Child Nutrition and Healthy Snacks

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 5, 1 - 7, 06.09.2016

Prof. Dr. Muazzez Garipağaoğlu

Öz

Abstract

Among the approaches to improving nutrition in children, ‘choosing right foods’takes the first place. Many factors such as age, sex, family, hunger-satiety status, nutrition industry, snacks affect the food choice. Although snacks are consumed by individuals at any age, most commonly they are consumed by children. Snacks are foods consumed sometimes as a quick main meal or just used to satisfy hunger in business meetings, friend meetings, celebrations and birthdays. Sometimes they are consumed unwittingly or to suppress stress. Healthy snacks are defined as fat, sugar andsalt poor foods that do not include preservatives, artificial coloring or aroma and richin vitamins, minerals and fiber. A healthy snack should carry the features of sufficiency, balance, limited or controlled energy and offering diversity. Snacks with these features support healthy nutrition. In this review, we evaluated the effects of healthy snacks on child nutrition and health.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Healthy nutrition, snacks, child nutrition sciences

Çocuk Beslenmesi ve Sağlıklı Atıştırmalıklar

Öz

Öz

Çocuklarda beslenmeyi iyileştirme yaklaşımları arasında “doğru besin seçimi” ilk sırada yer almaktadır. Besin seçimini yaş, cins, aile, açlık-tokluk durumu, besin endüstrisi, atıştırmalıklar vb. birçok faktör etkilemektedir. Atıştırmalıklar her yaşta birey tarafından tüketilmesine karşın, en fazla çocuklar tarafından tüketilmektedir. Atıştırmalıklar, çoğunlukla bir ara öğün, bazen hızlı bir ana öğün, bazen karın doyurmak için, iş toplantılarında, arkadaş toplantılarında, kutlamalarda, doğum günlerinde, bazen stresi bastırmak için, bazen de farkında olmaksızın tüketilen besinlerdir. Sağlıklı atıştırmalık, yağ, şeker ve tuzdan fakir, koruyucu, yapay renklendirici ve aroma içermeyen, vitamin, mineral ve liften zengin olan besin ya da besinler olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Sağlıklı bir atıştırmalık yeterlilik, denge, sınırlı ya da kontrollü enerji, ılımlı ve çeşitlilik sunma özelliklerini taşımalıdır. Bu özelliklere sahip olan atıştırmalıklar, sağlıklı beslenmeye destek verirler. Bu derlemede, sağlıklı atıştırmalıkların çocuk beslenmesi ve sağlığı üzerine etkileri ele alınmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sağlıklı beslenme, atıştırmalık, çocuk beslenmesi bilimleri

