Klinik Araştırma
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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in a North Cyprus Household Adult Cross-Sectional Study

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4, 315 - 323, 20.12.2022

Öz

Introduction: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), in other words impairment after post-traumatic difficulty, is one of the most important topics investigated by mental health professionals all over the world. Objectives: In this article, the results of the 2017 national household survey of PTSD in North Cyprus (NC) are presented. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence and risk factors of depression in NC households. Method: The study was conducted between April and June 2017, the sample consisting of Turkish-speaking individuals between 18-88 years of age living permanently in NC. A multi-stage stratified (randomized) quota was used in the survey, and 978 people were selected according to the 2011 census. Demographic Information Form, Traumatic Events List and Traumatic Stress Symptom Scale were used. Results: PTSD prevalence was stated as 19% for NC. Being women, widow, unemployed, housewife, having a physical illness, having a psychiatric illness, being treated by a physical illness, living in a Greek property, living single or with a relative, defined as risk factors of PTSD in the present study. Conclusion: When we consider the world prevalence, NC has higher PTSD prevalence similar with other post conflict regions in the world. NC has environmental and socio-cultural characteristics such as a history of war, migration and colonization, high unemployment rates, socioeconomic problems, similar to other high prevalence PTSD countries and regions, which give a strong indication of the importance of socio-cultural factors on PTSD.

