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Diphtheria, Tetanus & Pertussis Vaccines

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4, 27 - 32, 08.07.2016

Öz

Abstract

The diphtheria exotoxin is being inactivated by formaldehyde to get toxoid formand then combined with aluminum salts to create a vaccine that has improved immunogenicity. Tetanus toxoid helps as a preventative vaccine and it is recommended for people of all ages. There are 2 types of pertussis vaccines, including wholecell vaccine and acellular vaccine. Formerly, wholecell pertussis vaccines were usedall over the world. However, due to the side effects, it was replaced with the acellular pertussis vaccine which has less side effects and more protection. Other thantetanus toxoid (DT), forms such as adult tetanusdiphtheria (Td), tetanus toxoid andacellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP and Tdap) are also available. Pediatric type of vaccine (DT, DTP, DTaP) contains greater amounts of diphtheria toxoid compared toadult type. Contraindications of DPT vaccine are as follows: severe allergic reactions or anaphylaxy against one or more of the vaccine components, or following a previous vaccine dose; encephalopathy within 1 week after the first vaccination whichcan’t be explained with  another reason; CNS disease characterized by changes in consciousness or generalized orfocal seizures for longer than a few hours and not recover in 24 hours, which cant be explained with another reason; the presence of progressive neurological disease.

Kaynakça

  • Kaynaklar 1.Advisory Committee On Immunization Practices (ACIP). Vac-cines For Children Program Vaccines To Prevent Diphthe-ria, Tetanus and Pertussis. Erişim tarihi:02 eylül2016.http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/programs/vfc/downloads/re-solutions/1012-1-dtap.pdf 2.Broder KR, Cortese MM, Iskander JK, Kretsinger K, Slade BA,Brown KH, Mijalski CM, Tiwari T, Weston EJ, Cohn AC, Sri-vastava PU, Moran JS, Schwartz B, Murphy TV; Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Preventing te-tanus, diphtheria, and pertussis among adolescents: use of te-tanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertus-sis vaccines recommendations of the Advisory Committee onImmunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006Mar 24;55(RR-3):1-34. 3.CDC. Availability of diphtheria antitoxin through an inves-tigational new drug protocol. MMWR 2004;53:413. 4.CDC. Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis: recommendationsfor vaccine use and other preventive measures. Recommen-dations of the Immunization Practices Advisory committee(ACIP). MMWR 1991;40(No. RR-10):1-28. 5.CDC. Immunization of adolescents. Recommendations of theAdvisory Committee on Immunization Practices, the Ameri-can Academy of Pediatrics, the American Academy of FamilyPhysicians, and the American Medical Association. MMWR1996;45(No. RR-13):1-16. 6.CDC. Pertussis vaccination: use of acellular pertussis vac-cines among infants and young children. Recommendationsof the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).MMWR 1997;46 (No. RR-7):1-25. 7.CDC. Update: vaccine side effects, adverse reactions, contra-indications, and precautions. Recommendations of the Advi-sory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR1996;45 (No. RR-12):1-35. 8.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)UpdatedRecommendations for Use of Tetanus Toxoid, ReducedDiphtheria Toxoid and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine (Tdap) inPregnant Women– Advisory Committee on Immunization Prac-tices (ACIP), 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013;62:131-135. 9.Cherry J, Heinnger U. Pertussis and other Bordetella infec-tions. In: Feigin R, Cherry J, Demmler G, et al., eds. Textbo-ok of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA:Saunders Co.; 2004. 10.Dilli D, Bostanci I, Dallar Y, Buzgan T, Irmak H, Torunog-lu MA. Recent findings on pertussis epidemiology in Turkey.Eur J Clin Infect Dis 2008; 27: 335-41 11.Edsall G, Elliott MW, Peebles TC, Eldred MC. Excessive useof tetanus toxoid boosters. JAMA 1967;202:111-3. 12.Gall SA, Myers J, Pichichero M. Maternal immunization withtetanus-diphtheria-pertussis vaccine: effect on maternal andneonatal serum antibody levels. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011;204:334.1-5. 13.Gordon J, Hood R. Whooping cough and its epidemiologicalanomalies. Am J Med Sci 1951;222:333-61. 14.Halperin SA, Wang EL, Law B, et al. Epidemiological featu-res of pertussis in hospitalized patens in Canada, 1991--1997:Report of the immunization monitoring program--Ace (IM-PACT). Clin Infect Dis 1999;28:1238-43. 15.Halperin SA, Sweet L, Baxendale D, Neatby A, Rykers P, SmithB, Zelman M, Maus D, Lavigne P, Decker MD. How soon af-ter a prior tetanus-diphtheria vaccination can one give adultformulation tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccine?Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25:195-200. 