COVID-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Algılanan Sosyal Destek ile Travma Sonrası Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Öz

COVID-19 salgın sürecinde hastalık kapmakla ilintili şiddetli kaygılar ve koronavirüs sebebiyle bireylerin yakınlarını kaybetmeleri insanlar üzerinde travmatik bir etki yaratabilmektedir. Ancak psikolojik anlamda travmatize edici yaşantılar her zaman negatif psikolojik sonuçlar doğurmamaktadır. Travma sonrası büyüme kavramı, bireylerin örseleyici yaşantılar ile mücadele ederken sergiledikleri baş etme yöntemleri sonucunda açığa çıkan olumlu değişimleri ifade etmektedir. Travmatik yaşantıların ardından büyümenin gerçekleşmesi algılanan sosyal desteğin önemli bir rolü olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, COVID-19 salgın döneminde genç yetişkin bireylerin algıladıkları sosyal destek düzeyi ile travma sonrası büyüme düzeyi arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Araştırmanın örneklemini 18-35 yaş aralığında bulunan toplam 467 (325 kadın, %69.6’sı kadın, 142 erkek, %30.4’ü erkek) genç yetişkin birey oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmanın verileri Sosyal Bilimler için İstatistik (SPSS) 25.00 Programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Veri analizinde Bağımsız Örneklemler T-Testi, Pearson Korelasyon Testi ve Çoklu Doğrusal Regresyon Analizi uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde genç yetişkin bireylerin algıladıkları sosyal destek düzeyi arttıkça travma sonrası büyüme düzeyinin arttığı belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• covid-19 pandemisi
• kitlesel travma
• travma sonrası büyüme
• algılanan sosyal destek

Examination of the Relationship between Post-Traumatic Growth and Perceived Social Support During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Öz

Severe concerns about catching a disease during the COVID-19 epidemic process and the loss of relatives due to coronavirus can have a traumatic effect on individuals. However, psychologically traumatizing experiences do not always lead to negative psychological consequences. The notion of post-traumatic growth indicates to the positive shifts that appear as a consequence of the coping methods that individuals exhibit while struggling with traumatic experiences. Perceived social support is thought to play an essential role in the procedure of growth after traumatic experiences. The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between the grade of social support perceived by young adults and the level of post-traumatic growth throughout the COVID-19 epidemic term. The sample of the investigation consists of a total of 467 (325 female, 69.6% female, 142 male, 30.4% male) young adult individuals between the ages of 18-35. The data of the study were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 25.00 Program. In data analysis, Independent Samples T-Test, Pearson Correlation Test and Multiple Linear Regression Analysis were applied. In the study, it was detected that the level of post-traumatic growth enhanced as the perceived social support level of young adult individuals increased while the COVID-19 pandemic days.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• covid-19 pandemic
• mass trauma
• post traumatic growth
• perceived social support

Kaynakça

1. Ajoudani, F., Jafarizadeh, H., & Kazamzadeh, J. (2019). Social support and posttraumatic growth in Iranian burn survivors: the mediating role of spirituality, Burns, 45(3), 732-740. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2018.10.013
2. Ao, Y., Zhu, H., Meng, F., Wang, Y., Ye, G., Yang, L., Dong, N., & Martek, I. (2020). The impact of social support on public anxiety amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), 9097. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17239097
3. Arnetz, J.E., Goetz, C.M., Arnetz, B.B., & Arble, E. (2020). Nurse reports of stressful situations during the COVID-19 pandemic: qualitative analysis of survey responses, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 8126. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17218126
4. Arslan, G., Yıldırım, M., & Aytaç, M. (2022). Subjective vitality and loneliness explain how coronavirus anxiety increases rumination among college students, Death Studies, 46(5), 1042-1051. doi: 10.1080/07481187.2020.1824204
5. Billette, V., Guay, S., & Marchand, A. (2008). Post-traumatic stress disorder and social support in female victims of sexual assault: the impact of spousal involvement on the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy, Behavior Modification, 32(6), 876-896. doi: 10.1177/0145445508319280
6. Durak-Batıgün, A., & Şenkal-Ertürk, İ. (2020). Çok boyutlu COVID-19 ölçeği geliştirme, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması, Nesne Dergisi, 8(18), 406-421. doi: 10.7816/nesne-08-18-04
7. Dursun, P., & Söylemez, İ. (2020). Travma sonrası büyüme: gözden geçirilmiş son model ile kapsamlı bir değerlendirme, Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 31(1), 57-68. doi: 10.5080/u23694
8. Eker, D., Arkar, H., & Yaldız, H. (2001). Çok boyutlu algılanan sosyal destek ölçeğinin gözden geçirilmiş formunun faktör yapısı, geçerlik ve güvenirliği, Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 12(1), 17-25.