Destekleyen Kurum

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Proje Numarası

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Teşekkür

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Kaynakça

  • Alegría, M., Fortuna, L. R., Lin, J. Y., Norris, F. H., Gao, S., Takeuchi, D. T., Jackson, J. S., Shrout, P. E., … Valentine, A. (2013). Prevalence, risk, and correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder across ethnic and racial minority groups in the United States. Medical care, 51(12), 1114-23.
  • Anda, R.F., Felitti, V.J., Bremner, J.D., … Giles, W.H. (2006). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 256(3), 174–186
  • Atwoli, L., Stein, D.J., Williams, D.R., … Koenen, K.C. (2013).Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in South Africa: analysis from the South African Stress and Health Study. BMC Psychiatry, 13, 182.
  • Başoğlu, M., Şalcıoğlu, E., Livanou, M., Özeren, M., Aker, T., Kılıç, C., & Mestçioğlu, Ö. (2001). A study of the validity of a screening instrument for traumatic stress in earthquake survivors in Turkey. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14(3), 491-509.
  • Bilgiç, S. (2011). Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu ve Akut Stres Bozukluğu ile Uyum Bozukluğunun klinik açıdan karşılaştırılması. (Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi). Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi, Eskişehir.
  • Bleich, A., Gelkopf, M., & Solomon, Z. (2003). Exposure to terrorism, stress-related mental health symptoms, and coping behaviors among a nationally representative sample in Israel. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290, 612-620.
  • Brewin, C.R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J.D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 748-766.
  • Canetti, D., Rapaport, C., Wayne, C., Hall, B., & Hobfoll, S. (2013). An Exposure Effect? Evidence from a Rigorous Study on the Psycho-political Outcomes of Terrorism. In The Political Psychology of Terrorism Fears. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Carmassi, C., Dell’Osso, L., Manni, C., … de Girolamo, A. (2014). Frequency of trauma exposure and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Italy: analysis from the World Mental Health Survey Initiative. J Psychiatr Res, 59, 77–84.
  • Census of Population. (2011). Social and economic characteristics of population December 4, 2011. North Cyprus, State Institute of Statistics, Printing Division.
  • Cho, M.J., Kim, J.K., Jeon, H.J., Suh, T., Chung, I.W., & Hong, J.P, et al. (2007). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-IV psychiatric disorders among Korean adults. J Nerv Ment Dis, 195, 203–10.
  • Crocq, M.A., & Crocq, L. (2000). From shell shock and war neurosis to posttraumatic stress disorder: a history of psychotraumatology. Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 2(1), 47-55.
  • Ergun, D., Çakici, M., &Çakici, E. (2008). Comparing psychological responses of internally displaced and non-displaced Turkish Cypriots.TORTURE: Journal on Rehabilitation of Torture Victims and Prevention of Torture, 18(1), 20-28.
  • Eriksson, C., Vande Kemp, H., Gorsuch, R., Hoke, S., & Foy, D. (2001). Trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms in international relief personel. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, 205-211.
  • Eytan, A., & Gex-Fabry, M. (2011). Use of healthcare services 8 years after the war in Kosovo: role of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. The European Journal of Public Health, 22(5), 638-43.
  • Ferrari, A.M. (2002). The impact of culture upon child rearing practices and definitions of maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26(8), 793-813.
  • Ferry F, Bunting B, Murphy S, et al. (2014). Traumatic events and their relative PTSD burden in Northern Ireland: a consideration of the impact of the ’Troubles’. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 49, 435–446.
  • Frank, G., Njenga, F.G., Nicholls, P.J., …. Davidson, J. (2004). Post-traumatic stress after terrorist attack: psychological reactions following the US embassy bombing in Nairobi. Br J Psychiatry, 185, 328-333.
  • Hacıoğlu, M., Aker, T., Kutlar, T., & Yaman, M. (2002). Deprem tipi travma sonrasında gelişen travma sonrası stres bozukluğu belirtileri alt tipleri. Düşünen Adam, 15(1), 4-15.
  • Hapke, U., Schumann, A., Rumpf, H.J., John, U., & Meyer, C. (2006). Post-traumatic stress disorder: the role of trauma, pre-existing psychiatric disorders, and gender. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 256(5), 299–306.
  • Hobfoll, S. E., Canetti-Nisim, D., & Johnson, R. J. (2006). Exposure to terrorism, stress related mental health symptoms, and defensive coping among a nationally representative sample in Israel. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 207-18.
  • Jong, J., Komproe, I., Van Ommeren, M., El Masri, M., Araya, M., Khaled, N., van de Put, W., & Somasundarum, D. (2001). Lifetime events and posttraumatic stress disorder in 4 postconflict settings. Journal of the American Medical Association, 286, 555-562.
  • Kaminer, D., Grimsrud, A., Myer, L., Stein, D., & Williams, D. (2008). Risk for posttraumatic stress disorder associated with different forms of interpersonal violence in South Africa. Soc Sci Med, 67,1589–1595.