16.Hardy-Fairbanks AJ, Pan SJ, Decker MD, et al. Immune res-ponse in infants whose mothers received Tdap vaccine duringpregnancy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2013; 32:1257-1260. 17.Healy CM, Rench MA, Baker CJ. Importance of timing of ma-ternal combined tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis immuniza-tion and protection of young infants. Clin Infect Dis 2013;56:539-544. 18.Hewlett EL. A commentary on the pathogenesis of pertussis.Clin Infect Dis 1999;28(Suppl 2):94-98. 19.James G, Longshore W Jr., Hendry J. Diphtheria immuniza-tion studies of students in an urban high school. Am J Hyg1951;53:178-201. 20.Klein NP, Bartlett J, Rowhani-Rahbar A, et al. Waning pro-tection after fifth dose of acellular pertussis vaccine in child-ren. N Engl J Med 2012; 367:1012-1019. 21.Klein NP, Bartlett J, Fireman B, et al. Comparative effecti-veness of acellular versus whole-cell pertussis vaccines in tee-nagers. Pediatrics 2013; 131:1716-1722. 22.Kretsinger K, Broder KR, Cortese MM, Joyce MP, Ortega-Sanchez I, Lee GM, Tiwari T, Cohn AC, Slade BA, IskanderJK, Mijalski CM, Brown KH, Murphy TV; Centers for Disea-se Control and Prevention; Advisory Committee on Immuni-zation Practices; Healthcare Infection Control Practices Adisory Committee. Preventing tetanus, diphtheria, and pertus-sis among adults: use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheriatoxoid and acellular pertussis vaccine recommendations of theAdvisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) andrecommendation of ACIP, supported by the Healthcare Infec-tion Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC), for useof Tdap among health-care personnel. MMWR RecommRep. 2006 Dec 15;55(RR-17):1-37. 23.Lee GM, LeBaron C, Murphy TV, Lett S, Schauer S, Lieu TA.Pertussis in adolescents and adults: should we vaccinate? Pe-diatrics 2005;115:1675-84. 24.Lee GM, Lett S, Schauer S, et al. Societal costs and morbidityof pertussis in adolescents and adults. Clin Infect Dis2004;39:1572--80. 25.Lloyd JC, Haber P, Mootrey GT, Braun MM, Rhodes PH, ChenRT. Adverse event reporting rates following tetanus-diphthe-ria and tetanus toxoid vaccinations: data from the Vaccine Ad-verse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 1991--1997. Vacci-ne 2003;21:3746-50. 26.Mattoo S, Cherry JD. Molecular pathogenesis, epidemiology,and clinical manifestations of respiratory infections due to Bor-detella pertussis and other Bordetella subspecies. Clin Mic-robiol Rev 2005;18:326-82. 27.Pichichero ME, Casey JR. Acellular pertussis vaccines for ado-lescents. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005;24:117-26. 28.Pichichero ME, Rennels MB, Edwards KM, et al. Combinedtetanus, diphtheria, and 5-component pertussis vaccine for usein adolescents and adults. JAMA 2005;293:3003-11. 29.Preziosi M, Halloran M. Effects of pertussis vaccination ondisease: vaccine efficacy in reducing clinical severity. Clin In-fect Dis 2003;37:772-9. 30.Relyveld EH, Bizzini B, Gupta RK. Rational approaches to re-duce adverse reactions in man to vaccines containing tetanusand diphtheria toxoids. Vaccine 1998;16:1016-23. 31.Shakib JH, Korgenski K, Sheng X, et al. Tetanus, diptheria,acellular pertussis vaccine during pregnancy: pregnancy andinfant health outcomes. J Pediatr 2013; 163:1322-6. 32.Stratton KR, Howe CJ, Johnston RB Jr. Adverse events asso-ciated with childhood vaccines other than pertussis and ru-bella. Summary of a report from the Institute of Medicine.JAMA 1994;271:1602-5. 33.Talbot EA, Brown KH, Kirkland KB, et al. The safety of im-munizing with tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis lessthan 2 years following previous tetanus vaccination: Experi-ence during a mass vaccination campaign of healthcare per-sonnel during a respiratory illness outbreak. Vaccine 2010;28:8001-7. 34.Terranella A, Asay GR, Messionnier ML, et al. Pregnancy doseTdap and postpartum cocooning to prevent infant pertussis:a decision analysis. Pediatrics 2013; 131:1748-56. 35.Tuttle J, Chen RT, Rantala H, Cherry JD, Rhodes PH, Had-ler S. The risk of Guillain-Barre syndrome after tetanus-to-xoid-containing vaccines in adults and children in the UnitedStates. Am J Public Health 1997;87:2045-8. 36.Vitek CR, Pascual FB, Baughman AL, Murphy TV. Increasein deaths from pertussis among young infants in the UnitedStates in the 1990s. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003;22:628-34. 37.Ward JI, Cherry JD, Chang SJ, et al. Efficacy of an acellu-lar pertussis vaccine among adolescents and adults. N EnglJ Med 2005;353:1555-63. 38.Wassilak SG, Roper MH, Murphy TV, Orenstein WA. Tetanustoxoid. In: Plotkin S, Orenstein WA, eds. Vaccines. 4th ed. Phi-ladelphia, PA: Saunders Co.; 2004:745-82. 39.Zheteyeva YA, Moro PL, Tepper NK, et al. Adverse event re-port after tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acel-lular pertussis vaccines in pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gyne-col 2012; 207:59.1-7.

