum Dev 2013;89:11-12. 6.Schanler RJ. Approach to enteral nutritions in prematüre in-fants. In UpToDate, Abrams SA, Hopping AG (Eds), UpTo-Date. 2016. 7.Leaf A. Introducing enteral feeds in the high –risk prematü-re infant. Seminer in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine2013;18:150-154. 8.Bombell S, McGuire W. Early trophic feding for very low birthweight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 3:CD000504. 9.Giuliani F, Prandi G, Coscia A, Cresi F, Di Nicola P, RaiaM, et al. Donor human milk versus mother's own milk in pre-matüre VLBWIs: a case control study. J Biol Regul HomeostAgents 2012;26 :19–24. 10.Baker JH, Berseth CL. Duodenal motor response in prema-türe infants fed formula with varying concentrations and ra-tes of infusion, Pediatr Res; 618 , 1997. 11.Morgan J, Young L, McGuire W. Slow advancement of en-teral feed volumes to prevent necrotizing enterocolitils in verylow birth infants. Cochrone Databese SystRev2014;12:CD001241. 12.Karagianni P, Briana DD, Mitsiakos G, et al. Early versus de-layed minimal enteral feeding and risk for necrotizing entero-colitis in prematüre growth restricted infants with abnormal an-tenatal Doppler results. Am J Perinatol 2010;27:367-73. 13.Morgan J, Young L, McGuire W. Delayed introduction of prog-ressive enteral feeds to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev2011;3:CD001970. 14.Fanaro S. Feeding intolerance in the prematüre infant. . EarlyHum Dev 2013; 89: 13–20. 15.Mihatsch WA, von Schoenaich P, Fahnenstich H, Dehne N,Ebbecke H, Plath C, et al. The significance of gastric residu-als in the early enteral feeding advancement of extremely lowbirth weight infants. Pediatrics 2002;109:457–9. 16.Kültürsay N, Bilgen H, Türkyılmaz C. Türk Neonnatoloji Der-neği prematüre ve hasta term bebeğin beslenmesi rehberi 2014. 17.Jadcherla SR, Kligman RM. Studies of feding intolerance invery low birth weight infants: definition and significance. Pe-diatrics 2002; 109:516. 18.Schanler, R.J. The use of human milk for prematüre infants.Pediatr. Clin. North. Am. 2001 ; 48 : 207- 19. 19.N.D. Embleton. Optimal nutrition for prematüre infants: Put-ting the ESPGHAN guidelines into practice. Journal of Neo-natal Nursing 2013; 19: 130-33. 20.Section on Berastfeeding. Breastfeeding and use of human milk.Pediatrics 2012; 129:827. 21.ESPGHAN Commitee on nutrition. Arslanoğlu S, CorpelejnW.et al. Donor human milk for prematüre infants: current evi-dence and research directions. J Pediatr Gasroenterol Nutr2013; 57:535. 22.Smith, M.M., Durkin, M., Hinton, V.J., Bellinger, D., Kuhn,L. Influence of breastfeeding on cognitive outcomes at age 6e8years: follow-up of very low birth weight infants.Am. J. Epi-demiol. 2003; 158:1075-1082. 23.Agostoni C, Buonocore G, Carnelli VP, et al. Enteral Nutri-ent supply fot prematüre infants: commentary from the Euo-ropean Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology , Hepatology andNutrition Committee on Nutritions . J Pediatr GastroenterolNutr .2010; 50: 85-91. 24.AAP. Nutritional needs of prematüre infants. Pediatric nut-rition hand book. Elk Grove Village, IL: American of Pedi-atrics; 2014. 25.N.D. Embleton. Optimal nutrition for prematüre infants: Put-ting the ESPGHAN guidelines into practice. Journal of Neo-natal Nursing 2013; 19: 130-133. 26.Ziegler EE . Protein requirements of very low birth weight in-fants. J Peadiatr Gastroenrerol Nutr.2007 ;45: 170-174. 27.Rigo J. Protein, amino acid and other nitrogen compounds.In: Tsang RC, Uauy R, Koletzko B, Zlotkin S, editors. Nutri-tional needs of the prematüre infants. Scientific basis and prac-tical guidelines. 2nd ed. Cincinnati, Ohio: Digital Educatio-nal Publishing Inc; 2005: 45–80. 28.Atkinson SA. Human milk feeding of the micropremie. Sem Pe-rinatol 2000;27: 235–47. 