Relationships between Perceived Parenting Styles and Self-compassion of Late Adolescents and Perceived Parents’ Listening Characteristics in Autobiographical Narratives

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 4, 364 - 372, 29.12.2025

Sarah Zaneti , İnci Boyacioglu

https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.25.4.04

https://izlik.org/JA86CH65NY

Öz

This study explores the relationships between perceived parenting styles and self-compassion among late adolescents within the frame of negative autobiographical memory-sharing in which parents are the listeners and late adolescent children are the narrators. This relationship is examined through the mediated role of the written narrative characteristics related to the shared negative memories, the emotional valence towards the shared negative memories and perceived parents’ listening characteristics. Mediation analyses were conducted to determine which parenting styles and mediators would increase or decrease self-compassion levels of late adolescents towards negative memories shared with parents. The sample consisted of 471 university students (Mage = 20.39) from various cities in Türkiye who completed online and paper-based surveys. The findings revealed that perceived positive listening characteristics, positive emotional valence and the length of written narratives significantly mediated the positive relationship between a flexible parenting style and high self-compassion levels in late adolescents. Authoritarian parenting style, on the other hand, was associated with a significant negative mediation effect on self-compassion. A full mediation was found with the permissive parenting style. Results are discussed in light of the literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Autobiographical memory-sharing , autobiographical narrative , listener , narrator , parenting styles , self-compassion

Algılanan Ebeveynlik Stilleri ve Geç Ergenlerin Öz-şefkati ile Arasındaki İlişkiler ve Otobiyografik Anlatılarda Algılanan Ebeveynlerin Dinleme Özellikleri

https://izlik.org/JA86CH65NY

Öz

This study explores the relationships between perceived parenting styles and self-compassion among late adolescents within the frame of negative autobiographical memory-sharing in which parents are the listeners and late adolescent children are the narrators. This relationship is examined through the mediated role of the written narrative characteristics related to the shared negative memories, the emotional valence towards the shared negative memories and perceived parents’ listening characteristics. Mediation analyses were conducted to determine which parenting styles and mediators would increase or decrease self-compassion levels of late adolescents towards negative memories shared with parents. The sample consisted of 471 university students (Mage = 20.39) from various cities in Türkiye who completed online and paper-based surveys. The findings revealed that perceived positive listening characteristics, positive emotional valence and the length of written narratives significantly mediated the positive relationship between a flexible parenting style and high self-compassion levels in late adolescents. Authoritarian parenting style, on the other hand, was associated with a significant negative mediation effect on self-compassion. A full mediation was found with the permissive parenting style. Results are discussed in light of the literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Autobiographical memory-sharing , autobiographical narrative , listener , narrator , parenting styles , self-compassion

