Dürtüsellik, utanç ve patolojik kumar oynama ilişkisinde benlik saygısının aracı rolü

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3, 228 - 238, 26.09.2023

Fulya Çavuş , Umut Çıvgın , Elçin Yorulmaz

https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.23.3.05

Öz

Patolojik kumar oynama zaman içerisinde yaygınlaşmış ve psikolojik rahatsızlık olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Patolojik kumar oynama bireyleri etkilerken, sosyal çevreleri açısından da sıkıntılar oluşturmakta hatta bireylerin başını yasalar ile derde sokabilmektedir. Bu sebeplerle, patolojik kumar oynama ile ilgili değişkenlerin belirlenmesi önem taşırken, alanyazında patolojik kumar oynama ile dürtüsellik, utanç ve benlik saygısının ilişkilerine dair çalışmaların olduğu görülmektedir. Ancak, bu ilişkilerin altında yatan mekanizmalara dair çok az şey bilinmektedir. Buradan kaynakla mevcut çalışmayla dürtüsellik, benlik saygısı, utanç ve patolojik kumar oynama arasındaki ilişkilerin tespit edilmesine ek olarak, dürtüsellik ve patolojik kumar oynama ile utanç ve patolojik kumar oynama ilişkilerinde benlik saygısının aracı rolünün test edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmaya yaşları 18-65 arasında değişen 158 kadın ve 127 erkek olmak üzere 285 kişi katılmıştır. Katılımcılardan Demografik Bilgi Formu, South-Oaks Kumar Tarama Testi, Sürekli Utanma-Suçluluk Ölçeği, Barratt Dürtüsellik Ölçeği ve Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği’nden oluşan ölçek seti ile veriler toplanmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda, patolojik kumar oynamanın dürtüsellik ve utanç ile pozitif, benlik saygısı ile negatif ilişkisinin olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca, bulgular dürtüsellik, utanç ve benlik saygısının patolojik kumar oynamanın anlamlı yordayıcıları olduğunu göstermiştir. Oluşturulan her iki modelde de (dürtüsellik ve patolojik kumar oynama; utanç ve patolojik kumar oynama) benlik saygısının aracılık rolü üstlendiği anlaşılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar ilişkili alanyazın çerçevesinde tartışılarak, gelecek çalışmalara yönelik öneriler sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Patolojik kumar oynama, Dürtüsellik, Utanç, Benlik Saygısı

The mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between impulsivity, shame and pathological gambling

Öz

Pathological gambling has become widespread over time and has been evaluated as a psychological disorder. While pathological gambling affects individuals, it also creates problems in terms of their social environment and can even get individuals into trouble with the law. For these reasons, while determining the variables related to pathological gambling is important, it is seen that there are studies in the literature on the relationship between pathological gambling and impulsivity, shame and self-esteem. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying these relationships. Therefore, the present study aimed to test the mediating role of self-esteem in the relationships between impulsivity and pathological gambling, and shame and pathological gambling, in addition to determining the relationships between impulsivity, self-esteem, shame, and pathological gambling. 285 people, 158 women and 127 men, aged between 18-65, participated in the study. Data were collected from the participants using the Demographic Information Form, South-Oaks Gambling Screening Test, Trait Shame-Guilt Scale, Barratt Impulsivity Scale, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. As a result of the analysis, it was concluded that pathological gambling has a positive relationship with impulsivity and shame, and a negative relationship with self-esteem. In addition, the findings showed that impulsivity, shame, and self-esteem were significant predictors of pathological gambling. In both models (impulsivity and pathological gambling; shame and pathological gambling) it was understood that self-esteem plays a mediating role. The results obtained are discussed within the framework of the related literature, and suggestions for future studies are presented.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Pathological gambling, impulsiveness, shame, self-esteem

