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Şanlıurfa Örnekleminde Depresif Belirtiler ve Anksiyete Yaygınlığının COVİD-19 ve Psikolojik Dayanıklılık ile İlişkisinin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2023, , 239 - 249, 26.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.23.3.06

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmada Şanlıurfa’da yaşayan bireylerin depresif belirtiler ve anksiyete yaygınlığının Covid 19 ve psikolojik dayanıklılık ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Mevcut çalışma kesitsel bir çalışma olup ilişkisel tarama modelinde tasarlanmıştır. Araştırma grubunu 18-65 yaş aralığında, Şanlıurfa ilinde ikamet eden ve araştırmaya katılmayı kabul etmiş 704 Kadın (%43,14) ve 928 Erkek (%56,86) olmak üzere toplamda 1632 kişi oluşturmuştur. Bu araştırmada katılımcılara araştırmacı tarafından oluşturulan Demografik Bilgi Formu, Beck Depresyon Ölçeği, Beck Anksiyete Ölçeği ve Yetişkinler İçin Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Katılımcıların sosyo-demografik özelliklerine, sağlık ve madde kullanım durumlarına ve Covid 19’a ilişkin bazı görüş ve uygulamalarına göre Beck Depresyon Ölçeğinden ve Beck Anksiyete Ölçeğinden aldıkları puanların karşılaştırılmasında; bağımsız değişken iki gruplu ise bağımsız örneklem t testi, ikiden fazla gruplu ise ANOVA uygulanmış ve ileri analiz için Tukey testi kullanılmıştır. Katılımcıların Beck Depresyon Ölçeğinden, Beck Anksiyete Ölçeğinden ve Yetişkinler için Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Ölçeğinden aldıkları puanlar arasındaki korelasyonlar için Pearson testi ve regresyon analizi uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlar incelendiğinde katılımcıların cinsiyetine, yaşına, eğitim durumu, medeni durumu, aylık gelir, çocuk sahibi olma ve oturdukları eve nasıl sahip olma durumları, fiziksel/psikolojik hastalığın varlığı ve alkol/psikoaktif madde kullanımına göre Beck Depresyon ve Beck Anksiyete Ölçeğinden aldıkları puanlar arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark olduğu saptanmıştır. Katılımcıların Yetişkinler için Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Ölçeği toplam puanı ve ölçekteki alt boyutlar ile Beck Depresyon ve Beck Anksiyete Ölçeği puanları arasında negatif yönde ve anlamlı düzeyde korelasyonlar bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Pandemi kapsamı dâhilinde fiziksel koruyucu tedbir ile beraber ruh sağlığını korumaya yönelik tedbirlerin alınması önerilmektedir. Sağlık profesyonelleri, özellikle psikologlar, COVID-19 hastalarının psikolojik durumlarının farkında olmalı ve ruh sağlıklarını iyileştirmek için dayanıklılığı arttırmak üzerine odaklanmalıdır.

Kaynakça

  • Almeida-Filho, N., Lessa, I., & Magalhaes, L (2004). Social inequality and depressive disorders in Bahia, Brazil: interactions of gender, ethnicity, and social class. Soc Sci Med, 59, 1339-1353.
  • Aslan, M.M., Yuvacı-Uslu, H., Köse, O., Cevrioğlu, A.S., & Özden, S. (2020). COVID-19 ve gebelik. J Biotechnol and Strategic Health Res, 1,10-13.
  • Ayakdaş-Dağlı, D., Büyükbayram, A., Baysan-Arabacı, L. (2020). COVID-19 tanısı alan hasta ve ailesine psikososyal yaklaşım. İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 191-195
  • Aydın, E. (2018). Çocukluk çağı travmatik yaşantılarının psikolojik sağlamlık ve depresyon belirtileri üzerine etkisi (Yayınlanmış yüksek lisans tezi). Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Babayiğit, A., & Çakıcı, M. (2022). Prevalence and risk factors of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in a North Cyprus household adult cross-sectional study. Cyprus Turkish Journal of Psychiatry & Psychology, 4(4), 315-323.