  • Karam, E. G., Mneimneh, Z. N., Dimassi, H., Fayyad, J. A., Karam, A. N., & Nasser, S. C. (2008). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in Lebanon: First onset, treatment, and exposure to war. PLoS Medicine, 5(4), 61.
  • Karam, E.G., Friedman, M.J., Hill, E.D., Kessler, R.C., McLaughlin, K.A., & Petukhova, M. (2014). Cumulative traumas and risk thresholds: 12-month PTSD in the world mental health surveys. Depress Anxiety, 31, 130–42.
  • Kawakami, N., Tsuchiya, M., Umeda, M., Koenen, K.C., & Kessler, R.C. (2014). Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in Japan: Results from the World Mental Health Japan Survey. J Psychiatr Res, 53, 157–165.
  • King, M.W., Street, A.E., Gradus, J.L., Vogt, D.S., & Resick, P.A. (2013). Gender differences in posttraumatic stress symptoms among OEF/OIF veterans: An item response theory analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26, 175-183.
  • Laffaye, C., Kennedy, C., & Stein, M. B. (2003). Post-traumatic stress disorder and health-related quality of life in female victims of intimate partner violence. Violence and Victims, 18(2), 227-238. Lukaschek, K., Kruse, J., Emeny, R.T., Lacruz, M., von Eisenhart Rothe, A., & Ladwig, K. (2013). Lifetime traumatic experiences and their impact on PTSD: A general population study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 48, 525.
  • Marshall, R.D., Galea, S., & Kilpatrick, D. (2002). Psychiatric consequences of September 11. JAMA, 288(21), 2683–2684
  • Mills, K.L., McFarlane, A.C., Slade, T., Creamer, M., Silove, D., & Teesson, M. (2011). Assessing the prevalence of trauma exposure in epidemiological surveys. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 45, 407–15.
  • Mugisha, J., Muyinda, H., Wandiembe, P. & Kinyanda, E. (2015). Prevalence and factors associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder seven years after the conflict in three districts in Northern Uganda. BMC Psyhiatry, 15, 170.
  • Najafipour, H., Banivaheb, G., Sabahi, A., Naderi, N., Nasirian, M., & Mirzazadeh, A. (2016). Prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms and their relationship with other coronary artery disease risk factors: A population-based study on 5900 residents in Southeast Iran. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 20, 55-60.
  • Oakley-Browne, M.A., Wells, J.E., Scott, K.M., & McGee, M.A. Lifetime prevalence and projected lifetime risk of DSM-IV disorders in Te Rau Hinengaro: the New Zealand Mental Health Survey. Aust N Z J Psychiatry,40, 865–74
  • Olaya, B., Alonso, J., Atwoli, L., Kessler, R.C., Vilagut, G., & Haro, J.M. (2015). Association between traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder: results from the ESEMeD-Spain study. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci, 24, 172–183.
  • Perkonigg, A., Kessler, R.C., Storz, S., & Wittchen, H.U. (2000). Traumatic events and ptsd in the community: prevalence, risk factors and comorbidity. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 101, 46-59.
  • Pico-Alfonzo, M.A. (2005). Psychological intimate partner violence: The major predictor of posttraumatic stress disorder in abused women. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 29, 181–193
  • Renshaw, K.D., Allen, E.S., Rhoades, G.K., Blais, R.K., Markman, H.J., & Stanley, S.M. (2011). Distress in spouses of service members with symptoms of combat-related PTSD: Secondary traumatic stress or general psychological distress. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(4), 461–469.
  • Roberts, A. R., & Kim, J.H. (2005). Exploring the effects of head injuries among battered women: A qualitative study of chronic and severe woman battering. Journal of Social Service Research, 32(1), 33–47.
  • Roberts, A.L., Gilman, S.E., Breslau, J., Breslau, N., & Koenen, K.C. (2011). Race/ethnic differences in exposure to traumatic events, development of post-traumatic stress disorder, and treatment-seeking for post-traumatic stress disorder in the United States. Psychological Medicine,41(1), 71–83.
  • Sareen, J. (2014). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in adults: Impact, comorbidity, risk factors, and treatment.Can J Psychiatry, 59(9), 460–467
  • Shah, R., Shah, A., & Links, P. (2012). Post-traumatic stress disorder and depression comorbidity: severity across different populations. Neuropsychiatry, 2(6), 521-29.
  • Shechner, T., Slone, M., & Bialik, G. (2007). Does political ideology moderate stress: The special case of soldiers conducting forced evacuations. Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77, 189–198.
  • Simsek, A. H., & Cakici, D. M. (2017). Erenköy Syndrome. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among Turkish Cypriot Soldiers of Erenköy Exclave Battle. United States:Anchor Academic Publishing.
  • Souza, W.F., Figueira, I., Mendlowicz, M.V., …. Evandro, S.F. (2011). Posttraumatic stress disorder in peacekeepers: a meta‐analysis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 199, 309–312.
  • Tuzcu, A., & Bademli, K. (2014). Göçün Psikososyal Boyutu. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 56-66.
  • Vries, G., & Olff, M. (2009). The lifetime prevalence of traumatic events and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Netherlands. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1-9.
  • Weiss, B.J., Garvert, D.W., & Cloitre, M. (2015). PTSD and trauma-related difficulties in sexual minority women: The impact of perceived social support. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(6), 563–571.