Kaynakça

• Adolphe, A., Khatib, L., van Golde, C., Gainsbury, S. M. ve Blaszczynski, A. (2019). Crime and gambling disorders: A systematic review. Journal of Gambling Studies, 35, 395-414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-018-9794-7
• Akhan, L. U. ve Gezgin Yazici, H. (2023). The Internalized Stigma and Self-Esteem in Individuals with Alcohol and Risky Substance Use Disorder. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 41(1), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/07347324.2022.2107968
• Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği, (2014). Ruhsal bozuklukların tanısal ve sayımsal el kitabı (DSM-5), Tanı ölçütleri el kitabı. (Çev: Köroğlu,E.) Ankara: Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
• Aymamí, N., Granero, R., Penelo, E., Fernández-Aranda, F., Krug, I., Gunnard, K., ... & Jiménez-Murcia, S. (2014). Anger in pathological gambling: clinical, psychopathological, and personality correlates. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 17(e39), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2014.40
• Aydm, B. ve San, S. V. (2011). Internet addiction among adolescents: the role of self-esteem. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 3500-3505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.325
• Barratt, E. S. (1959). Anxiety and impulsiveness related to psychomotor efficiency. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 9, 191–198.
• Błachnio, A., Przepiorka, A. ve Pantic, I. (2016). Association between Facebook addiction, self-esteem and life satisfaction: A cross-sectional study. Computers in Human Behavior, 55(B), 701-705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.10.026
• Branden, N. (1994). The six pillars of self-esteem. New York, NY, USA: Bantam.
• Brodeur, M., Audette-Chapdelaine, S., Savard, A. C. ve Kairouz, S. (2021). Gambling and the COVID-19 pandemic: A scoping review. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 111, 110389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110389
• Budiarto, Y. ve Helmi, A. F. (2021). Shame and self-esteem: A meta-analysis. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 17(2), 131-145. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.2115
• Bugay, A. ve Demir, A. (2011). Psychometric Properties of The Turkish Version of Trait Shame and Guilt Scale. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 45, 17-30.
• Canale, N., Rubaltelli, E., Calcagnì, A., Vieno, A., Giovannoni, M., Devos, G. ve Billieux, J. (2022). The effects of induced sadness, stress sensitivity, negative urgency, and gender in laboratory gambling. International Gambling Studies, 22(3), 365-389. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2021.2002385
• Chamberlain, S. R. ve Sahakian, B. J. (2007). The neuropsychiatry of impulsivity. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 20(3), 255-261. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e3280ba4989
• Choi, J. ve Kim, K. (2021). The relationship between impulsiveness, self-esteem, irrational gambling belief and problem gambling moderating effects of gender. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5180. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105180
• Chóliz, M., Marcos, M. ve Lázaro-Mateo, J. (2021). The risk of online gambling: A study of gambling disorder prevalence rates in Spain. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19, 404-417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00067-4
• Chowdhury, N. S., Livesey, E. J., Blaszczynski, A. ve Harris, J. A. (2017). Pathological gambling and motor impulsivity: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of Gambling Studies, 33, 1213-1239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-017-9683-5
• Colmsee, I. S. O., Hank, P. ve Bošnjak, M. (2021). Low self-esteem as a risk factor for eating disorders. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 229(1), 48-69. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000433
• Cooper, M. L., Frone, M. R., Russell, M. ve Mudar, P. (1995). Drinking to regulate positive and negative emotions: A motivational model of alcohol use. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 990–1005. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.990
• UK Gambling Commission (2020). COVID-19 and its impact on gambling—what we know so far. https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/news-action-and-statistics/Statistics-and-research/Covid-19-research/Covid-19-and-its-impact-on-gambling-%E2%80%93-what-we-know-so-far.aspx adresinden 4 Ocak 2023 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• Cox, W. M. ve Klinger, E. (1988). A motivational model of alcohol use. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97(2), 168–180. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.97.2.168