  • Basım, H. N., Çetin, F., & Tabak, A. (2009). Beş faktör kişilik özelliklerinin kişilerarası çatışma çözme yaklaşımlarıyla ilişkisi. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 24(63), 20– 34.
  • Beck, A.T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R.A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J Consult ClinPsychol, 56, 893-897.
  • Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., Ball, R., & Ranieri, W. (1996). Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories-IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients. J Pers Assess, 67(3), 588–97.
  • Beutel, M.E., Glaesmer, H., Wiltink, J., Marian, H., & Brähler, E. (2010). Life satisfaction, anxiety, depression and resilience across the life span of men. Aging Male, 1, 32-39.
  • Bilge, Y. & Bilge, Y. (2020). Koronavirüs salgını ve sosyal izolasyonun psikolojik semptomlar üzerindeki etkilerinin psikolojik sağlamlık ve stresle baş etme tarzları açısından incelenmesi. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 23(1), 38-51.
  • Bonanno, G. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events?. American Psychologist, 59(1), 20-28.
  • Bozdağ, F. (2020). Pandemic sürecinde psikolojik sağlamlık. Turkish Studies, 15(6), 247-257.
  • Chinna, K., Sundarasen, S., Khoshaim, H. B., Kamaludin, K., Nurunnabi, M., Baloch, G. M.,Hossain, S. F. A., Sukayt, A., Dalina, N., Rajagopalan, U., Kumar, R., & Memon, Z. (2021). Psychological impact of COVID-19 and lock down measures: An online cross-sectional multicounty study on Asian University students. PLOS ONE, 16(8), 1-12.
  • Çaparlar, C.Ö., & Dönmez, A. (2016). What is scientific research and how can it be done? Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim, 44, 212-218.
  • Didin, M., Yavuz, B., & Gezgin-Yazıcı H. (2022). Covid-19’un öğrencilerin stres, anksiyete, depresyon, korku düzeylerine etkisi: Sistematik derleme. (2022). Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 14(1), 38-45.
  • Friborg, O., Barlaug, D., Martinussen, M., Rosenvinge, J. H., & Hjemdal, O. (2005).
  • Resilience in relation to personality and intelligence. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 14(1), 29–42.
  • Güloğlu, B., Yılmaz, Z., İstemihan, F.Y., Arayıcı, S.M., & Yılmaz, S. ( 2020). Covid-19 pandemisi sürecinde bireylerdeki anksiyete ve umutsuzluk düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Kriz Dergisi, 28(3), 135-150.
  • Gültekin, B. K. (2010). Ruhsal bozuklukların önlenmesi: Kavramsal çerçeve ve sınıflandırma. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 2(4), 583-594.
  • Hamid, H., Abu-Hijleh, N. S., Sharif, S. L., Raqab, M. Z., Mas’ad, D., & Abbas, A. (2004). A primary care study of the correlates of depressive symptoms among Jordanian women. Transcultural Psychiatry, 41, 487–496
  • Hisli, N. (1988). A study on the validity of Beck Depression Scale. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 6(22),118–26.
  • Hosseini, A., Kakuma, R., Ghazinour, M., Davern, M., Evans, W.P., & Minas, H. (2017). Migration experience, resilience and depression: a study of Iranian immigrants living in Australia. Int J Cult Ment Health, 10(1), 108–20.
  • Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020): Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Res, 288, 112954. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954.
  • Kajbafnezhad, H., & KhanehKeshi, A. (2015). Predicting personality resiliency by psychological well-being and its components in girl students of Islamic Azad University. J Educ Psychol, 8,11–15
  • Kasapoğlu, F. (2020). COVID-19 salgını sürecinde kaygı ile maneviyat, psikolojik sağlamlık ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Turkish Studies, 15(4), 599- 614.