Kuzey Kıbrıs Hanehalkı Yetişkin Kesitsel Çalışmasında Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğunun Yaygınlığı ve Risk Faktörleri

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4, 315 - 323, 20.12.2022

Öz

Giriş: Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu (TSSB), yani posttravmatik zorluk sonrası bozulma, tüm dünyada ruh sağlığı profesyonelleri tarafından araştırılan en önemli konulardan biridir. Amaçlar: Bu makalede, Kuzey Kıbrıs'ta (KK) TSSB'nin 2017 ulusal hanehalkı araştırmasının sonuçları sunulmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Kuzey Kore hanelerinde depresyonun yaygınlığını ve risk faktörlerini belirlemektir. Yöntem: Araştırma, Nisan-Haziran 2017 tarihleri ​​arasında Kuzey Kıbrıs'ta kalıcı olarak yaşayan 18-88 yaş arasındaki Türkçe konuşan bireylerden oluşan örneklem arasında yapılmıştır. Ankette çok aşamalı tabakalı (rastgele) bir kota kullanılmış ve 2011 nüfus sayımına göre 978 kişi seçilmiştir. Demografik Bilgi Formu, Travmatik Olaylar Listesi ve Travmatik Stres Belirti Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: KK için TSSB yaygınlığı %19 olarak belirtildi. Kadın olmak, dul olmak, işsiz olmak, ev hanımı olmak, fiziksel bir hastalığı olmak, psikiyatrik bir hastalığı olmak, fiziksel bir hastalıkla tedavi görmek, bir Yunan mülkünde yaşamak, bekar ya da akraba ile yaşamak bu çalışmada TSSB için risk faktörleri olarak tanımlanmıştır. Sonuç: Dünya prevalansını düşündüğümüzde, KK, dünyadaki diğer çatışma sonrası bölgelere benzer şekilde daha yüksek TSSB prevalansına sahiptir. KK, savaş, göç ve kolonizasyon tarihi, yüksek işsizlik oranları, sosyoekonomik sorunlar gibi, diğer yüksek prevalans TSSB ülke ve bölgelerine benzer çevresel ve sosyo-kültürel özelliklere sahiptir ve bu da sosyo-kültürel faktörlerin yaşam üzerindeki öneminin güçlü bir göstergesidir.