Kaynakça

• Alea, N., & Bluck, S. (2003). Why are you telling me that? A conceptual model of the social function of autobiographical memory. Memory, 11(2), 165–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/741938207
• Asıcı, E., & Sarı, H. (2021). A proposed model to explain happiness in college students: The roles of perceived parenting styles, emotional self-efficacy, and forgiveness. Journal of Adult Development, 28 (4), 332–345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-021-09378-0
• Bakır-Demir, T., Reese, E., & Şahin-Acar, B. (2020). How three generations narrate their vicarious family stories: Intrafamilial similarities, gender, and cross-generational differences. Memory, 28 (4), 553–566. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2020.1749282
• Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology, 4(1, Pt.2), 1–103.DOI: 10.1037/h0030372
• Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56–95. DOI: 10.1177/0272431691111004
• Bavelas, J. B., Coates, L., & Johnson, T. (2000). Listeners as co-narrators. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(6), 941–952. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.941
• Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52(4), 664–678. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1982.tb01456.x
• Buri, J. R. (1991). Parental Authority Questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57(1), 110–119. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5701_13
• Çelik, H., & Bulut, O. (2019). Examining Turkish adults’ recalled experiences of their father’s presence. Journal of Family Issues, 40(9), 1224–1251. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X19835879
• Çoban, A. E., & Küntay, A. C. (2014). Parents differ: Maternal and paternal reminiscing style in shared past conversations. Journal of Cognition and Development, 15(1), 90–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/15248372.2012.711479
• Deniz, M. E., Kesici, Ş., & Sümer, A. S. (2008). The validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of self-compassion scale. Social Behavior and Personality, 36(9), 1151–1160. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2008.36.9.1151
• Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Murphy, B. C. (1998). Parents' reactions to children's negative emotions: Relations to children's social competence and comforting behavior. Child Development, 69(2), 578–594. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01854.x
• Fivush, R., Haden, C. A., & Reese, E. (1996). Remembering, recounting, and reminiscing: The development of autobiographical memory in social context. In D. C. Rubin (Ed.), Remembering our past: Studies in autobiographical memory (pp. 341–359). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511527913.014
• Fivush, R., Haden, C. A., & Reese, E. (2006). Elaborating on elaborations: Role of maternal reminiscing style in cognitive and socioemotional development. Child Development, 77(6), 1568–1588. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00960.x
• Fivush, R., Haden, C. A., & Reese, E. (2009). Elaborating on elaborations: Role of maternal reminiscing style in cognitive and socioemotional development. Child Development, 80(3), 1116–1131. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01307.x
• Fivush, R., Habermas, T., Waters, T., & Zaman, W. (2011). The making of autobiographical memory: Intersections of culture, narratives and identity. International Journal of Psychology, 46(5), 321–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2011.596541
• Gedik, E. (2020). The relationship between father and child in daily life narratives of female academicians with children in pre-school period. Kültür ve İletişim, 23(1)(45), 118–141. https://doi.org/10.18691/kulturveiletisim.709759
• Gençöz, T. (2000). Pozitif ve Negatif Duygu Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 15(1), 19–28.
• Gilbert, P. (2000). Social mentalities: Internal ‘social’ conflicts and the role of inner warmth and compassion in cognitive therapy. In P. Gilbert & K. Bailey (Eds.), Genes on the couch: Explorations in evolutionary psychotherapy (pp. 118–150). Brunner-Routledge. ISBN-13: 978-0415216806
• Gozu, H., Newman, J., & Colvin, K. (2020). Maternal and paternal authority styles and developmental outcomes: An investigation of university students in Turkey and the United States. Educational Process: International Journal, 9(3), 153–168. https://doi.org/10.22521/edupij.2020.93.3
• Hall, J. L. (2015). An examination into the relationship between self-compassion and parenting styles (Undergraduate honors thesis, East Tennessee State University). https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/283
• Hatun, O., & Türk Kurtça, T. (2022). Self-compassion, resilience, fear of COVID-19, psychological distress, and psychological well-being among Turkish adults. Current Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-02824-6
• İmamoğlu, E. O. (1987). An interdependence model of human development. In Ç. Kağıtçıbaşı (Ed.), Growth and progress in cross-cultural psychology (pp. 138–145). Swets & Zeitlinger. ISBN 9789026515559
• Jabeen, F., Anis-ul-Haque, M., & Riaz, M. N. (2013). Parenting styles as predictors of emotion regulation among adolescents. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 28(1), 85–105. https://pjpr.scione.com/cms/fulltext.php?id=297.
• Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2007). Family, self, and human development across cultures: Theory and applications (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN-13: 978-0805858963
• Neff, K. D. (2003a). Development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223–250. DOI: 10.1080/15298860309027
• Neff, K. D. (2003b). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2, 85–102. DOI: 10.1080/15298860309032
• Neff, K. D. (2009). Self-compassion: Theory, method, and results. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3(1), 56–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00083.x
• Neff, K. D., & McGehee, P. (2010). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and Identity, 9(3), 225–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860902979307
• Nelson, K., & Fivush, R. (2004). The emergence of autobiographical memory: A social cultural developmental theory. Psychological Review, 111(2), 486–511. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.111.2.486
• Pasupathi, M., & Billitteri, J. (2015). Being and becoming through being heard: Listener effects on stories and selves. International Journal of Listening, 29(2), 67–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/10904018.2015.1029363
• Pasupathi, M., & Hoyt, T. (2009). The development of narrative identity in late adolescence and emergent adulthood: The continued importance of listeners. Developmental Psychology, 45(2), 558–574. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014431
• Pasupathi, M., & Rich, B. (2005). Inattentive listening undermines self-verification in personal storytelling. Journal of Personality, 73, 1051–1086. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00338.x
• Peterson, C., & McCabe, A. (1992). Parental styles of narrative elicitation: Effect on children’s narrative structure and content. First Language, 12(36), 299–321. https://doi.org/10.1177/014272379201203606
• Reese, E., & Fivush, R. (1993). Parental styles of talking about the past. Developmental Psychology, 29(3), 596–606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.29.3.596
• Sahin-Acar, B., & Leichtman, M. D. (2015). Mother-child memory conversations and self-construal in Eastern Turkey, Western Turkey and the USA. Memory, 23(1), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2014.935437
• Şahin-Acar, B., & Leichtman, M. (2020). Autobiographical memory development and self-construals within and across cultures. In S. Gülgöz & B. Şahin-Acar (Eds.), Autobiographical memory development: Theoretical and methodological approaches (pp. 110–118). Routledge. ISBN: 978-0367361637
• Şahin-Acar, B., & Mebert, C. J. (2013). The role of culture and self-construal in autobiographical memories of US and Turkish college students. Memory, 21(8), 1004–1017. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2013.774418
• Sanders, M. R. (2023). The Triple P System of evidence-based parenting support: Past, present, and future directions. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 26(4), 880–903. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-023-00441-8
• Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
• Weinstein, N., Huo, A., & Itzchakov, G. (2021). Parental listening when adolescents self-disclose: A pre-registered experimental study. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105178
• Williams, K. E., Ciarrochi, J., & Heaven, P. C. L. (2012). Inflexible parents, inflexible kids: A 6-year longitudinal study of parenting style and the development of psychological flexibility in adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(8), 1053–1066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9744-0
• Zangri, S., Blanco, I., Pascual, T., & Vázquez, C. (2024). Unlocking the past: Efficacy of guided self-compassion and benefit-focused online interventions for managing negative personal memories. Cognition and Emotion, 38(4), 971–986. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2024.2337132