  • Kaya, B. (2007). Depresyon: Sosyo-ekonomik ve kültürel pencereden bakış. Klinik Psikiyatri, 10(6),11-20. Killgore, W. D. S., Taylor, E. C., & Cloonan, S. A. (2020). Psychological resilience during the COVID-19 lockdown. Psychiatry Research, 291, 113-216.
  • Lee, C. M., Cadigan, J. M., & Rhew, I. C. (2020). Increases in loneliness among young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic and association with increases in mental health problems. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 67(5), 714–717.
  • Li, W.W., & Miller, D.J. (2017). The impact of coping and resilience on anxiety among older Australians. Australian Journal of Psychology, 69(4), 263-272.
  • Liu, Z., Qiao, D., Xu, Y., Zhao, W., Yang, Y., & Wen, D. (2021). The efficacy of computerized cognitive behavioral therapy for depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with COVID-19: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res, 23(5), e26883.
  • Manyeruke, G. & Ergün, D. (2022). Mental health, loneliness and social support during COVID-19 Pandemic among ınternational university students in North Cyprus. Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 4(3), 211-221. Mukhtar, S. (2020). Psychological health during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic outbreak. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(5), 512–516
  • Nguyen, H.B., Nguyen, T.H.M., Vo, T.H.N., Vo, T.C.N., Nguyen, D.N.Q., Nguyen, H.T., Tang, T.N., Nguyen, T.H., Do, V.T., & Truong, Q.B. (2022). Post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression and related factors among COVID-19 patients during the fourth wave of the pandemic in Vietnam. Int Health, doi: 10.1093/inthealth/ihac040.
  • Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the Covid-19 epidemic: Implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry, 33(2), e100213.
  • Rossi, R., Socci, V., Talevi, D., Mensi, S., Niolu, C., & Pacitti, F. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy. Med Rxiv, 23(2), 410.
  • Rubin, G. J., Potts, H. W.W., & Michie, S. (2010). The impact of communications about swine flu (influenza A H1N1v) on public responses to the outbreak: results from 36 national telephone surveys in the UK. Health Technology Assessment, 14(34), 183- 266.
  • Rudwan, S., & Alhashimi, S. (2018). The relationship between resilience and mental health among a sample of University of Nizwa Students Sultanate of Oman. Eur Sci, 14, 288-303.
  • Ryan, N.D., Williamson, D.E., & lyengar, S. (1992). A secular increase in child and adolescent onset affective disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 31(41), 600-605.
  • Sharpley, C.F., Murcell, N., Anderson, M., Bitsika, V., Fourie, P.J., & Agnew, L.L. (2021). An exploration of recent life stress, psychological resilience, purpose in life, and optimism as correlates of depression in social housing residents in rural Australia. Int J Ment Health, 50(3), 1–16.
  • Sher, L. (2020). Suicide research and prevention during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 142, 353–3544
  • Sigdel, A., Bista, A., Bhattarai, N., Poon, B.C., Giri, G., & Marqusee, H. (2020). Depression, anxiety and depression-anxiety comorbidity amid COVID-19 Pandemic: An online survey conducted during lockdown in Nepal. Med Rxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.04.30.20086926
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Investigation of the Relationship between Depressive Symptoms and Anxiety Prevalence with COVID-19 and Psychological Resilience in Şanlıurfa Sample

Yıl 2023, , 239 - 249, 26.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.23.3.06

Öz

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to examine the relationship between depressive symptoms and anxiety prevalence of individuals living in Şanlıurfa with Covid 19 and psychological resilience. Method: The current study is a cross-sectional study and was designed in relational screening model. The research group consisted of a total of 1632 people, 704 women (43.14) and 928 men (56.86), residing in the province of Şanlurfa, aged between 18-65 and accepted to participate in the research. In this study, the Demographic Information Form, Beck Depression Scale, Beck Anxiety Scale and Psychological Resilience Scale for Adults were applied to the participants. In the comparison of the scores of the participants from the Beck Depression Scale and Beck Anxiety Scale according to their socio-demographic characteristics, health and substance use status, and some of their views and practices regarding Covid 19; Independent sample t test was used if the independent variable was in two groups, ANOVA was applied if there were more than two groups, and the Tukey test was used for further analysis. The correlations between the scores of the participants from the Beck Depression Scale, Beck Anxiety Scale and Resilience Scale for Adults were examined with the Pearson test and regression analysis. Findings: When the results obtained from the research were examined, it was determined that there was a statistically significant difference according to the participants' gender, age, educational status, marital status, monthly income, having any children and how they owned the house they lived in, the presence of physical/psychological illness and alcohol/psychoactive substance use between the scores they received from Beck Depression and Beck Anxiety Inventory. Negative and significant correlations were found between the participants' total score on the Adult Resilience Scale and the sub-dimensions of the scale, and Beck Depression and Beck Anxiety Scale scores. Conclusion: Within the scope of the pandemic, it is recommended to take measures to protect mental health along with physical protective measures. Health professionals, especially psychologists, should be aware of the psychological state of COVID-19 patients and focus on building resilience to improve their mental health.