9. Ercan, H. (2013). Genç yetişkinlerde benlik kurgusu üzerine bir çalışma. Zeitschrift für die Welt der Türken, 5(2).157-178.
10. Gaffey, A.E, Aranda, F., Burns, J.W., Purim-Shem-Tov, Y.A., Burgess, H.J., Beckham, J.C., Bruehl, S., & Hobfoll, S.E. (2018). Race, psychosocial vulnerability and social support differences in inner-city women's symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 32(1), 18-31. doi: 10.1080/10615806.2018.1532078
11. Guo, K., Zhang, X., Bai, S., Minhat, H.S., Iqmer, A., Nazan, N.M., Feng, J., Li, X., Luo, G., Zhang, X., Feng, J., Li, Y., Si, M., Qiao, Y., Ouyang, J., & Saliluddin, S. (2021). Assessing social support impact on depression, anxiety, and stress among undergraduate students in Shaanxi province during the COVID-19 pandemic of China, Plos One, 16(7), 0253891. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253891
12. İnce, M., & Yılmaz, M. (2020). Olağanüstü olayların sosyal yaşam ve kültürlere etkisi; Covid-19 salgınının Türk kültürüne etkisi üzerine bir araştırma. Uluslararası Kültürel ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(2), 552-571. https://doi.org/10.46442/intjcss.796380
13. Kağan, M., Güleç, M., Boysan, M., & Çavuş, H. (2012). Travma sonrası büyüme envanterinin Türkçe versiyonunun normal toplumda hiyerarşik faktör yapısı, Taf Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 11(5), 617-624. doi: 10.5455/PMB.1323620200
14. Karimi, L., Makvandi, S., Mahdavian, M., & Khalili, R. (2021). Relationship between social support and anxiety caused by COVID-19 in pregnant women, Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility, 23(10), 9-17. doi: 10.22038/IJOGI.2020.17482
15. Kong, L., Fang, M., Ma, T., Li, G., Yang, F., Meng, Q., Li, Y., & Li, P. (2018). Positive affect mediates the relationships between resilience, social support, and posttraumatic growth of women with infertility, Psychology, Health and Medicine, 23(6) 707-716. doi: 10.1080/13548506.2018.1447679
16. Laham, S., Bertuzzi, L., Deguen, S., Hecker, I., Melchior, M., Patane, M., Pinucci, I., Sijbrandij, M., & Van Der Waerden, J. (2021). Impact of longitudinal social support and loneliness trajectories on mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in France, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(23), 12677, doi: 10.3390/ijerph182312677
17. Linley, P.A., & Joseph, S. (2004). Positive change following trauma and adversity: a review, Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(1), 11–21. doi: 10.1023/B:JOTS.0000014671.27856.7e
18. Moos, R. H., & Schaefer, J. A. (1987). Life transitions and crises. R. H. Moos (Ed.), Coping with life crises (pp. 3-28). New York, Springer Science Business Media.
19. Murphy, D., Williamson, C., Baumann, J., Busuttil, W., & Fear, N. T. (2022). Exploring the impact of COVID-19 and restrictions to daily living as a result of social distancing within veterans with pre-existing mental health difficulties, Bmj Mil Health, 168(1), 29-33, doi: 10.1136/bmjmilitary-2020-001622
20. Olson, K., Shanafelt, T., & Southwick, S. (2020). Pandemic-driven posttraumatic growth for organizations and individuals, Jama, 324(18), 1829-1830. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.20275
21. Özer, Ö., Özkan, O., Budak, F., & Özmen, S. (2021). Does social support affect perceived stress? Research during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey, Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 31(1-4), 134-144. doi: 10.1080/10911359.2020.1854141
22. Pehlivan, S., Ovayolu, O., Ovayolu, N., Sevinç, A., & Camcı, C. (2012). Relationship between hopelessness, loneliness, and perceived social support from family in Turkish patients with cancer, Supportive Care in Cancer, 20(4), 733-739. doi: 10.1007/s00520-011-1137-5
23. Rime, B., Paez, D., Basabe, N., & Martinez, F. (2010). Social sharing of emotion, post-traumatic growth, and emotional climate: follow‐up of Spanish citizen's response to the collective trauma of March 11th terrorist attacks in Madrid, European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(6), 1029-1045. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.700
24. Schaefer, J. A., & Moos, R. H. (1998). The context for post-traumatic growth: Life crises, individual and social resources and coping. R. G. Tedeschi, C. Park, & L. G. Calhoun (Eds.), Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of the crisis (pp. 126). New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. Publishers.
25. Sippel, L. M., Pietrzak, R. H., Charney, D. S., Mayes, L. C., & Southwick, S. M. (2015). How does social support enhance resilience in the trauma-exposed individual? Ecology and Society, 20(4).1-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-07832-200410
26. Sun, W., Chen, W. T., Zhang, Q., Ma, S., Huang, F., Zhang, L., & Lu, H. (2021). Post-traumatic growth experiences among COVID-19 confirmed cases in China: A qualitative study, Clinical Nursing Research, 30(7), 1079-1087. doi: 10.1177/10547738211016951
27. Tagay, Ö., Voltan-Acar, N., & Nalbant, A. (2016). Logoterapide kullanılan kavramların ve tekniklerin Türk kültürü’nde uygulanabilirliği, Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 17(1), 105-126. doi: 10.12984/eed53493
28. Tedeschi, R.G., & Calhoun, L.G. (1996). The post-traumatic growth inventory: measuring the positive legacy of trauma, Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455-471.
29. Tedeschi, R.G., & Calhoun, L.G. (2004). Post-traumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence, Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1-18. doi: 10.1207/s15327965pli1501_01
30. Yalçın, İ., Can, N., Mançe-Çalışır, Ö., Yalçın, S., & Çolak, B. (2022). Latent profile analysis of COVID-19 fear, depression, anxiety, stress, mindfulness, and resilience, Current Psychology, 41(1), 459-469. doi: 10.1007/s12144-021-01667-x
31. Zebrack, B., Kwak, M., Salsman, J., Cousino, M., Meeske, K., Aguilar, C., Embry, L., Block, R., Hayes-Lattin, B., & Cole, S. (2015). The relationship between post-traumatic stress and post-traumatic growth among adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer patients, Psycho‐Oncology, 24(2), 162-168. doi: 10.1002/pon.3585
32. Zhang, H., Ma, W., Wang, G., Wang, S., & Jiang, X. (2021). Effects of psychosocial factors on post-traumatic growth among lung cancer patients: a structural equation model analysis, European Journal of Cancer Care, 30(5), 13450. doi: 10.1111/ecc.13450
33. Zimet, G.D, Dahlem, N.W., Zimet, S.G, & Farley, G.K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support, Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30-41. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2