29.R. Alessandra, G. Francesca , F.Silvia , A. Alessandra, P. Me-lonia, M.. Manuela . et al. Fortification of maternal milk verylow birth pre-term neonates. Early Hum Dev 2010; 86:27-31. 30.Halleux V, Close A, Stalport S, Studzinski F, Habibi F, RigoJ. Advantages of individualized fortification of human milk forprematüre infants. Arch Pediatr 2007;14 :5–10. 31.Aslanoglu S, Moro GE, Ziegler EE. Adjustable fortificationof human milk fed to prematüre infants: does it make a diffe-rence? J Perinatol 2006;26: 614–21. 32.Radtke JV. The paradox of breastfeeding-associated morbi-dity among late prematüre infants. J Obstet Gynecol Neona-tal Nurs 2011;40:9-24. 33.Aggett PJ, Agostoni C, Axelsson I, De Curtis M, Goulet O, Her-nell O, et al. Feeding prematüre infants after hospital disc-harge: a commentary by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nut-rition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006;42:596-603. 34.Dani C, Poggi C: Nutrition and bronchopulmonary dyspla-sia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 25 :37–40. 35.Wemhöner A, Ortner D, Tschirch E, Strasak A, Rüdiger M:Nutrition of prematüre infants in relation to bronchopulmo-nary dysplasia. BMC Pulm Med 2011, 11:7. 36.Kogon BE, Ramaswamy V, Toddy K. Feeding difficulty in new-borns following congenital heart surgery. Congenit Heart Dis.2007; 2(5):332-337. 37.Steltzer M, Rudd N, Pick B. Nutrition of care for newborns withcongenital heart disease. ClinPerinatol. 2005; 32:1017-30. 38.American Academy of Pediatrics Sections on Breastfeeding:Breastfeeding and use of milk . Pediatrics 2012;129:827-841. 39.The Canadian Paediatric Society Nutrition Committee. Exc-lusive breastfeeding should continue to six months . Pediat-rics Child Health 2005; 10: 148. 40.Ballord 0, Morrow AL: Human milk composition, nutrigen andbiactive factors. Pediatr Clin N Am 2013;60:49-74. 41.Saarela T, Kokkonen J, Koivisto M. Macronutrient andenergy contens of human milk fractions during the first sixmonths of lactation. Acta Pediatr 2005; 94: 1176-1181. 42.Gidrewicz D . A, Fenton T.A systematic review and meta-analy-sis of the nutrient content of prematüre and term breast milk. BMC Pediatrics 2014; 14:216. 43.Arnold Ld, Larson E. İmmunologic benefits of breast milk inrelation to human banking. Am J Control 1993; 21:235-242. 44.Wight NE, Morton JA. Human milk, breastfeeding and pre-matüre infant. In: Textbook of human lactation. (2007) 1st edi-tion eds: Hale TW, Hartman PE. Hale Pubishing Texas, UASp.215-53. 45.Kültürsay N, Bilgen H, Türkyılmaz C. Sağlıklı term bebeğinbeslenmesi.Türk Neonatoloji Derneği protokolleri 2014. 46.Becker Ge, Cooney F, Smith HA. Methods of milk expressi-on for lactating women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(12): CD006170. 47.Morton J, Hall JY, Wong RJ, Thairu L, Benitz WE, Rhine WD.Combining hand tecniquses with electric pumping increasesmilk production in mothers of prematüre infants. J Perinatol2009; 29:757-764. 48.The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Clinical ProtocolCommittee . ABM Clinical Protocol # 8 ( 2010 Revision). Hu-man Milk Storage Information for Home Use for Full-TermInfants. Breastfeeding Medicine 2010; 3: 127-130. 49.The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Clinical ProtocolCommittee. ABM Clinical Protocol #3 (2009 Revison) HospitalGuidelines for the Use of Supplementary Feedings in the HealthyTerm Breastfed Neonate. Breastfeeding Medicine 2009; 4:175-181. 50.Qawazki A. Weisenberger AL, Bloch MH. Meta-analysis ofLCPUFA supplementation of infant formula an visual acuity.Pediatrics 2013; 131: 262-272. 51.The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Clinical Protocolcommittee .ABM Clinical Protocol #2 (2014 Revision) Gui-delines for Hospital Discharge of the Breastfeeding Term New-born and Mother: ‘‘The Going Home Protocol’’. Breastfee-ding Medicine 2014; 9:1-6.