Kaynakça

  • Almeida-Filho, N., Lessa, I., & Magalhaes, L (2004). Social inequality and depressive disorders in Bahia, Brazil: interactions of gender, ethnicity, and social class. Soc Sci Med, 59, 1339-1353.
  • Aslan, M.M., Yuvacı-Uslu, H., Köse, O., Cevrioğlu, A.S., & Özden, S. (2020). COVID-19 ve gebelik. J Biotechnol and Strategic Health Res, 1,10-13.
  • Ayakdaş-Dağlı, D., Büyükbayram, A., Baysan-Arabacı, L. (2020). COVID-19 tanısı alan hasta ve ailesine psikososyal yaklaşım. İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 191-195
  • Aydın, E. (2018). Çocukluk çağı travmatik yaşantılarının psikolojik sağlamlık ve depresyon belirtileri üzerine etkisi (Yayınlanmış yüksek lisans tezi). Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Babayiğit, A., & Çakıcı, M. (2022). Prevalence and risk factors of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in a North Cyprus household adult cross-sectional study. Cyprus Turkish Journal of Psychiatry & Psychology, 4(4), 315-323.
  • Basım, H. N., Çetin, F., & Tabak, A. (2009). Beş faktör kişilik özelliklerinin kişilerarası çatışma çözme yaklaşımlarıyla ilişkisi. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 24(63), 20– 34.
  • Beck, A.T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R.A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J Consult ClinPsychol, 56, 893-897.
  • Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., Ball, R., & Ranieri, W. (1996). Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories-IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients. J Pers Assess, 67(3), 588–97.
  • Beutel, M.E., Glaesmer, H., Wiltink, J., Marian, H., & Brähler, E. (2010). Life satisfaction, anxiety, depression and resilience across the life span of men. Aging Male, 1, 32-39.
  • Bilge, Y. & Bilge, Y. (2020). Koronavirüs salgını ve sosyal izolasyonun psikolojik semptomlar üzerindeki etkilerinin psikolojik sağlamlık ve stresle baş etme tarzları açısından incelenmesi. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 23(1), 38-51.
  • Bonanno, G. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events?. American Psychologist, 59(1), 20-28.
  • Bozdağ, F. (2020). Pandemic sürecinde psikolojik sağlamlık. Turkish Studies, 15(6), 247-257.
  • Chinna, K., Sundarasen, S., Khoshaim, H. B., Kamaludin, K., Nurunnabi, M., Baloch, G. M.,Hossain, S. F. A., Sukayt, A., Dalina, N., Rajagopalan, U., Kumar, R., & Memon, Z. (2021). Psychological impact of COVID-19 and lock down measures: An online cross-sectional multicounty study on Asian University students. PLOS ONE, 16(8), 1-12.
