Gender Sensitive Psychiatry and Feminist Therapy

Öz

Gender, which expresses the roles given by a society to men and women unlike the biological sex of women and men, leads to discrimination and inequalities in many fields such as education, health, economy and social status. Today, the women who live in patriarchal societies are restricted by the pressure of gender roles, economic dependence, heavy responsibilities, negative attitudes, stereotypes towards women. All these cause women to often experience psychological problems like depression, anxiety, fear and low self-respect. The biomedical model and mainstream therapy approaches applied as a treatment for mental problems of the women are especially inadequate for producing permanent solutions for the problems experienced by women due to considering the symptoms only as biological changes, supporting traditional gender roles and ignoring characteristics such as culture, sex and ethnicity. As an alternative method, feminist therapy gives both the therapist and the client the opportunity of social and emotional development in daily life. Feminist therapy aims at helping the individuals discover their strengths rather than a disease-oriented approach and enabling individuals to get rid of their feelings of guilt and to acquire new skills. Feminist therapy is a modern approach specifically fulfilling the needs of women and aims at radical changes in society.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Psychiatric Approaches
• Gender Sensitivity
• Feminist Therapy

Kaynakça

1. Altınova, H. H., & Duyan, V. (2013). The Validity and Reliability of Perception of Gender Scale. Society and Social Work, 24(2): 9-22.
2. Aston, V. & Coffey, M. (2012). Recovery: What Mental Health Nurses and Service Users Say About the Concept of Recovery. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 19:257–63.
3. Bal, D. M. (2014). General Overview of Gender Inequalities. Journal of Women’s Health Nursing, 1(1):15-28.
4. Çakır, H. (2016). Kadınların Sınıfı: Ücretli Ev Emeği ve Kadın Öznelliğinin İnşası. International Journal of Euroasian Research, 4(8): 266-284
5. Çepikkurt. F. & Coşkun, F. (2010). Social Physique Anxiety and Body Image Satisfaction Levels of Collegian Dancers. Pamukkale Spor Sciences Journal, 1: 17-24.
6. Corey, G. (2015). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy. Nelson Education.
7. Craske, M.G. & Stein, M.B. (2016). Anxiety. The Lancet, 388: 3048–59
8. Davison, G. C., & Neale, J. M. (1974). Abnormal Psychology: An Experimental Clinical Approach. Oxford, England, John Wiley & Sons.