Proje Numarası

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Kaynakça

  • Alegría, M., Fortuna, L. R., Lin, J. Y., Norris, F. H., Gao, S., Takeuchi, D. T., Jackson, J. S., Shrout, P. E., … Valentine, A. (2013). Prevalence, risk, and correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder across ethnic and racial minority groups in the United States. Medical care, 51(12), 1114-23.
  • Anda, R.F., Felitti, V.J., Bremner, J.D., … Giles, W.H. (2006). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 256(3), 174–186
  • Atwoli, L., Stein, D.J., Williams, D.R., … Koenen, K.C. (2013).Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in South Africa: analysis from the South African Stress and Health Study. BMC Psychiatry, 13, 182.
  • Başoğlu, M., Şalcıoğlu, E., Livanou, M., Özeren, M., Aker, T., Kılıç, C., & Mestçioğlu, Ö. (2001). A study of the validity of a screening instrument for traumatic stress in earthquake survivors in Turkey. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14(3), 491-509.
  • Bilgiç, S. (2011). Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu ve Akut Stres Bozukluğu ile Uyum Bozukluğunun klinik açıdan karşılaştırılması. (Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi). Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi, Eskişehir.
  • Bleich, A., Gelkopf, M., & Solomon, Z. (2003). Exposure to terrorism, stress-related mental health symptoms, and coping behaviors among a nationally representative sample in Israel. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290, 612-620.
  • Brewin, C.R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J.D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 748-766.
  • Canetti, D., Rapaport, C., Wayne, C., Hall, B., & Hobfoll, S. (2013). An Exposure Effect? Evidence from a Rigorous Study on the Psycho-political Outcomes of Terrorism. In The Political Psychology of Terrorism Fears. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Carmassi, C., Dell’Osso, L., Manni, C., … de Girolamo, A. (2014). Frequency of trauma exposure and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Italy: analysis from the World Mental Health Survey Initiative. J Psychiatr Res, 59, 77–84.
  • Census of Population. (2011). Social and economic characteristics of population December 4, 2011. North Cyprus, State Institute of Statistics, Printing Division.
  • Cho, M.J., Kim, J.K., Jeon, H.J., Suh, T., Chung, I.W., & Hong, J.P, et al. (2007). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-IV psychiatric disorders among Korean adults. J Nerv Ment Dis, 195, 203–10.
  • Crocq, M.A., & Crocq, L. (2000). From shell shock and war neurosis to posttraumatic stress disorder: a history of psychotraumatology. Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 2(1), 47-55.
  • Ergun, D., Çakici, M., &Çakici, E. (2008). Comparing psychological responses of internally displaced and non-displaced Turkish Cypriots.TORTURE: Journal on Rehabilitation of Torture Victims and Prevention of Torture, 18(1), 20-28.
  • Eriksson, C., Vande Kemp, H., Gorsuch, R., Hoke, S., & Foy, D. (2001). Trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms in international relief personel. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, 205-211.
  • Eytan, A., & Gex-Fabry, M. (2011). Use of healthcare services 8 years after the war in Kosovo: role of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. The European Journal of Public Health, 22(5), 638-43.
  • Ferrari, A.M. (2002). The impact of culture upon child rearing practices and definitions of maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26(8), 793-813.
  • Ferry F, Bunting B, Murphy S, et al. (2014). Traumatic events and their relative PTSD burden in Northern Ireland: a consideration of the impact of the ’Troubles’. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 49, 435–446.
  • Frank, G., Njenga, F.G., Nicholls, P.J., …. Davidson, J. (2004). Post-traumatic stress after terrorist attack: psychological reactions following the US embassy bombing in Nairobi. Br J Psychiatry, 185, 328-333.
  • Hacıoğlu, M., Aker, T., Kutlar, T., & Yaman, M. (2002). Deprem tipi travma sonrasında gelişen travma sonrası stres bozukluğu belirtileri alt tipleri. Düşünen Adam, 15(1), 4-15.
  • Hapke, U., Schumann, A., Rumpf, H.J., John, U., & Meyer, C. (2006). Post-traumatic stress disorder: the role of trauma, pre-existing psychiatric disorders, and gender. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 256(5), 299–306.
  • Hobfoll, S. E., Canetti-Nisim, D., & Johnson, R. J. (2006). Exposure to terrorism, stress related mental health symptoms, and defensive coping among a nationally representative sample in Israel. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 207-18.
  • Jong, J., Komproe, I., Van Ommeren, M., El Masri, M., Araya, M., Khaled, N., van de Put, W., & Somasundarum, D. (2001). Lifetime events and posttraumatic stress disorder in 4 postconflict settings. Journal of the American Medical Association, 286, 555-562.
  • Kaminer, D., Grimsrud, A., Myer, L., Stein, D., & Williams, D. (2008). Risk for posttraumatic stress disorder associated with different forms of interpersonal violence in South Africa. Soc Sci Med, 67,1589–1595.
  • Karam, E. G., Mneimneh, Z. N., Dimassi, H., Fayyad, J. A., Karam, A. N., & Nasser, S. C. (2008). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in Lebanon: First onset, treatment, and exposure to war. PLoS Medicine, 5(4), 61.
  • Karam, E.G., Friedman, M.J., Hill, E.D., Kessler, R.C., McLaughlin, K.A., & Petukhova, M. (2014). Cumulative traumas and risk thresholds: 12-month PTSD in the world mental health surveys. Depress Anxiety, 31, 130–42.