  • Çaparlar, C.Ö., & Dönmez, A. (2016). What is scientific research and how can it be done? Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim, 44, 212-218.
  • Didin, M., Yavuz, B., & Gezgin-Yazıcı H. (2022). Covid-19’un öğrencilerin stres, anksiyete, depresyon, korku düzeylerine etkisi: Sistematik derleme. (2022). Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 14(1), 38-45.
  • Friborg, O., Barlaug, D., Martinussen, M., Rosenvinge, J. H., & Hjemdal, O. (2005).
  • Resilience in relation to personality and intelligence. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 14(1), 29–42.
  • Güloğlu, B., Yılmaz, Z., İstemihan, F.Y., Arayıcı, S.M., & Yılmaz, S. ( 2020). Covid-19 pandemisi sürecinde bireylerdeki anksiyete ve umutsuzluk düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Kriz Dergisi, 28(3), 135-150.
  • Gültekin, B. K. (2010). Ruhsal bozuklukların önlenmesi: Kavramsal çerçeve ve sınıflandırma. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 2(4), 583-594.
  • Hamid, H., Abu-Hijleh, N. S., Sharif, S. L., Raqab, M. Z., Mas’ad, D., & Abbas, A. (2004). A primary care study of the correlates of depressive symptoms among Jordanian women. Transcultural Psychiatry, 41, 487–496
  • Hisli, N. (1988). A study on the validity of Beck Depression Scale. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 6(22),118–26.
  • Hosseini, A., Kakuma, R., Ghazinour, M., Davern, M., Evans, W.P., & Minas, H. (2017). Migration experience, resilience and depression: a study of Iranian immigrants living in Australia. Int J Cult Ment Health, 10(1), 108–20.
  • Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020): Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Res, 288, 112954. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954.
  • Kajbafnezhad, H., & KhanehKeshi, A. (2015). Predicting personality resiliency by psychological well-being and its components in girl students of Islamic Azad University. J Educ Psychol, 8,11–15
  • Kasapoğlu, F. (2020). COVID-19 salgını sürecinde kaygı ile maneviyat, psikolojik sağlamlık ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Turkish Studies, 15(4), 599- 614.
  • Kaya, B. (2007). Depresyon: Sosyo-ekonomik ve kültürel pencereden bakış. Klinik Psikiyatri, 10(6),11-20. Killgore, W. D. S., Taylor, E. C., & Cloonan, S. A. (2020). Psychological resilience during the COVID-19 lockdown. Psychiatry Research, 291, 113-216.
  • Lee, C. M., Cadigan, J. M., & Rhew, I. C. (2020). Increases in loneliness among young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic and association with increases in mental health problems. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 67(5), 714–717.
  • Li, W.W., & Miller, D.J. (2017). The impact of coping and resilience on anxiety among older Australians. Australian Journal of Psychology, 69(4), 263-272.
  • Liu, Z., Qiao, D., Xu, Y., Zhao, W., Yang, Y., & Wen, D. (2021). The efficacy of computerized cognitive behavioral therapy for depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with COVID-19: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res, 23(5), e26883.
  • Manyeruke, G. & Ergün, D. (2022). Mental health, loneliness and social support during COVID-19 Pandemic among ınternational university students in North Cyprus. Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 4(3), 211-221. Mukhtar, S. (2020). Psychological health during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic outbreak. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(5), 512–516
  • Nguyen, H.B., Nguyen, T.H.M., Vo, T.H.N., Vo, T.C.N., Nguyen, D.N.Q., Nguyen, H.T., Tang, T.N., Nguyen, T.H., Do, V.T., & Truong, Q.B. (2022). Post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression and related factors among COVID-19 patients during the fourth wave of the pandemic in Vietnam. Int Health, doi: 10.1093/inthealth/ihac040.
  • Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the Covid-19 epidemic: Implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry, 33(2), e100213.
  • Rossi, R., Socci, V., Talevi, D., Mensi, S., Niolu, C., & Pacitti, F. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy. Med Rxiv, 23(2), 410.
