Hava Kirliliği ve Alerjik Hastalıklara Etkisi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 49 - 53, 01.04.2020

Nihat Sapan Şükrü Çekiç

Öz

Hava kirliliği insan sağlığını etkileyen en önemli problemlerden biridir. Alerjik
hastalıkların görülme sıklığındaki artışın önemli nedenlerinden birinin hava kirliliği
olduğu düşünülmektedir. Araç trafiğine maruz kalma alerji ve astım sıklığını arttırmaktadır.
Ayrıca sanayi bölgesine yakın yaşayanlarda astım ve vizing oranı anlamlı
olarak yüksek bulunmaktadır.
Havadaki partikül madde (PM) insan sağlığını etkileyen en önemli kirleticilerden
biridir. PM’nin 10 mikrondan büyük olanları burun ve nazofarenkste tutulmakta iken,
10 mikrondan küçük olanlar büyük bronşlara kadar ulaşırlar. Çapı 2,5 mikrondan küçük
olanlar alveollere ulaşabilirler ve 0,1 mikron çapında olanlar ise alveollerden intrakapiller
aralığa diffüze olmaktadır.
PM ile kısa süreli karşılaşma özellikle alerjik duyarlılığı olan çocuklarda astıma
bağlı yakınmaları tetiklerken, uzun süreli karşılaşma astım kontrolünde kötüleşme
ve akciğer fonksiyonlarında azalma ile ilişkili bulunmuştur.
Sonuç olarak, şehirlerimizde giderek artan hava kirliliği bir toplum sağlığı problemi
olarak geleceğimizi etkilemektedir. Çözüm için gerekli önlemlerin yönetimler
tarafından benimsenmesi ve tam olarak uygulanmasının sağlanması çok önemlidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