Kaynakça

• Kaynaklar 1.Gökçay G, Garipağaoğlu M. Beslenme ve beslenme bozukluk-ları. In: Neyzi O, Ertuğrul T, Pediatri, 4. baskı, İstanbul: No-bel Tıp Kitabevleri, 2011: s211-32. 2.Walker SP, Wachs TD, Gardner JM, et al. Child development:risk factors for adverse outcomes in developing countries. TheLancet 2007, 369: 145-57. 3.Koletzko B. Early nutrition and its later consequences: Newopportunities. Adv Exp Med Biol 2005; 569: 69-79. 4.Gunter AL, Buyken AE, Kroke A. Protein intake during the pe-riod of complementary feeding and early childhood and theassociation with body mass index and percentage body fat at7 y of age. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85: 1626-33. 5.HoltC, Wooldridge N, Story M, Sofka D. Children and ado-lescents with special health care needs, Bright Futures Nut-rition, 3rd edition, Elk Grove Village: American Academy ofPediatrics, 2011: p.123-31. 6.De Pee S, T van den Briel, J van Hees, MW Bloem. Introdu-cing new and improved food products for better nutrition. In:World Food Programme: Revolution: from food aid to foodassistance. Rome 2010: p.157-76.(Erişim: http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/docu-ments/newsroom/wfp225962.pdf) 7.Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, et al. Maternal and child un-dernutrition: Global and regional exposures and health con-sequences. The Lancet 2008; 371:243-60. 8.Kelly AS, Barlow SE, Rao G, et al. Severe obesity in childrenand adolescents: Identification, associated health risks, andtreatment approaches severe obesity. Circulation 2013; 128:1689-712. 9.Daniels SR, Arnett DK, Eckel RH, et al. Overweight in child-ren and adolescents: pathophysiology, consequences, preven-tion, and treatment. Circulation 2005; 111: 1999–2002. 10.Freedman DS, Zuguo M, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS, DietzWH. Cardiovascular risk factors and excess adiposity amongoverweight children and adolescents: The Bogalusa HeartStudy. J Pediatr 2007; 50: 12–17. 11.European Commission Community Research. European re-search on traditional foods. Brussels 2007: s8-9. (Erişim:http://rp7.ffg.at/upload/medialibrary/traditional-foods.pdf ) 12.Pelletier JE, Laska MN, Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M. Po-sitive attitudes toward organic, local and sustainable foodsare associated with higher dietary quality among young adults.J Acad Nutr Diet 2013; 113: 127-32. 13.Story, M, Kaphingst KM, O’Brien RR, Glanz K. Creating he-althy food and eating environments: Policy and environmen-tal approaches. Annu Rev Public Health 2008; 29: 253-72. 14.Kabaran S, Mercanlıgil SM. Adolesan dönem besin seçimleri-ni hangi faktörler etkiliyor? Güncel Pediatri 2013; 11: 121-27. 15.Waddingham S, Stevens S, Macintyre K, Shaw K. Most of themare junk food but we did put fruit on there and we have wa-ter: What children can tell us about the food choices they make.Health Educ 2015; 115: 126-40. 16.Savage JS, Fisher JO, Birch LL. Parental influence on eatingbehavior: Conception to adolescence. J Law Med Ethics 2007;35: 22-34. 17.Diethelm K, Jankovic N, Moreno LA, et al. On behalf of theHELENA Study Group. Food intake of European adolescentsin the light of different food-based dietary guidelines: resultsof the HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition inAdolescence) Study. Public Health Nutr 2011; 15: 386–98. 18.Nørgaarda MK, Sørensenb BT, Brunsøc K. A concept test of no-vel healthy snacks among adolescents: Antecedents of preferen-ces and buying intentions. Food Qual Prefer 2014; 33: 17–26. 19.Russella CG, Worsleya A, Liema DG. Parents’ food choicemotives and their associations with children’s food preferen-ces. Public Health Nutr 2015; 18: 1018-27. 20.Guthrie J, Mancino L, Jordan Lin CT. Nudging consumers towardbetter food choices: Policy approaches to changing food consump-tion behaviors. Psychology and Marketing 2015; 32: 501–11. 21.Gatenby SJ. Eating frequency: Methodological and dietary as-pects. British J Nutr 1997; 77 (1): 7-20. 22.Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Com-mittee. DRI 2015. 23.Cleobury L, Tapper K. Reasons for eating ‘unhealthy’ snacksin overweight and obese males and females. Clinical Nutri-tion 2014; 27 (4): 333–41. 24.Nielsen NV. What Consumers Are Reaching for Around theWorld. In: Snacking with a Conscience. The Nielsen Company2014. (Erişim: http://www.nielsen.com/content/dam/nielseg-lobal/kr/docs/global-report/2014/Nielsen%20Global%20Snac-king%20Report%20September%202014.pdf. 25.Vasiljevic M, Pechey R, Marteau TM. Making food labels so-cial: The impact of color of nutritional labels and injunctivenorms on perceptions and choice of snacks food. Appetite 2015;91: 56-63. 