The Principles of Nutrition in Term and Preterm Infants

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 1 - 13, 30.03.2016

Öz

Abstract The ideal nutrition is human milk for prematüre and sick term infants like healthy term infants. Human milk shoud be administered in the most available time. Nutriotion support in intensive care units has important short term and long term effectson the morbidity and mortality of infants. Many studies stressed the importance of enteral and oral nutrition in development of the infant. Despite all efforts it is not always possible to catch up intrauterine growth rate. The most suitable nutrition styleis lactation by the mother followed by human milk administration (by bottle), donor human milk and formula. Human milk may be inadequate for mineralization and adequate growth and fortification of human milk may be necessary.

Kaynakça

  • Kaynaklar 1.Curtis M, Rigo J. The nutrition of prematüre infants. . EarlyHum Dev 2012;88:28:5-7. 2.American Academy of Pediatrics Commitee on Nutritions. Nut-ritional needs of low –birth-weight infants. Pediatrics1985;76:976-86. 3.American Academy of Pediatrics . Section on Breastfeeding. Breastfeedind and the use of human milk recommendatinsfor high-risk infants . Pediatrics 2005;115(2):496-506. 4.Premji SS, Chessell L. Continuous nasogastric milk feedingversus intermittent bolus milk feeding for premature infantsless than 1500 grams. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;11CD001819. 5.Dani C, Pratesi S, Barp J. Continuous milk feding versus in-termittent feding in prematüre infants. . Early Hum Dev 2013;89:11-12. 6.Schanler RJ. Approach to enteral nutritions in prematüre in-fants. In UpToDate, Abrams SA, Hopping AG (Eds), UpTo-Date. 2016. 7.Leaf A. Introducing enteral feeds in the high –risk prematü-re infant. Seminer in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine2013;18:150-154. 8.Bombell S, McGuire W. Early trophic feding for very low birthweight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 3:CD000504. 9.Giuliani F, Prandi G, Coscia A, Cresi F, Di Nicola P, RaiaM, et al. Donor human milk versus mother's own milk in pre-matüre VLBWIs: a case control study. J Biol Regul HomeostAgents 2012;26 :19–24. 10.Baker JH, Berseth CL. Duodenal motor response in prema-türe infants fed formula with varying concentrations and ra-tes of infusion, Pediatr Res; 618 , 1997. 11.Morgan J, Young L, McGuire W. Slow advancement of en-teral feed volumes to prevent necrotizing enterocolitils in verylow birth infants. Cochrone Databese SystRev2014;12:CD001241. 12.Karagianni P, Briana DD, Mitsiakos G, et al. Early versus de-layed minimal enteral feeding and risk for necrotizing entero-colitis in prematüre growth restricted infants with abnormal an-tenatal Doppler results. Am J Perinatol 2010;27:367-73. 13.Morgan J, Young L, McGuire W. Delayed introduction of prog-ressive enteral feeds to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev2011;3:CD001970. 14.Fanaro S. Feeding intolerance in the prematüre infant. . EarlyHum Dev 2013; 89: 13–20. 15.Mihatsch WA, von Schoenaich P, Fahnenstich H, Dehne N,Ebbecke H, Plath C, et al. The significance of gastric residu-als in the early enteral feeding advancement of extremely lowbirth weight infants. Pediatrics 2002;109:457–9. 16.Kültürsay N, Bilgen H, Türkyılmaz C. Türk Neonnatoloji Der-neği prematüre ve hasta term bebeğin beslenmesi rehberi 2014. 17.Jadcherla SR, Kligman RM. Studies of feding intolerance invery low birth weight infants: definition and significance. Pe-diatrics 2002; 109:516. 