alerjik hastalıklar, hava kirliliği, astım

Kaynakça

• 1. UNICEF Clear the air for children: the impact of air pollution on children. Edited by. NewYork: UNICEF; 96. [UNICEF (Series Editor); 2016.
• 2. World Health Organization. Ambient air pollution: a global assessment of exposure and burden of disease. WHO report. 2016.
• Retreived from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/ 250141/1/ 9789241511353-eng.pdf.
• 3. https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution#tab=tab_2 4. https://who.int/emergencies/ten-threats-to-global-health-in- 2019
• 5. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Volume 109. Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs.2016.p.1.
• 6. Asher MI, Montefort S, Bjorksten B, Lai CK, Strachan DP, Weiland SK, et al. Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of
• symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC Phases One and Three repeat multicountry
• cross-sectional surveys. Lancet. 2006; 368(9537):733–43.
• 7. Eder W, Ege MJ, von Mutius E. The asthma epidemic. N Engl J Med. 2006; 355(21):2226–35.
• 8. Gehring U, Cyrys J, Sedlmeir G, Brunekreef B, Bellander T, Fischer P, et al. Traffic-related air pollution and respiratory health during the first 2 yrs of life. Eur Respir J. 2002; 19(4):690–8.
• 9. Takizawa H. Impact of air pollution on allergic diseases. The Korean journal of internal medicine. 2011; 26(3):262–73.
• 10. Perez L, Declercq C, Iñiguez C, Aguilera I, Badaloni C, Ballester F, Bouland C, Chanel O, Cirarda FB, Forastiere F, Forsberg
• B, Haluza D, Hedlund B, Cambra K, Lacasaña M, Moshammer H, Otorepec P, Rodríguez-Barranco M, Medina S,
• Künzli N. Chronic burden of near-roadway traffic pollution in 10 European cities (APHEKOM network). Eur Respir J. 2013 Sep;42(3):594-605.
• 11. https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/cevresagligi-ced/ced-birimi/havakirliliği- ve-sağlık-etkileri.html
• 12. Wang P, Thevenot P, Saravia J, Ahlert T, Cormier SA. Radical- containing particles activate dendritic cells and enhance
• Th17 inflammation in a mouse model of asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2011; 45:977–83.
• 13. van Voorhis M, Knopp S, Julliard W, et al. Exposure to atmospheric
• particulate matter enhances Th17 polarization through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. PLoS One. 2013 Dec 11;8(12):e82545.
• 14. Mann JK, Balmes JR, Bruckner TA, et al. Short-term effects of air pollution on wheeze in asthmatic children in Fresno, California. Environ Health Perspect. 2010;118(10):1497-502.
• 15. Meng YY, Rull RP, Wilhelm M, Lombardi C, Balmes J, Ritz B. Outdoor air pollution and uncontrolled asthma in the San Joaquin
• Valley, California. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2010 Feb;64(2):142-7.
• 16. Clark NA, Demers PA, Karr CJ, et al. Eff ect of early life exposure to air pollution on development of childhood asthma. Environ Health Perspect 2010; 118: 284–90.
• 17. Dong GH, Chen T, Liu MM, et al. Gender differences and effect of air pollution on asthma in children with and without
• allergic predisposition: northeast Chinese children health study. PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e22470.
• 18. Islam T, Berhane K, McConnell R, et al. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) P1, GSTM1, exercise, ozone and asthma incidence
• in school children. Thorax. 2009; 64:197–202.
• 19. Witten A, Solomon C, Abbritti E, et al. Eff ects of nitrogen dioxide on allergic airway responses in subjects with asthma. J Occup Environ Med 2005; 47: 1250–59.
• 20. Health Eff ects Institute. Panel on the Health Eff ects of Traffi c-Related Air Pollution. Traffi c-related air pollution: a critical
• review of the literature on emissions, exposure, and health eff ects. Boston, MA: Health Eff ects Institute, 2010.
• 21. Brandt EB, Kovacic MB, Lee GB, et al. Diesel exhaust particle induction of IL-17A contributes to severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013; 132:1194–1204.
• 22. Kehrl HR, Peden DB, Ball B, Folinsbee LJ, Horstman D. Increased specific airway reactivity of persons with mild allergic
• asthma after 7.6 hours of exposure to 0. 16 ppm ozone. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999; 104:1198–204.
• 23. Tunnicliffe WS, Burge PS, Ayres JG. Effect of domestic concentrations of nitrogen dioxide on airway responses to inhaled allergen in asthmatic patients. Lancet. 1994; 344:1733–36.
• 24. Devalia JL, Rusznak C, Herdman MJ, Trigg CJ, Tarraf H, Davies RJ. Effect of nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide on airway
• response of mild asthmatic patients to allergen inhalation. Lancet. 1994; 344:1668–71.
• 25. Nel AE, Diaz-Sanchez D, Ng D, Hiura T, Saxon A. Enhancement of allergic inflammation by the interaction between diesel
• exhaust particles and the immune system. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998; 102:539–54.
• 26. Chau-Etchepare F, Hoerger JL, Kuhn BT, et al. Viruses and non-allergen environmental triggers in asthma. J Investig Med 2019;67:1029–1041.
• 27. Penard-Morand C, Raherison C, Charpin D, et al. Long-term exposure to close-proximity air pollution and asthma and allergies in urban children. Eur Respir J. 2010; 36:33-40.
• 28. Schultz AA, Schauer JJ, Malecki KM. Allergic disease association with regional estimates of air pollution. Environmental Research, 10 Feb 2017, 155:77-85
• 29. Stanek LW, Brown JS, Stanek J, Gift J, Costa DL. Air pollution toxicology—a brief review of the role of the science in shaping
• the current understanding of air pollution health risks. Toxicol Sci. 2011;120(suppl 1):S8–27.
• 30. Jacquemin B, Kauffmann F, Pin I, et al. Air pollution and asthma control in the Epidemiological study on the Genetics and
• Environment of Asthma. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2012; 66:796–802.
• 31.TMMOB Çevre Mühendisleri odası, Hava Kirliliği Raporu – 2018.