26.Türkiye Beslenme ve Sağlık Araştırması 2010. Beslenme du-rumu ve alışkanlıklarının değerlendirilmesi sonuç raporu. T.C.Sağlık Bakanlığı, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Beslenme ve Diye-tetik Bölümü, Şubat 2014. 27.American Academy of Pediatrics. Snacks, Sweetened Bevera-ges, Added Sugars, and Schools Pediatrics. Council on Scho-ol Health, Committee on Nutrition 2015; 135 (3): 576-82. 28.Webmaster LB. It’s Snack Time in India. Packaging 2015.29.Briefel RR, Wilson A, Gleason PM. Consumption of low-nut-rient, energy-dense foods and beverages at school, home, andother locations among school lunch participants and nonpar-ticipants. J Acad Nutr Diet 2009; 109: 79-90. 30.Briefel RR, Wilson A, Cabili C. Reducing calories and addedsugars by improving children's beverage choices. J Acad NutrDiet 2013; 113: 269–75.31.Boots SA, Tiggeman M, Corsini N, Mattiske J. Managing yo-ung children’s snack food intake. The role of parenting styleand feeding strategies. Appetite 2015; 92: 94-101. 32.Hess J, Slavin J. Article snacking for a cause: Nutritional in-sufficiencies and excesses of U.S. children, a critical reviewof food consumption patterns and macronutrient and micro-nutrient intake of US children. Nutrients 2014; 6: 4750-59. 33.Reedy J, Krebs-Smith SM. Dietary sources of energy, solid fats,and added sugars among children and adolescents in the Uni-ted States. J Am Diet Assoc 2010; 110: 1477–84. 34.Williams C. Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. Children’sDietary Intakes Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010.(Erişim: www.cnpp.usda.gov/ Publications/DietaryGuideli-nes/2010/ DGAC/Report/Resource1-Children.pdf) 35.Gugger C, Bidwai S, Joshi N, Holschuh N, Albertson A. Nut-rient contribution of snacking in Americans: Results from theNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2012.The FASEB Journal 2015; 29: 587-14. 36.Ortinau LC, Hoetel HA, Douglas SM, Leidy HJ. Effects of high-protein vs. high-fat snacks on appetite control, satiety and ea-ting initiation in healthy women. Nutr J 2014, 13: 97. 37.The Institute of Medicine (IOM), Nutrition Standards for Fo-ods in Schools. Nutrition Standards for Foods Outside of Scho-ol Meal Programs Information for Parents, Guardians, Te-achers, and School Staff. Centers for Disease Control and Pre-vention National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention andHealth Promotion Division of Adolescent and School Health,2009.(Erişim:http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/nutrition/pdf/nutrition_factsheet_parents.pdf) 38.Texas Public School Nutrition Policy. Texas Department ofAgriculture,2009.(Erişim:http://www.kleinisd.net/users/0056/docs/TxSchoolNutritionPolicy.pdf) 39.T.C. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı, Sağlık İşleri Dairesi Başkanlığı.Okul Kantinlerindeki Gıda Satışı. Genelgesi, 2011. 40.American Academy of Pediatrics. Snacks, sweetened bevera-ges, added sugars, and schools council on school health, com-mittee on nutrition. Pediatrics 2015, 135: 575-82. 41.US Department of Agriculture, Center for Nutrition Policy andPromotion. Report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Com-mittee on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. (Eri-şim: www.cnpp. usda.gov/dgas2010-dgacreport.htm). 42.Kleinman RE, Greer FR. Pediatric Handbook. Fast foods, or-ganic foods, fad diets. 7th edition. United States of America.American Academy of Pediatrics, 2014: p275-300. 43.Bilici S, Köksal E. Okul öncesi ve okul çağı çocuklara yöne-lik beslenme önerileri ve menü programları. T.C. Sağlık Ba-kanlığı, Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu. Ankara, 2013. 44.Garipağaoğlu M, Özgüneş N. Okullarda beslenme uygulama-ları. Çocuk Dergisi 2008, 8 (3):152–59. 45.Cullen KW, Watson K, Zakeri I. Improvements in middle scho-ol student dietary intake after implementation of the Texas Pub-lic School nutrition policy. American Journal of Public He-alth 2008; 98 (1): 111-17.46.American Academy of Pediatrics. Dietary recommendationsfor children and adolescents a guide for practitioners consen-sus statement from the American Heart Association. Circu-lation 2005; 112: 2061-75. 47.Ogata BN, Hayes D. Position of the Academy of Nutrition andDietetics: Nutrition guidance for healthy children ages 2 to11 years. J Acad Nutr Diet 2014; 114: 1257–76. 48.Oldways Preservation& Exchange Trust. MediterraneanDiet Pyramid. Oldways Preservation & Exchange Trust, 2009.(Erişim: http://oldwayspt.org/resources/heritage-pyramids/me-diterranean-pyramid/overview). 49.Harvard School of Public Health. The Nutrition Source: He-althy eating plate and healthy eating pyramid. (Erişim:http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/pyramid/) 50.Bebisprofor Windows, Stuttgart, Germany; Turkish Version(Bebis 7), Istanbul, 2004. Program uses data from Bundes-lebensmittelschlüssel (BLS) 11.3 and USDA 15.