Difteri, Tetanoz & Boğmaca Aşıları

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4, 27 - 32, 08.07.2016

Öz

Öz

Difteri ekzotoksinin, formaldehit ile karıştırılıp inaktive edildikten sonra toksoid hale getirilmesi ve alüminyum tuzları ile birleştirilerek immünojenitesi artırılan bir ürün ortaya çıkarılması ile aşı oluşturulur. Tetanoza karsı immünizasyon tetanoztoksoidi ile yapılıp tüm yaşlardaki insanlar için önerilmektedir. Tam hücre aşı ve aselüler aşı olmak üzere 2 tip boğmaca aşısı bulunmaktadır. Önceleri tüm dünyada tamhücreli boğmaca asısı kullanılırken, bu aşının yan etkilerinin fazla olması nedeniyle yan etkileri daha az ve daha etkin olan aselüler boğmaca aşısına geçilmiştir. Tetanoz toksoidi ile birlikte (DT), erişkin tetanozdifteri (Td), tetanoz toksoidi ve aselüler boğmaca aşısı (DTaB ve Tdap) gibi formlarda mevcuttur. Pediatrik tip aşıda (DT,DBT, DTaB) erişkin tip aşıya oranla difteri toksoidi miktarı daha fazladır. DaBT aşısının kontrendike olduğu durumlar ise; aşı komponentlerinden birine veya daha önceki aşı dozlarından sonra ciddi alerjik reaksiyon, anafilaksi gelişmesi, aşıdan sonraki ilk 1 hafta içinde, başka bir nedenle açıklanamayan ensefalopati, bilinç değişikliği ya da birkaç saatten uzun süren ve 24 saatte iyileşmeyen jeneralize ya da foka lkonvülsiyonlarla seyreden, başka bir nedenle açıklanamayan santral sinir sistemi hastalığı olması, ilerleyici nörolojik hastalık varlığı durumlarıdır.

