Kadınlarda Affetme ve Toleransın Depresyon ile İlişkisi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 3, 271 - 277, 27.09.2022

Hilal Seki Öz

Öz

Kadınlarda depresyon prevelansı erkeklere göre daha yaygındır. Bu durum sadece biyolojik farklılıklar ile açıklanamamakta, kadının toplumdaki konumuna vurgu yapılarak daha fazla araştırmaya ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Tanımlayıcı ve ilişki arayıcı tipte olan bu araştırma ile kadınlarda affetme ve toleransın depresyon ile ilişkisi incelenmiştir. Araştırma online olarak Haziran 2020’de gerçekleştirilmiş ve 414 kadın katılmıştır. Veriler Tanıtıcı Bilgi Formu, Affedicilik Ölçeği, Tolerans Ölçeği ve DAS-21-Depresyon alt boyutu ile toplanmıştır. Araştırmada 45 ve üstü yaşta olanların, evlilik yılı 12 ve üstü olanların, çalışanların, ekonomik durumu orta olanların affetme; lisansüstü eğitimi olanların, bekarların, ekonomik durumu iyi olanların ve aile içi iletişimi orta olanların tolerans; 18-26 yaş grubunda, lise mezuniyeti olanların, ekonomik durumu kötü olanların, geniş aileye sahip olanların, aile iletişimi kötü olanların ve bir kriz yaşayanların depresyon puanlarının yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir (p<.05). Affetme ve depresyon arasında zayıf düzeyde negatif yönlü, affetme ve tolerans arasında ise zayıf düzeyde pozitif yönlü ilişki varken; tolerans ve depresyon arasında önemli bir ilişki saptanmamıştır (p<.001). Araştırma sonuçlarına göre kadınların depresif duygulara yol açan olumsuz yükten kurtulmalarında affetmenin yardımcı olacağı söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

kadın, affetme, tolerans, depresyon

Destekleyen Kurum

yok

Proje Numarası

-

The Relationship of Forgiveness and Tolerance with Depression in Women

Öz

Depression is more prevalent in women than in men. This situation cannot be explained with only biological differences, and more research is needed in this regard by emphasizing the status of women in society. In this descriptive and relational screening type study, the relationship of forgiveness and tolerance with depression in women was examined. The study was carried out online in June 2020 with the participation of 414 women. The data were collected through Identifying Information Form, Forgiveness Scale, Tolerance Scale, and DAS-21 Depression Subscale. In the study, it was determined that forgiveness scores of the participants who were 45 years old and above, whose duration of marriage was 12 years and above, who were employed, and whose economic status was moderate were high; tolerance scores of those who had postgraduate education level, who were single, whose economic status was good, and whose intra-family communication was at a moderate level were found to be high; and depression scores of those who were between 18-26 years old, who were high school graduates, whose economic status was poor, who had extended families, whose intra-family communication was poor, and who experienced a crisis were determined to be high (p<.05). While a weak and negative relationship between forgiveness and depression, and a weak and positive relationship between forgiveness and tolerance were found, no significant relationship between tolerance and depression was determined (p<.001). As a result of the study findings, it can be stated that forgiveness could be helpful for women to be relieved from the negative load that leads to depressive emotions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