9. Dökmen, Z. Y. (2010). Toplumsal Cinsiyet–Sosyal Psikolojik Açıklamalar. İstanbul, Remzi Kitapevi.
10. Dündar, Ö. Z. (2012). The Reflection of Gender Roles in Television Advertisement. Ethos: Dialogues In Philosophy And Social Sciences, 5(1): 121-136.
11. Eaton, N. R., Keyes, K. M., Krueger, R. F., Balsis, S., Skodol, A. E., Markon, K. E., ... & Hasin, D. S. (2012). An Invariant Dimensional Liability Model of Gender Differences in Mental Disorder Prevalence: Evidence from a National Sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(1), 282.
12. Evans, K. M., Kincade, E. A., Marbley, A. F., & Seem, S. R. (2005). Feminism and feminist therapy: Lessons from the past and hopes for the future. Journal of Counseling & Development, 83(3), 269-277.
13. Sayar, K. (2003). Kültür ve Ruh Sağlığı: Küreselleşme Koşullarında Kültürel Psikiyatri. İstanbul, Metis Yayınları.
14. Herman, J. L. (2016). Travma ve İyileşme: Şiddetin Sonuçları Ev İçi Istismardan Siyasi Teröre. (Edt: Tosun, T.). İstanbul: Literatür Yayıncılık.
15. Keskini, A., Ünlüoglu, İ., Bilge, U., & Yenilmez, Ç. (2013). The Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders Distribution of Subjects Gender and its Relationship with Psychiatric Help-Seeking. Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 50(4): 344-351.
16. Kessler, R. C. (2007). The Global Burden of Anxiety and Mood Disorders: Putting the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) Findings into Perspective. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 68(2):10–19
17. Koyun, A., Taşkın, L., & Terzioğlu, F. (2011). Yaşam dönemlerine göre kadın sağlığı ve ruhsal işlevler: Hemşirelik yaklaşımlarının değerlendirilmesi. Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 3(1), 67-99.
18. Knapp, M. (2007). Mental Health Policy and Practice across Europe: The Future Direction of Mental Health Care. McGraw Hill International, Maidenhead.
19. Moller, M. D. & McLoughlin, K. A. (2013). Integrating Recovery Practices into Psychiatric Nursing: Where Are We in 2013? J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc, 19:113–6.
20. Murdock, N. L. (2012). Theories Of Counseling and Psychotherapy: A Case Approach. Pearson Education New Zealand.
21. Negy, C. & McKinney, C. (2006). Application of Feminist Therapy: Promoting Resiliency Among Lesbian and Gay Families. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 18:(1-2): 67-83
22. O'Connor, F.W. & Delaney, K. R. (2007). The Recovery Movement: Defining Evidence-Based Processes. Arch Psychiatr Nurs, 21:172–5.
23. Öz, F. & Yılmaz, E. B. (2009). A Significant Concept in Protecting Mental Health: Resilience. Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sciences Nursing Journal,16(3): 82-89
24. Özcan, H., Subaşı, B., Budak, B., Çelik, M., Gürel, Ş. C., & Yıldız, M. (2013). Relationship Between Self-Esteem, Social Appearence Anxiety, Depression and Anxiety in Adolescent and Young Adult Women. Journal of Mood Disorders, 3(3): 107-13.
25. Pehlivan, H. (2015). A Critical Feminist Therapy Perpsective on Psychological Help for Women. Fe Journal. 7(2): 95-104.
26. Powell, G.N. & Greenhaus, J.H. (2010). Sex, Gender, and Decisions at The Family - Work Interface. Journal of Management. 36(4): 1011-1039.
27. Sayar K. (2014). Terapi-Kültürel Bir Eleştiri. İstanbul, Timaş Yayınları
28. Sezgin, D. (2015) Toplumsal Cinsiyet Perspektifinde Sağlık ve Tıbbileştirme. Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 18(1): 153-186.
29. Sharf, R.S. (2010). Theories of Psychotherapy and Counseling Concepts and Cases. Brooks - Cole Cengage Learning, Belmont.
30. Stapleton, J. A., Taylor, S., & Asmundson, G. J. (2007). Efficacy of various treatments for PTSD in battered women: Case studies. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 21(1), 91.
31. Topuz, S. K., & Erkanli, H. (2016). Metaphor Analysis of Meanings Attributed to Women and Men in the Context Gender. Alternative Politica, 8(2): 300-321.
32. Türmen, T. (2003). Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Kadın Sağlığı. Toplumsal Cinsiyet, Sağlık ve Kadın. In A. Akın (Ed.). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Kadın Sorunları Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi (HÜKSAM). Ankara, HÜ Publications.
33. Uçar, S., Yıldız, Y., Bilgin, M. D., & Bastemur, Ş. (2016). Turkish Counselors’ Perspectives toward Feminist Therapy. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 217: 1176-1184
34. Üner, S. (2008). Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği, Kadına Yönelik Aile İçi Şiddetle Mücadele Projesi. T.C Başbakanlık Kadının Statüsü Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
35. WHO, (2000). Women of South-East Asia: A Health Profile. New Delhi, World Health Organization, Regional Office for South East Asia Region.
36. Wittchen, H. U., Jacobi, F., Rehm, J., Gustavsson, A., Svensson, M., Jönsson, B., ... & Fratiglioni, L. (2011). The Size and Burden of Mental Disorders and Other Disorders of the Brain in Europe 2010. European neuropsychopharmacology, 21(9): 655-679
37. Worell, J. (2001). Feminist Interventions: Accountability Beyond Symptom Reduction. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 25:335-343.
38. World Health Organization. (2002). WHO Gender Policy: Integrating Gender Perspectives in the Work of WHO. Geneva, World Health Organization.
39. World Health Organization. (2009). The European Health Report 2009: Health and Health Systems, Copenhagen, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe.
40. World Health Organization. (2013). Mental Health Action Plan: 2013-2020. Geneva.
41. Yardım, N. (2001). Cinsiyet; Sağlık ve Yoksulluk. Aktuel Tıp Dergisi, 6(1):78-82.
42. Yüksel, N. (2014). Ruhsal Hastalıklar. İstanbul, MN Medikal ve Nobel Tıp Kitabevi.