18.Schanler, R.J. The use of human milk for prematüre infants.Pediatr. Clin. North. Am. 2001 ; 48 : 207- 19. 19.N.D. Embleton. Optimal nutrition for prematüre infants: Put-ting the ESPGHAN guidelines into practice. Journal of Neo-natal Nursing 2013; 19: 130-33. 20.Section on Berastfeeding. Breastfeeding and use of human milk.Pediatrics 2012; 129:827. 21.ESPGHAN Commitee on nutrition. Arslanoğlu S, CorpelejnW.et al. Donor human milk for prematüre infants: current evi-dence and research directions. J Pediatr Gasroenterol Nutr2013; 57:535. 22.Smith, M.M., Durkin, M., Hinton, V.J., Bellinger, D., Kuhn,L. Influence of breastfeeding on cognitive outcomes at age 6e8years: follow-up of very low birth weight infants.Am. J. Epi-demiol. 2003; 158:1075-1082. 23.Agostoni C, Buonocore G, Carnelli VP, et al. Enteral Nutri-ent supply fot prematüre infants: commentary from the Euo-ropean Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology , Hepatology andNutrition Committee on Nutritions . J Pediatr GastroenterolNutr .2010; 50: 85-91. 24.AAP. Nutritional needs of prematüre infants. Pediatric nut-rition hand book. Elk Grove Village, IL: American of Pedi-atrics; 2014. 25.N.D. Embleton. Optimal nutrition for prematüre infants: Put-ting the ESPGHAN guidelines into practice. Journal of Neo-natal Nursing 2013; 19: 130-133. 26.Ziegler EE . Protein requirements of very low birth weight in-fants. J Peadiatr Gastroenrerol Nutr.2007 ;45: 170-174. 27.Rigo J. Protein, amino acid and other nitrogen compounds.In: Tsang RC, Uauy R, Koletzko B, Zlotkin S, editors. Nutri-tional needs of the prematüre infants. Scientific basis and prac-tical guidelines. 2nd ed. Cincinnati, Ohio: Digital Educatio-nal Publishing Inc; 2005: 45–80. 28.Atkinson SA. Human milk feeding of the micropremie. Sem Pe-rinatol 2000;27: 235–47. 29.R. Alessandra, G. Francesca , F.Silvia , A. Alessandra, P. Me-lonia, M.. Manuela . et al. Fortification of maternal milk verylow birth pre-term neonates. Early Hum Dev 2010; 86:27-31. 30.Halleux V, Close A, Stalport S, Studzinski F, Habibi F, RigoJ. Advantages of individualized fortification of human milk forprematüre infants. Arch Pediatr 2007;14 :5–10. 31.Aslanoglu S, Moro GE, Ziegler EE. Adjustable fortificationof human milk fed to prematüre infants: does it make a diffe-rence? J Perinatol 2006;26: 614–21. 32.Radtke JV. The paradox of breastfeeding-associated morbi-dity among late prematüre infants. J Obstet Gynecol Neona-tal Nurs 2011;40:9-24. 33.Aggett PJ, Agostoni C, Axelsson I, De Curtis M, Goulet O, Her-nell O, et al. Feeding prematüre infants after hospital disc-harge: a commentary by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nut-rition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006;42:596-603. 34.Dani C, Poggi C: Nutrition and bronchopulmonary dyspla-sia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 25 :37–40. 35.Wemhöner A, Ortner D, Tschirch E, Strasak A, Rüdiger M:Nutrition of prematüre infants in relation to bronchopulmo-nary dysplasia. BMC Pulm Med 2011, 11:7. 36.Kogon BE, Ramaswamy V, Toddy K. Feeding difficulty in new-borns following congenital heart surgery. Congenit Heart Dis.2007; 2(5):332-337. 37.Steltzer M, Rudd N, Pick B. Nutrition of care for newborns withcongenital heart disease. ClinPerinatol. 2005; 32:1017-30. 38.American Academy of Pediatrics Sections on Breastfeeding:Breastfeeding and use of milk . Pediatrics 2012;129:827-841. 39.The Canadian Paediatric Society Nutrition Committee. Exc-lusive breastfeeding should continue to six months . Pediat-rics Child Health 2005; 10: 148. 