  • Rubin, G. J., Potts, H. W.W., & Michie, S. (2010). The impact of communications about swine flu (influenza A H1N1v) on public responses to the outbreak: results from 36 national telephone surveys in the UK. Health Technology Assessment, 14(34), 183- 266.
  • Rudwan, S., & Alhashimi, S. (2018). The relationship between resilience and mental health among a sample of University of Nizwa Students Sultanate of Oman. Eur Sci, 14, 288-303.
  • Ryan, N.D., Williamson, D.E., & lyengar, S. (1992). A secular increase in child and adolescent onset affective disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 31(41), 600-605.
  • Sharpley, C.F., Murcell, N., Anderson, M., Bitsika, V., Fourie, P.J., & Agnew, L.L. (2021). An exploration of recent life stress, psychological resilience, purpose in life, and optimism as correlates of depression in social housing residents in rural Australia. Int J Ment Health, 50(3), 1–16.
  • Sher, L. (2020). Suicide research and prevention during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 142, 353–3544
  • Sigdel, A., Bista, A., Bhattarai, N., Poon, B.C., Giri, G., & Marqusee, H. (2020). Depression, anxiety and depression-anxiety comorbidity amid COVID-19 Pandemic: An online survey conducted during lockdown in Nepal. Med Rxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.04.30.20086926
  • Smith, B.W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. Int J Behav Med, 15, 194–200.
  • Song, S., Yang, X.., Yang, H., Zhou, P., Ma, H., Teng, C., Chen, H., Ou, H., Li, J., Mathews, C.A., Nutley, S., Liu, N., Zhang, X., & Zhang. N. (2021). Psychological resilience as a protective factor for depression and anxiety among the public during the outbreak of COVID-19. Front Psychol, 11, 618509. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.618509 Taheri-Kharameh, Z., & Hazavehei, M.M. (2017). Anxiety, depression and resilience in elders with chronic diseases. Eur J Public Health, 27.
  • Torales, J., O’Higgins, M., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., & Ventriglio, A. (2020). The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry, 66, 317–320. doi: 10.1177/0020764020915212 Ulusoy, M., Şahin, N.H., & Erkmen, H. (1998). Turkish version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory: psychometric properties. J Cogn Psychother, 12, 163-172.
  • Upmanyu, V. V., Upmanyu, S., & Lester, D. (2000). Depressive symptoms among U.S. and Indian college students: The effects of gender and gender role. Journal of Social Psychology, 140, 669–671.
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C.S., & Ho, R.C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 1- 25.
  • Wermelinger-Ávila, M.P., Lucchetti, A.L.G., & Lucchetti, G. (2017). Association between depression and resilience in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 32(3), 237–46.
  • Xiao, W., Liu, X., & Wang, H. (2023). Mediating role of resilience in the relationship between COVID-19 related stigma and mental health among COVID-19 survivors: a cross-sectional study. Infect Dis Poverty, 12, 27.
  • Xiang, Y. T., Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T.,& Ng, C. H. (2020). Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7, 228–229.
  • Xiong, J., Lipsitz, O., Nasri, F., Lui, L., Gill, H., Phan, L., ve ark. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 55-64.
  • Verdolini, N., Amoretti, S., Montejo, L., García-Rizo, C., Hogg, B., & Mezquida, G. (2021). Resilience and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Affect Disord, 283, 156–64.
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Klinik Psikoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Asra Babayiğit 0000-0003-2102-3175

Edanur Erdem 0000-0002-8780-5295

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Eylül 2023
Kabul Tarihi 21 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Babayiğit, A., & Erdem, E. (2023). Şanlıurfa Örnekleminde Depresif Belirtiler ve Anksiyete Yaygınlığının COVİD-19 ve Psikolojik Dayanıklılık ile İlişkisinin İncelenmesi. Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri Ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 5(3), 239-249. https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.23.3.06