• Çakici, M., Çakici, E., Karaaziz, M. ve Babayiğit, A. (2019). KKTC'de kumar yaygınlığı, risk etkenleri ve kültür tutumları ile ilişkisi: 2007-2014. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry/Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 20(4), 395-403.
• Çaparlar, C. Ö. ve Dönmez, A. (2016). Bilimsel araştırma nedir, nasıl yapılır. Turk Journal of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, 44(4), 212-218. https://doi.org/10.5152/TJAR.2016.34711
• Ridder, B. ve Deighton, R. M. (2022). The effect of shame and self-efficacy on gambling behaviour. Journal of Gambling Studies, 38, 1059-1073. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-021-10059-6
• Dickman, S. J. (1990). Functional and dysfunctional impulsivity: personality and cognitive correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(1), 95-102. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.1.95
• Dixon, M. R., Nastally, B. L. ve Waterman, A. (2010). The effect of gambling activities on happiness levels of nursing home residents. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 43(3), 531-535. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2010.43-531
• Duvarcı, İ. ve Varan, A. (2001) South Oaks Kumar Tarama Testi Türkçe Formu Güvenirlik ve Geçerlik Çalışması. Türk Dergisi, 12(1), 34-45.
• Duvarcı, İ., Varan, A., Coşkunol, H. ve Ersoy, M.A. (1997). DSM-IV and South Oaks Gambling Screen: Diagnosing and Assessing Pathological Gambling in Turkey. Journal of Gambling Studies, 13, 193-206. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024927115449
• Elison, J., Garofalo, C. ve Velotti, P. (2014). Shame and aggression: Theoretical considerations. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19(4), 447–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2014.05.002
• Estévez, A., Momeñe, J., Jauregui, P. ve Etxaburu, N. (2022). Shame and Blame in Gambling: Relationship with Emotion Regulation and Gambling Motives. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-022-00970-3
• Eysenck, S. B. G. (1993). The I7: Development of a measure of impulsivity and its relationship to the superfactors of personality. W. G. McCown, J. L. Johnson ve M. B. Shure (Ed.), The impulsive client: Theory, research, and treatment (s. 141–149) içinde. American Psychological Association.
• Gainsbury, S., Hing, N. ve Suhonen, N. (2014). Professional help-seeking for gambling problems: Awareness, barriers and motivators for treatment. Journal of Gambling Studies, 30, 503-519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-013-9373-x
• George, D. ve Mallery, P. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step. A simple study guide and reference (10th Edition). GEN, Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.
• Gori, A., Topino, E., Pucci, C. ve Griffiths, M. D. (2021). The relationship between alexithymia, dysmorphic concern, and exercise addiction: the moderating effect of self-esteem. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 11(11), 1111. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm11111111
• Grant, J. E. ve Chamberlain, S. R. (2022). Illegal behaviors as a consequence of gambling disorder. The American Journal on Addictions, 32(1), 40-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.13360
• Hartmann, M. ve Blaszczynski, A. (2018). The longitudinal relationships between psychiatric disorders and gambling disorders. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 16, 16-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-016-9705-z
• Hayes, J. R. (2012). Modeling and remodeling writing. Written Communication, 29(3), 369-388. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088312451260
• Horch, J. D. ve Hodgins, D. C. (2015). Self-stigma coping and treatment-seeking in problem gambling. International Gambling Studies, 15(3), 470-488. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2015.1078392
• Hygen, B. W., Belsky, J., Stenseng, F., Steinsbekk, S., Wichstrøm, L. ve Skalicka, V. (2022). Longitudinal relations between gaming, physical activity, and athletic self-esteem. Computers in Human behavior, 132, 107252.
• Hwang, C., Takano, T., So, R., Sahker, E., Kawakami, S., Livingstone, C., ... & Furukawa, T. A. (2022). Prevalence of gambling disorder and its correlates among homeless men in Osaka city, Japan. Journal of Gambling Studies, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-022-10121-x