  • Kawakami, N., Tsuchiya, M., Umeda, M., Koenen, K.C., & Kessler, R.C. (2014). Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in Japan: Results from the World Mental Health Japan Survey. J Psychiatr Res, 53, 157–165.
  • King, M.W., Street, A.E., Gradus, J.L., Vogt, D.S., & Resick, P.A. (2013). Gender differences in posttraumatic stress symptoms among OEF/OIF veterans: An item response theory analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26, 175-183.
  • Laffaye, C., Kennedy, C., & Stein, M. B. (2003). Post-traumatic stress disorder and health-related quality of life in female victims of intimate partner violence. Violence and Victims, 18(2), 227-238. Lukaschek, K., Kruse, J., Emeny, R.T., Lacruz, M., von Eisenhart Rothe, A., & Ladwig, K. (2013). Lifetime traumatic experiences and their impact on PTSD: A general population study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 48, 525.
  • Marshall, R.D., Galea, S., & Kilpatrick, D. (2002). Psychiatric consequences of September 11. JAMA, 288(21), 2683–2684
  • Mills, K.L., McFarlane, A.C., Slade, T., Creamer, M., Silove, D., & Teesson, M. (2011). Assessing the prevalence of trauma exposure in epidemiological surveys. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 45, 407–15.
  • Mugisha, J., Muyinda, H., Wandiembe, P. & Kinyanda, E. (2015). Prevalence and factors associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder seven years after the conflict in three districts in Northern Uganda. BMC Psyhiatry, 15, 170.
  • Najafipour, H., Banivaheb, G., Sabahi, A., Naderi, N., Nasirian, M., & Mirzazadeh, A. (2016). Prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms and their relationship with other coronary artery disease risk factors: A population-based study on 5900 residents in Southeast Iran. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 20, 55-60.
  • Oakley-Browne, M.A., Wells, J.E., Scott, K.M., & McGee, M.A. Lifetime prevalence and projected lifetime risk of DSM-IV disorders in Te Rau Hinengaro: the New Zealand Mental Health Survey. Aust N Z J Psychiatry,40, 865–74
  • Olaya, B., Alonso, J., Atwoli, L., Kessler, R.C., Vilagut, G., & Haro, J.M. (2015). Association between traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder: results from the ESEMeD-Spain study. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci, 24, 172–183.
  • Perkonigg, A., Kessler, R.C., Storz, S., & Wittchen, H.U. (2000). Traumatic events and ptsd in the community: prevalence, risk factors and comorbidity. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 101, 46-59.
  • Pico-Alfonzo, M.A. (2005). Psychological intimate partner violence: The major predictor of posttraumatic stress disorder in abused women. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 29, 181–193
  • Renshaw, K.D., Allen, E.S., Rhoades, G.K., Blais, R.K., Markman, H.J., & Stanley, S.M. (2011). Distress in spouses of service members with symptoms of combat-related PTSD: Secondary traumatic stress or general psychological distress. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(4), 461–469.
  • Roberts, A. R., & Kim, J.H. (2005). Exploring the effects of head injuries among battered women: A qualitative study of chronic and severe woman battering. Journal of Social Service Research, 32(1), 33–47.
  • Roberts, A.L., Gilman, S.E., Breslau, J., Breslau, N., & Koenen, K.C. (2011). Race/ethnic differences in exposure to traumatic events, development of post-traumatic stress disorder, and treatment-seeking for post-traumatic stress disorder in the United States. Psychological Medicine,41(1), 71–83.
  • Sareen, J. (2014). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in adults: Impact, comorbidity, risk factors, and treatment.Can J Psychiatry, 59(9), 460–467
  • Shah, R., Shah, A., & Links, P. (2012). Post-traumatic stress disorder and depression comorbidity: severity across different populations. Neuropsychiatry, 2(6), 521-29.
  • Shechner, T., Slone, M., & Bialik, G. (2007). Does political ideology moderate stress: The special case of soldiers conducting forced evacuations. Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77, 189–198.
  • Simsek, A. H., & Cakici, D. M. (2017). Erenköy Syndrome. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among Turkish Cypriot Soldiers of Erenköy Exclave Battle. United States:Anchor Academic Publishing.
  • Souza, W.F., Figueira, I., Mendlowicz, M.V., …. Evandro, S.F. (2011). Posttraumatic stress disorder in peacekeepers: a meta‐analysis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 199, 309–312.
  • Tuzcu, A., & Bademli, K. (2014). Göçün Psikososyal Boyutu. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 56-66.
  • Vries, G., & Olff, M. (2009). The lifetime prevalence of traumatic events and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Netherlands. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1-9.
  • Weiss, B.J., Garvert, D.W., & Cloitre, M. (2015). PTSD and trauma-related difficulties in sexual minority women: The impact of perceived social support. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(6), 563–571.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Klinik Psikoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Asra Babayiğit 0000-0003-2102-3175

Mehmet Çakıcı 0000-0002-7043-183X

Proje Numarası -
Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Aralık 2022
Kabul Tarihi 24 Ekim 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Babayiğit, A., & Çakıcı, M. (2022). Prevalence and Risk Factors of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in a North Cyprus Household Adult Cross-Sectional Study. Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri Ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 4(4), 315-323.