40.Ballord 0, Morrow AL: Human milk composition, nutrigen andbiactive factors. Pediatr Clin N Am 2013;60:49-74. 41.Saarela T, Kokkonen J, Koivisto M. Macronutrient andenergy contens of human milk fractions during the first sixmonths of lactation. Acta Pediatr 2005; 94: 1176-1181. 42.Gidrewicz D . A, Fenton T.A systematic review and meta-analy-sis of the nutrient content of prematüre and term breast milk. BMC Pediatrics 2014; 14:216. 43.Arnold Ld, Larson E. İmmunologic benefits of breast milk inrelation to human banking. Am J Control 1993; 21:235-242. 44.Wight NE, Morton JA. Human milk, breastfeeding and pre-matüre infant. In: Textbook of human lactation. (2007) 1st edi-tion eds: Hale TW, Hartman PE. Hale Pubishing Texas, UASp.215-53. 45.Kültürsay N, Bilgen H, Türkyılmaz C. Sağlıklı term bebeğinbeslenmesi.Türk Neonatoloji Derneği protokolleri 2014. 46.Becker Ge, Cooney F, Smith HA. Methods of milk expressi-on for lactating women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(12): CD006170. 47.Morton J, Hall JY, Wong RJ, Thairu L, Benitz WE, Rhine WD.Combining hand tecniquses with electric pumping increasesmilk production in mothers of prematüre infants. J Perinatol2009; 29:757-764. 48.The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Clinical ProtocolCommittee . ABM Clinical Protocol # 8 ( 2010 Revision). Hu-man Milk Storage Information for Home Use for Full-TermInfants. Breastfeeding Medicine 2010; 3: 127-130. 49.The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Clinical ProtocolCommittee. ABM Clinical Protocol #3 (2009 Revison) HospitalGuidelines for the Use of Supplementary Feedings in the HealthyTerm Breastfed Neonate. Breastfeeding Medicine 2009; 4:175-181. 50.Qawazki A. Weisenberger AL, Bloch MH. Meta-analysis ofLCPUFA supplementation of infant formula an visual acuity.Pediatrics 2013; 131: 262-272. 51.The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Clinical Protocolcommittee .ABM Clinical Protocol #2 (2014 Revision) Gui-delines for Hospital Discharge of the Breastfeeding Term New-born and Mother: ‘‘The Going Home Protocol’’. Breastfee-ding Medicine 2014; 9:1-6.
Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm makale
Yazarlar

Prof. Dr. Mehmet Yalaz

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Mart 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Yalaz, P. D. M. (2016). Yenidoğan Bebeğin Beslenmesinde Temel Prensipler. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi, 8(2), 1-13.
AMA Yalaz PDM. Yenidoğan Bebeğin Beslenmesinde Temel Prensipler. Pediatri. Mart 2016;8(2):1-13.
Chicago Yalaz, Prof. Dr. Mehmet. “Yenidoğan Bebeğin Beslenmesinde Temel Prensipler”. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi 8, sy. 2 (Mart 2016): 1-13.
EndNote Yalaz PDM (01 Mart 2016) Yenidoğan Bebeğin Beslenmesinde Temel Prensipler. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi 8 2 1–13.
IEEE P. D. M. Yalaz, “Yenidoğan Bebeğin Beslenmesinde Temel Prensipler”, Pediatri, c. 8, sy. 2, ss. 1–13, 2016.
ISNAD Yalaz, Prof. Dr. Mehmet. “Yenidoğan Bebeğin Beslenmesinde Temel Prensipler”. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi 8/2 (Mart 2016), 1-13.
JAMA Yalaz PDM. Yenidoğan Bebeğin Beslenmesinde Temel Prensipler. Pediatri. 2016;8:1–13.
MLA Yalaz, Prof. Dr. Mehmet. “Yenidoğan Bebeğin Beslenmesinde Temel Prensipler”. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi, c. 8, sy. 2, 2016, ss. 1-13.
Vancouver Yalaz PDM. Yenidoğan Bebeğin Beslenmesinde Temel Prensipler. Pediatri. 2016;8(2):1-13.