Kaynakça

  • Kaynaklar 1.Advisory Committee On Immunization Practices (ACIP). Vac-cines For Children Program Vaccines To Prevent Diphthe-ria, Tetanus and Pertussis. Erişim tarihi:02 eylül2016.http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/programs/vfc/downloads/re-solutions/1012-1-dtap.pdf 2.Broder KR, Cortese MM, Iskander JK, Kretsinger K, Slade BA,Brown KH, Mijalski CM, Tiwari T, Weston EJ, Cohn AC, Sri-vastava PU, Moran JS, Schwartz B, Murphy TV; Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Preventing te-tanus, diphtheria, and pertussis among adolescents: use of te-tanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertus-sis vaccines recommendations of the Advisory Committee onImmunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006Mar 24;55(RR-3):1-34. 3.CDC. Availability of diphtheria antitoxin through an inves-tigational new drug protocol. MMWR 2004;53:413. 4.CDC. Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis: recommendationsfor vaccine use and other preventive measures. Recommen-dations of the Immunization Practices Advisory committee(ACIP). MMWR 1991;40(No. RR-10):1-28. 5.CDC. Immunization of adolescents. Recommendations of theAdvisory Committee on Immunization Practices, the Ameri-can Academy of Pediatrics, the American Academy of FamilyPhysicians, and the American Medical Association. MMWR1996;45(No. RR-13):1-16. 6.CDC. Pertussis vaccination: use of acellular pertussis vac-cines among infants and young children. Recommendationsof the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).MMWR 1997;46 (No. RR-7):1-25. 7.CDC. Update: vaccine side effects, adverse reactions, contra-indications, and precautions. Recommendations of the Advi-sory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR1996;45 (No. RR-12):1-35. 8.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)UpdatedRecommendations for Use of Tetanus Toxoid, ReducedDiphtheria Toxoid and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine (Tdap) inPregnant Women– Advisory Committee on Immunization Prac-tices (ACIP), 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013;62:131-135. 9.Cherry J, Heinnger U. Pertussis and other Bordetella infec-tions. In: Feigin R, Cherry J, Demmler G, et al., eds. Textbo-ok of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA:Saunders Co.; 2004. 10.Dilli D, Bostanci I, Dallar Y, Buzgan T, Irmak H, Torunog-lu MA. Recent findings on pertussis epidemiology in Turkey.Eur J Clin Infect Dis 2008; 27: 335-41 11.Edsall G, Elliott MW, Peebles TC, Eldred MC. Excessive useof tetanus toxoid boosters. JAMA 1967;202:111-3. 12.Gall SA, Myers J, Pichichero M. Maternal immunization withtetanus-diphtheria-pertussis vaccine: effect on maternal andneonatal serum antibody levels. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011;204:334.1-5. 13.Gordon J, Hood R. Whooping cough and its epidemiologicalanomalies. Am J Med Sci 1951;222:333-61. 14.Halperin SA, Wang EL, Law B, et al. Epidemiological featu-res of pertussis in hospitalized patens in Canada, 1991--1997:Report of the immunization monitoring program--Ace (IM-PACT). Clin Infect Dis 1999;28:1238-43. 15.Halperin SA, Sweet L, Baxendale D, Neatby A, Rykers P, SmithB, Zelman M, Maus D, Lavigne P, Decker MD. How soon af-ter a prior tetanus-diphtheria vaccination can one give adultformulation tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccine?Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25:195-200. 16.Hardy-Fairbanks AJ, Pan SJ, Decker MD, et al. Immune res-ponse in infants whose mothers received Tdap vaccine duringpregnancy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2013; 32:1257-1260. 17.Healy CM, Rench MA, Baker CJ. Importance of timing of ma-ternal combined tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis immuniza-tion and protection of young infants. Clin Infect Dis 2013;56:539-544. 18.Hewlett EL. A commentary on the pathogenesis of pertussis.Clin Infect Dis 1999;28(Suppl 2):94-98. 19.James G, Longshore W Jr., Hendry J. Diphtheria immuniza-tion studies of students in an urban high school. Am J Hyg1951;53:178-201. 20.Klein NP, Bartlett J, Rowhani-Rahbar A, et al. Waning pro-tection after fifth dose of acellular pertussis vaccine in child-ren. N Engl J Med 2012; 367:1012-1019. 21.Klein NP, Bartlett J, Fireman B, et al. Comparative effecti-veness of acellular versus whole-cell pertussis vaccines in tee-nagers. Pediatrics 2013; 131:1716-1722. 22.Kretsinger K, Broder KR, Cortese MM, Joyce MP, Ortega-Sanchez I, Lee GM, Tiwari T, Cohn AC, Slade BA, IskanderJK, Mijalski CM, Brown KH, Murphy TV; Centers for Disea-se Control and Prevention; Advisory Committee on Immuni-zation Practices; Healthcare Infection Control Practices Adisory Committee. Preventing tetanus, diphtheria, and pertus-sis among adults: use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheriatoxoid and acellular pertussis vaccine recommendations of theAdvisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) andrecommendation of ACIP, supported by the Healthcare Infec-tion Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC), for useof Tdap among health-care personnel. MMWR RecommRep. 2006 Dec 15;55(RR-17):1-37. 23.Lee GM, LeBaron C, Murphy TV, Lett S, Schauer S, Lieu TA.Pertussis in adolescents and adults: should we vaccinate? Pe-diatrics 2005;115:1675-84. 24.Lee GM, Lett S, Schauer S, et al. Societal costs and morbidityof pertussis in adolescents and adults. Clin Infect Dis2004;39:1572--80. 25.Lloyd JC, Haber P, Mootrey GT, Braun MM, Rhodes PH, ChenRT. Adverse event reporting rates following tetanus-diphthe-ria and tetanus toxoid vaccinations: data from the Vaccine Ad-verse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 1991--1997. Vacci-ne 2003;21:3746-50. 26.Mattoo S, Cherry JD. Molecular pathogenesis, epidemiology,and clinical manifestations of respiratory infections due to Bor-detella pertussis and other Bordetella subspecies. Clin Mic-robiol Rev 2005;18:326-82. 27.Pichichero ME, Casey JR. Acellular pertussis vaccines for ado-lescents. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005;24:117-26. 28.Pichichero ME, Rennels MB, Edwards KM, et al. Combinedtetanus, diphtheria, and 5-component pertussis vaccine for usein adolescents and adults. JAMA 2005;293:3003-11. 29.Preziosi M, Halloran M. Effects of pertussis vaccination ondisease: vaccine efficacy in reducing clinical severity. Clin In-fect Dis 2003;37:772-9. 30.Relyveld EH, Bizzini B, Gupta RK. Rational approaches to re-duce adverse reactions in man to vaccines containing tetanusand diphtheria toxoids. Vaccine 1998;16:1016-23. 31.Shakib JH, Korgenski K, Sheng X, et al. Tetanus, diptheria,acellular pertussis vaccine during pregnancy: pregnancy andinfant health outcomes. J Pediatr 2013; 163:1322-6. 32.Stratton KR, Howe CJ, Johnston RB Jr. Adverse events asso-ciated with childhood vaccines other than pertussis and ru-bella. Summary of a report from the Institute of Medicine.JAMA 1994;271:1602-5. 33.Talbot EA, Brown KH, Kirkland KB, et al. The safety of im-munizing with tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis lessthan 2 years following previous tetanus vaccination: Experi-ence during a mass vaccination campaign of healthcare per-sonnel during a respiratory illness outbreak. Vaccine 2010;28:8001-7. 34.Terranella A, Asay GR, Messionnier ML, et al. Pregnancy doseTdap and postpartum cocooning to prevent infant pertussis:a decision analysis. Pediatrics 2013; 131:1748-56. 35.Tuttle J, Chen RT, Rantala H, Cherry JD, Rhodes PH, Had-ler S. The risk of Guillain-Barre syndrome after tetanus-to-xoid-containing vaccines in adults and children in the UnitedStates. Am J Public Health 1997;87:2045-8. 36.Vitek CR, Pascual FB, Baughman AL, Murphy TV. Increasein deaths from pertussis among young infants in the UnitedStates in the 1990s. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003;22:628-34. 37.Ward JI, Cherry JD, Chang SJ, et al. Efficacy of an acellu-lar pertussis vaccine among adolescents and adults. N EnglJ Med 2005;353:1555-63. 38.Wassilak SG, Roper MH, Murphy TV, Orenstein WA. Tetanustoxoid. In: Plotkin S, Orenstein WA, eds. Vaccines. 4th ed. Phi-ladelphia, PA: Saunders Co.; 2004:745-82. 39.Zheteyeva YA, Moro PL, Tepper NK, et al. Adverse event re-port after tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acel-lular pertussis vaccines in pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gyne-col 2012; 207:59.1-7.
Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm makale
Yazarlar