• Jacobs, D. F. (1987). A general theory of addictions: Application to treatment and rehabilitation planning for pathological gamblers. T. Galski (Ed.), The handbook of pathological gambling (s. 169–194) içinde. Charles C Thomas, Publisher.
• Karasar, N. (2011). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
• Kesebir, S., Gungordu, O. ve Caliskan, M. (2014). The relationship of self-esteem, impulsivity and temperament in bipolar patients: is it differentially related to gender?. Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 27(2), 126-131. https://doi.org/10.5350/DAJPN2014270204
• Köse, Ö. B. ve Doğan, A. (2019). The relationship between social media addiction and self-esteem among Turkish university students. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 6, 175-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.15805/addicta.2019.6.1.0036
• Kräplin, A., Bühringer, G., Oosterlaan, J., Van Den Brink, W., Goschke, T. ve Goudriaan, A. E. (2014). Dimensions and disorder specificity of impulsivity in pathological gambling. Addictive Behaviors, 39(11), 1646-1651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.05.021
• Lesieur, H. R. ve Blume, S. B. (1987). The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): a new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144(9), 1184-1188.
• Mann, M. M., Hosman, C. M., Schaalma, H. P. ve De Vries, N. K. (2004). Self-esteem in a broad-spectrum approach for mental health promotion. Health Education Research, 19(4), 357-372. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyg041
• Melodia, F., Canale, N. ve Griffiths, M. D. (2022). The role of avoidance coping and escape motives in problematic online gaming: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20, 996-1022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00422-w
• Meyer, G., Hayer, T. ve Griffiths, M. (Eds.). (2009). Problem gambling in Europe: Challenges, prevention, and interventions. Springer Science & Business Media.
• Moeller, F. G., Barratt, E. S., Dougherty, D. M., Schmitz, J. M. ve Swann, A. C. (2001). Psychiatric aspects of impulsivity. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(11), 1783-1793. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.11.1783
• Nepon, T., Pepler, D. J., Craig, W. M., Connolly, J. ve Flett, G. L. (2021). A longitudinal analysis of peer victimization, self-esteem, and rejection sensitivity in mental health and substance use among adolescents. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19, 1135-1148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00215-w
• Orth, U., Robins, R. W., Trzesniewski, K. H., Maes, J. ve Schmitt, M. (2009). Low self-esteem is a risk factor for depressive symptoms from young adulthood to old age. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(3), 472-478. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015922
• Park, J. H., Han, D. H., Kim, B. N., Cheong, J. H. ve Lee, Y. S. (2016). Correlations among social anxiety, self-esteem, impulsivity, and game genre in patients with problematic online game playing. Psychiatry Investigation, 13(3), 297-304. https://doi.org/10.4306/pi.2016.13.3.297
• Passanisi, A., Gervasi, A. M., Madonia, C., Guzzo, G. ve Greco, D. (2015). Attachment, self-esteem and shame in emerging adulthood. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 191, 342-346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.552
• Patton, J. H., Stanford, M. S. ve Barratt, E. S. (1995). Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51(6), 768-774. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(199511)51:6<768::AID-JCLP2270510607>3.0.CO;2-1
• Pchajek, J., Edgerton, J. D., Sanscartier, M., & Keough, M. (2023). Exploring the impact of shame and guilt on coping with gambling problems among emerging adult gamblers. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 55(3), 177-188. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000343
• Rapinda, K. K., Edgerton, J. D. ve Keough, M. T. (2023). Impulsivity Moderates the Association Between Anxiety and Problem Gambling Among Canadian Undergraduates. Journal of Gambling Studies, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-023-10238-7
• Reilly, C. ve Smith, N. (2013). The evolving definition of pathological gambling in the DSM-5. National center for responsible gaming, 1, 1-6.
• Rogier, G. ve Velotti, P. (2017). Impulsivity and self-esteem in pathological gambling: What is the link?. European Psychiatry, 41(S1), S394-S394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.450
• Rohleder, N., Chen, E., Wolf, J. M. ve Miller, G. E. (2008). The psychobiology of trait shame in young women: extending the social self preservation theory. Health Psychology, 27(5), 523-532. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.27.5.523
• Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: University Press. Scandroglio, F., Ferrazzi, G., Giacobazzi, A., Vinci, V., Marchi, M., Galeazzi, G. M. ve Pingani, L. (2023). Prevalence and Possible Predictors of Gambling Disorder in a Sample of Students in the Healthcare Professions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(1), 452. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010452
• Schlagintweit, H. E., Thompson, K., Goldstein, A. L. ve Stewart, S. H. (2017). An investigation of the association between shame and problem gambling: the mediating role of maladaptive coping motives. Journal of Gambling Studies, 33, 1067-1079. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-017-9674-6
• Shaffer, H. J. ve Korn, D. A. (2002). Gambling and related mental disorders. Annual Review of Public Health, 23, 171-212. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.23.100901.140532
• Shrout, P. E. ve Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: new procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422-445. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.422
• Stucki, S. ve Rihs-Middel, M. (2007). Prevalence of adult problem and pathological gambling between 2000 and 2005: An update. Journal of Gambling Studies, 23, 245-257.
• Tamam, L., Güleç, H. ve Karatas, G. (2013). Barratt Dürtüsellik Ölçegi Kisa Formu (BIS-11-KF) Türkçe Uyarlama Çalismasi/Short Form of Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11-SF) Turkish Adaptation Study. Noro-Psikyatri Arsivi, 50(2), 130-134.
• Tangney, J.P. ve Dearing, R.L. (2002). Shame and guilt. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
• Tukuş, L. (2010). The Self Esteem Rating Scale-Short Form (Benlik Saygısı Değerlendirme Ölçeği-Kısa Formu) Türkçe Güvenilirlik ve Geçerlilik Çalışması [Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi, Kocaeli Üniversitesi]. https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr/bitstream/handle/20.500.12812/409557/yokAcikBilim_388952.pdf?sequence=-1&isAllowed=y
• Ünübol, H., Koç, A. Ş., Sayar, G. H., Stavropoulos, V., Kircaburun, K. ve Griffiths, M. D. (2021). Measurement, profiles, prevalence, and psychological risk factors of problematic gaming among the Turkish community: A large-scale national study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19, 1662-1682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00254-8
• Van de Mortel, T. F. (2008). Faking it: social desirability response bias in self-report research. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 25(4), 40-48.
• Velleman, D. J. (2015). Gambling disorder and shame: Development of a new measure [Doktora tezi, The Wright Institute].
• Velotti, P., Garofalo, C., Bottazzi, F. ve Caretti, V. (2017). Faces of shame: Implications for self-esteem, emotion regulation, aggression, and well-being. The Journal of Psychology, 151(2), 171-184. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2016.1248809
• Volberg R. A. ve Banks, S. M. (1990). A review of two measures of pathological gambling in the United States. Gambling Studies, 6, 153-163. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01013495
• Wang, P., Zhao, M., Wang, X., Xie, X., Wang, Y. ve Lei, L. (2017). Peer relationship and adolescent smartphone addiction: The mediating role of self-esteem and the moderating role of the need to belong. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(4), 708-717. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.079
• Wood, R. T. ve Griffiths, M. D. (2010). A qualitative investigation of problem gambling as an escape-based coping strategy. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 80(1), 107-125. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608306X107881
• Yelsma, P., Brown, N. M. ve Elison, J. (2002). Shame-focused coping styles and their associations with self-esteem. Psychological Reports, 90(3), 1179-1189.
• Yi, S. (2012). Shame-prone gamblers and their coping with gambling loss. Journal of Gambling Issues, 27, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2012.27.7
• Yi, S. ve Kanetkar, V. (2011). Coping with guilt and shame after gambling loss. Journal of Gambling Studies, 27(3), 371–387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-010-9216-y
• Yao, M. Z., He, J., Ko, D. M. ve Pang, K. (2014). The influence of personality, parental behaviors, and self-esteem on Internet addiction: A study of Chinese college students. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(2), 104-110. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0710.