woman, tolerance, depression, Forgiveness

Proje Numarası

-

Kaynakça

• Akkoç Ş.M. (2011). The relationship between tolerance levels and anger controls of emergency service health professionals. Master Thesis (unpunlished), Marmara University Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul
• Almalahy, A.A. (2017). Tolerance level of emergency nurses and affecting factors. Master Thesis (unpublished) Ondokuz Mayıs University Institute of Health Sciences, Samsun
• Anber, T., Akar, T., and Altun, F. (2021). Depression and community mental health. Turkey Health Literacy Journal, 2(2), 28-32.
• Binbay, T., Direk, N., Aker, T., Akvardar, Y., Alptekin, K., Cimilli, C., Çam, B., Debeci, A., Kadri Gültekin, B., Şar, V., et al. (2014). Psychiatric epidemiology in Turkey: Main advances in recent studies and future directions. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 25(4), 264–281.
• Charzyńska E. (2015). Sex Differences in Spiritual Coping, Forgiveness, and Gratitude Before and After a Basic Alcohol Addiction Treatment Program. Journal of religion and health, 54(5), 1931–1949. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-015-0002-0
• Chung M. S. (2016). Relation between lack of forgiveness and depression: the moderating effect of self-compassion. Psychological Reports, 119 (3), 573–585. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0033294116663520
• Davis, D. E., Ho, M. Y., Griffin, B. J., Bell, C., Hook, J. N., Van Tongeren, D. R., DeBlaere, C., Worthington, E. L., and Westbrook, C. J. (2015). Forgiving the self and physical and mental health correlates: a meta-analytic review. Journal of counseling psychology, 62(2), 329–335. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000063
• Dezutter, J., Dewitte, L., and Schellekens, T. (2019). Forgiveness as a psychological resource in late life. Tijdschrift voor gerontologie en geriatrie, 50(2), https://doi.org/10.36613/tgg.1875-6832/2019.02.03
• Derdaele, E., Toussaint, L., Thauvoye, E., and Dezutter, J. (2019). Forgiveness and late life functioning: the mediating role of finding ego-integrity. Aging & Mental Health, 23(2), 238–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2017.1399346
• Duran, S., Karadaş, A., and Kadder, E. (2016). Examination of the relationship between the tolerance levels of nursing students and their anger control. Süleyman Demirel University Journal of Health Sciences, 7(3), 39-44.
• Ergöl, Ş., and Kuzu, A. (2016). The relation between marriage characteristics and depression and anxiety symptoms in married women aged 15-49 years. Journal of Human Sciences, 13(1), 1023-1035.
• Ersanlı, E., and Özcan, Ö. (2017). Relationship between marital adjustment and tolerance level. Science and Education, 9, 116-130. https://doi.org/10.24195/2414-4665-2017-9-18
• Ersanlı E. (2014). The validity and reliability study of tolerance scale. Journal of Basic and Applied, 4(1), 85-89.
• Faravelli, C., Alessandra Scarpato, M., Castellini, G., and Lo Sauro, C. (2013). Gender differences in depression and anxiety: the role of age. Psychiatry research, 210(3), 1301–1303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.09.027
• Gordon, K. C., Hughes, F. M., Tomcik, N. D., Dixon, L. J., and Litzinger, S. C. (2009). Widening spheres of impact: the role of forgiveness in marital and family functioning. Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43), 23(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014354
• Ünal, S., Küey, L., Güleç, C., Bekaroğlu, M., Evlice, Y. E., and Kırlı, S. (2002). Risk factors in depressive disorders. Clinical Psychiatry, 5(1), 8-15.
• Jiang, F., Yue, X., Lu, S., and Yu, G. (2015). Can you forgive? It depends on how happy you are. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 56(2), 182–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12185
• Kaleta, K., and Mróz, J. (2020). The Relationship between basic hope and depression: forgiveness as a mediator. The Psychiatric Quarterly, 91(3), 877–886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-020-09759-w
• Kılıç, C. (1998) Results for adults. Turkey Mental Health Profile: Main report; Erol N, Kılıç C, Ulusoy M, Keçeci M, Şimşek Z (ed). Ministry of Health Publications, Ankara.
• Kıvrak, Y., Gey, N., Kıvrak, H. A., Kokaçya, M. H., Çöpoğlu, Ü. S., and Ari, M. (2015). Spousal violence against women, childhood traumas, depression and quality of life: A population-based study. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 16(5), 314-322.
• Long, K., Worthington, E. L., Jr, VanderWeele, T. J., and Chen, Y. (2020). Forgiveness of others and subsequent health and well-being in mid-life: a longitudinal study on female nurses. BMC Psychology, 8(1), 104. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-020-00470-w
• McNulty, J. K., and Russell, V. M. (2016). Forgive and forget, or forgive and regret? whether forgiveness leads to less or more offending depends on offender agreeableness. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 42(5), 616–631. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167216637841
• Moore LM, and Ovadia S. (2006) Accounting for spatial variations in tolerance: interpersonal perceptions and marital adjustment. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 84(4), 2205-2222.
• Rasmussen, K. R., Stackhouse, M., Boon, S. D., Comstock, K., and Ross, R. (2019). Meta-analytic connections between forgiveness and health: the moderating effects of forgiveness-related distinctions. Psychology & Health, 34(5), 515–534. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 08870446.2018.1545906
• Rotenstein, L. S., Ramos, M. A., Torre, M., Segal, J. B., Peluso, M. J., Guille, C., Sen, S., and Mata, D. A. (2016). Prevalence of Depression, Depressive Symptoms, and Suicidal Ideation Among Medical Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA, 316(21), 2214–2236. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.17324
• Orathinkal, J., Vansteenwegen, A., and Burggraeve, R. (2008). Forgiveness: a perception and motivation study among married adults. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49(2), 155–160. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00605.x
• Sarıçam, H., and Akın, A. (2013). Turkish version of the Forgiveness Scale: Validity and reliability study. Journal of Hasan Ali Yücel Faculty of Education, 10(1), 37-46.
• Sarıçam, H. (2018). The psychometric properties of Turkish version of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) in health control and clinical samples. Journal of Cognitive Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research, 7(1), 19-30. https://doi.org/10.5455/JCBPR.274847.
• Worthington, E. L., Griffin, B. L., Toussaint, L. L., Nonterah, C. W., Utsey, S. O., and Garthe, R. C. (2016). Forgiveness as a catalyst for psychological, physical, and spiritual resilience in disasters and crisis. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 44(2), 152–165.
• Zhang, S., Liang, J., Sun, S., and Wu, Z. (2020). The cross-lagged relationship between interpersonal forgiveness and depression symptoms in China. International Journal of Psychology, 55(2), 255–263. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12580