Doç. Dr. Hasan Tezer Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 8 Temmuz 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Tezer, D. D. H. (2016). Difteri, Tetanoz & Boğmaca Aşıları. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi, 8(4), 27-32.
AMA Tezer DDH. Difteri, Tetanoz & Boğmaca Aşıları. Pediatri. Temmuz 2016;8(4):27-32.
Chicago Tezer, Doç. Dr. Hasan. “Difteri, Tetanoz & Boğmaca Aşıları”. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi 8, sy. 4 (Temmuz 2016): 27-32.
EndNote Tezer DDH (01 Temmuz 2016) Difteri, Tetanoz & Boğmaca Aşıları. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi 8 4 27–32.
IEEE D. D. H. Tezer, “Difteri, Tetanoz & Boğmaca Aşıları”, Pediatri, c. 8, sy. 4, ss. 27–32, 2016.
ISNAD Tezer, Doç. Dr. Hasan. “Difteri, Tetanoz & Boğmaca Aşıları”. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi 8/4 (Temmuz 2016), 27-32.
JAMA Tezer DDH. Difteri, Tetanoz & Boğmaca Aşıları. Pediatri. 2016;8:27–32.
MLA Tezer, Doç. Dr. Hasan. “Difteri, Tetanoz & Boğmaca Aşıları”. Klinik Tıp Pediatri Dergisi, c. 8, sy. 4, 2016, ss. 27-32.
Vancouver Tezer DDH. Difteri, Tetanoz & Boğmaca Aşıları. Pediatri. 2016;8(4):27-32.